This file reviews materials in Exercises 9, 10,

11 and it prepares students for the coming lab

test.

Ex. 9 (Appendicular skeleton)

Ex. 10 (Fetal skeleton)
Ex. 11 (Articulations and body movements)

by Dr. Shaw, Zoology 251 Lab Coordinator, x7176; [email protected]

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 Ex. 9:
Appendicular skeleton

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Required bones and markings are
highlighted in 3 different colors--
1. Individual bones in green

2. Articulations, extensions, and projections in

yellow (condyle, crest, facet, process, etc.)

3. Depressions, passages, and cavities in red

(fissure, foramen, fossa, sinus, etc.)

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Right vs. Left--In order to determine if a scapula is right or left, orient it so the glenoid cavity
(articulating surface) faces laterally (outward) and the spine is posterior (toward back) and
superior (upper). The coracoid process should be anterior and superior. The spine points at 2
o’clock (Right side of the clock) for the right scapula, and at 10 o’clock (Left side of the clock) for
the left scapula.
Suprascapular Superior Superior angle
notch border Acromion

Acromion
Supraspinous
Coracoid fossa
process Lateral
angle
Glenoid Spine
Cavity (Fossa)

Anterior surface Posterior surface

Lateral Medial
border border

Inferior angle

The right scapula; The right scapula;

Anterior view Posterior view

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 Right scapula
• Name the bone above: _________;

• left or right side of body? ________;

Practice 01 5
Right vs. Left-- Orient the clavicle so the smooth (no grooves and ridges) superior surface faces up.
Then, the rounded sternal (medial) end should face medially while the broad and flat acromial
(lateral) end faces laterally. Finally, the medial half of the clavicle should bulge OUT (convex
anteriorly) first followed by its lateral half bulges IN (concave posteriorly).

Acromial
(lateral) end Sternal end

Is the above clavicle from the left or

Right
right side of the body?

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 A right scapula or left scapula (as shown below)?

and left clavicle

Right scapula
A right clavicle or left clavicle (as shown above)?

Practice 02 7
 Greater Greater
tubercle Head
tubercle
Lesser Anatomical
tubercle neck
Surgical
neck
Intertubercular Nutrient
sulcus foramen

Deltoid
tuberosity Deltoid
tuberosity

Medial
supracondylar
ridge
Coronoid
fossa
Radial Lateral
fossa Medial supracondylar
epicondyle ridge
Lateral
epicondyle Lateral
Capitulum epicondyle
Olecranon
Trochlea fossa
Humerus; anterior Humerus;
view posterior view
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 Name the bone above. ____________
Practice 03 9
Right vs. Left-- First orient the bones so that the rounded head is superior (up) and pointing
medially (toward the body's midline). Then you will need to determine the anterior vs. posterior
side. On the humerus, look for the deep olecranon fossa on the posterior side (where the
olecranon process of the ulna fits in when the elbow is straightened). The specimen below is from
the right side.

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Olecranon (process) Olecranon (process)
Trochlear notch
Radial notch
of ulna Head of
Head of radius
Coronoid process
radius
Neck of
Neck of radius
radius Ulnar tuberosity
Radial
tuberosity

Ulna

Radius

Interosseous
borders

Interosseous
membrane

Ulnar notch
of radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process
Styloid Articular facets Styloid
process process
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view 11
Practice 04 (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view
12
 The right wrist and hand, anterior (palmar, ventral) view

Distal phalanx II

Key to carpal bones

Middle phalanx II Distal row

Proximal row
Phalanges
(fingers) Proximal phalanx II

Distal
Head phalanx I
Pollex
Body
Proximal
Base phalanx I
Head

Metacarpals V IV III II First

Body
(palms) I-V metacarpal
Base I
Hamulus of hamate Trapezium
Carpals Hamate Carpal
Trapezoid
(wrist) Pisiform bones
Capitate
bones Triquetrum
Scaphoid
Lunate

Mnemonic for carpal bones– Sally Left The Party (proximal row);
To Take Charlie Home (distal row) 13
Practice 05
The right wrist and hand, anterior (palmar, ventral) view

Key to carpal bones

Distal row

Proximal row

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 The pelvis (two coxal/hip bones and the sacrum); anterosuperior view

Iliac
crest

Iliac
fossa
Base of
Ilium sacrum
Anterior Sacroiliac joint
superior Pelvic surface
iliac spine of sacrum

Anterior inferior
Pelvic inlet
iliac spine

Ischial spine Coccyx

Ischium Acetabulum
Body
Interpubic
disc
Ischial ramus
Superior ramus Obturator
Pubis Inferior ramus foramen
Body
Pubic crest
Pubic symphysis

Each coxal/hip bone is formed by three bones: the ilium, ischium, and
pubis.
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 The pelvis (two coxal/hip bones and the sacrum); anterosuperior view

ID this bone—

ID this bone—

Practice 06 16
Male Female

Pelvic brim
Pelvic inlet

Obturator foramen

50-60 Pubic arch 80-90

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Right vs. Left-- In order to determine if a hip bone is right or left, place the bone on yourself with
the iliac crest superior, hold it with acetabulum facing laterally (outward), and the obturator
foramen inferior (down). Now all you need to do is determine which side is anterior vs. posterior,
which can be done by looking for the rough pubic symphysis (anterior) that is at the midline to
meet its fellow hip bone of the other side.

