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AA IGCSE Unit 1,2

The document discusses the three states of matter and their properties. It also describes diffusion as the spreading of particles due to random motion from areas of higher to lower concentration. Several experimental techniques for separating mixtures and determining purity are summarized, including evaporation, crystallization, filtration, chromatography, and measuring melting or boiling points.

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Yee Mei
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98 views9 pages

AA IGCSE Unit 1,2

The document discusses the three states of matter and their properties. It also describes diffusion as the spreading of particles due to random motion from areas of higher to lower concentration. Several experimental techniques for separating mixtures and determining purity are summarized, including evaporation, crystallization, filtration, chromatography, and measuring melting or boiling points.

Uploaded by

Yee Mei
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1 – The Particulate Nature of Matter

The Three states of Matter are:

Solid Liquid Gas

Increasing motion of atoms and molecules

Increasing Kinetic Energy of atoms and molecules

Increasing Force
Increasing of attraction
forces betweenbetween atoms
atoms and and molecules
molecules

Fixed volume Fixed volume Occupies the volume of the


container
Molecules/atoms cannot Molecules/atoms can move Molecules/atoms can move
move but can vibrate freely in the volume occupied around freely
by the liquid

The substance that dissolves is called a “Solute” and the substance in which it is dissolved is
called “Solvent.”

Solute + Solvent = Solution


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Page

Created and Published by Mayur Patel


Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Temperature

PHASE CHANGE
Boiling

Condensing

PHASE CHANGE
Melting
solidification

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Time

Diffusion

The spreading out of particles due to their random motion (In Gases and Liquids) is called
Diffusion

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The movement of particles is always from Higher Concentration to Lower Concentration


Created and Published by Mayur Patel
Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
The Rate of Diffusion depends on Molecular Mass.

For example:

NH3 moves to the right HCl moves to the left


Molecular mass of NH3 is 17 Molecular mass of HCl is 36
NH3 moves faster (Diffuses faster) HCl moves slowly (Diffuses slowly)

So NH4Cl is formed near HCl

The movement of particles is always from Higher Concentration to Lower Concentration


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Page

Created and Published by Mayur Patel


Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Unit 2 – Experimental Techniques
Methods for Separation of Mixtures (Purification)

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Created and Published by Mayur Patel


Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Evaporation Crystallization

Eg: Salt + Water

Eg: Salt + Water

Simple Distillation

Eg: Salt + Water


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Page

Created and Published by Mayur Patel


Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Filtration Decantation

Eg: Tea Leaves + Water Eg: Vegetables + water

Centrifugation

For solids suspended in liquid.

Eg: Blood

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Page

Created and Published by Mayur Patel


Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Fractional Distillation Separating Funnel

Eg: Water + Oil


Eg: Water + Ethanol

Magnetic Separation Solvent Extraction

Eg: Making sugar from Sugarcane

Sugarcane juice + water


↓
The mixture is Evaporated
↓
Sugar crystals

For separating Fe (Iron) from other metals


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Created and Published by Mayur Patel


Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Chromatography

Usually used to separate two or more solids dissolved in a solvent. Eg: Food dyes, Colors,
etc…

There are different types of chromatography. But we will study “Paper Chromatography”.

After the solvent front has run, it is called the “Chromatogram”

The smaller & ligher molecules will rise up faster


The larger & heavy molecules will rise slowly

Sometimes, the colorless components are not visible on the chromatogram. So we have to
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spray a “Locating Agent” that wil give color to the spots on the chromatogram
Page

Created and Published by Mayur Patel


Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Retardation Factor Rf values

Rf = Distance travelled by the component


Distance travelled by the solvent front

Look at the chromatograph on right


hand side.

Mixture M contains components A and B

Rf of A = 4.30 = 0.26

16.80

Rf of B =

Purity of Compounds

The Purity of a substance can be measured by

 Its Melting point


If pure solid  Sharp melting point
If impure  Melt over a range of temperatures

 Its Boiling point


If pure liquid  Steady boiling point
If impure  Boil over a range of temperatures

 Chromatography
If pure substance  Only one spot on the chromatogram
If impure  More than one spot on the chromatogram
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Page

Created and Published by Mayur Patel


Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology

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