A right or left
hip bone (as
shown)?

Right hip bone

Practice 07 18
 Ilium Ischium Pubis Iliac crest

Anterior gluteal
line
Inferior gluteal line

Posterior gluteal line Anterior superior

iliac spine
Posterior superior
iliac spine

Posterior inferior Anterior inferior

iliac spine iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Body of ilium

Acetabulum Superior ramus

of pubis
Ischial spine
Body of pubis
Lesser sciatic notch
Inferior ramus
Body of ischium of pubis

Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen

Ischial ramus

Right coxal bone, lateral view

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Ilium Ischium Pubis

Right coxal bone, lateral view

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 Right coxal bone, medial view
Practice 09 22
 Greater
trochanter
Posterior view
Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle
Apex
Head of fibula

Lateral surface
Right vs. Left-- You need to tell right from left for the tibia. To do so, first orient the tibia so that the

Anterior view
 Superior (dorsal) view
Distal
phalanx I
Hallux
Distal
Proximal phalanx V
phalanx I
Middle
phalanx V

Metatarsal Proximal
I II III phalanx V
IV
V
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Cuboid
Navicular

Talus Calcaneus
Tarsal bones
Trochlear surface Key to tarsal bones
of talus
Distal group

Tuberosity of calcaneus Proximal group

Mnemonic for tarsal bones– CAn TALented NAVal MEDIcs INTERest

LAzy CUBscouts? 27
 Superior (dorsal) view

Key to tarsal bones

Distal group

Proximal group

Practice 12 28
 Ex. 10:
Fetal skeleton

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 Coronal
suture
Frontal
Parietal bone bone
Sphenoid
Lambdoid
fontanel
suture
Nasal
Squamous bone
suture
Maxilla
Occipital bone
Zygomatic
bone
Mastoid
fontanel Mandible
Sphenoid
Temporal bone bone

(a) Lateral view

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 Metopic suture

Anterior fontanel

Sagittal suture

Parietal
bone

Posterior (occipital)
fontanel

(b) Superior view

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 (a) Lateral view

(b) Superior view

Practice 13 32
 Ex. 11:
Articulations and
body movements
Required structures are
highlighted.

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 Proximal
phalanx

Ligament

Joint cavity Articular

containing cartilages
synovial fluid

Periosteum Fibrous
capsule Joint
Bone capsule
Synovial
membrane
Middle
phalanx

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Femur

Patellar surface

Lateral Medial condyle

condyle Posterior cruciate
Fibular ligament
collateral Anterior cruciate
ligament ligament
Lateral Medial meniscus
meniscus
Tibial collateral
Transverse ligament
ligament
Patellar ligament
(cut)
Fibula
Tibia

(a) Anterior view 35

Practice 14 (a) Anterior view 36
Femur

Medial
condyle

Tibial Anterior cruciate

collateral ligament
ligament Fibular collateral
ligament
Medial
meniscus Lateral meniscus

Posterior Articular cartilage

cruciate of tibia
ligament

Fibula
Tibia

(b) Posterior view

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 Quadriceps
femoris

Femur Quadriceps
femoris tendon

Suprapatellar
Bursa under lateral bursa
head of gastrocnemius
Prepatellar bursa
Joint capsule
Patella
Articular cartilage Synovial membrane

Meniscus Joint cavity

Infrapatellar fat pad

Superficial
infrapatellar bursa

Tibia Patellar ligament

Deep
infrapatellar bursa

(c) Sagittal section

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Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate
ligament

Medial meniscus

Synovial
membrane

Medial condyle
of tibia

Lateral condyle Anterior cruciate

of tibia ligament

(d) Superior view of tibia and menisci

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1. Ball-and-socket joints–
• Features: Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression
• Examples:
– (shoulder) head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula (shown below)
– (hip) head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone

Head of humerus

Scapula

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 2. Condylar joints–
• Features: Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped
depression on the next
• Examples:
– radiocarpal joint of the wrist
– metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers (shown
below)

Metacarpal
bone

Phalanx

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3. Saddle joints–
• Features: Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, concave in one
direction and convex in the other bone (like a sitting rider)
• Example:
– trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb (as shown below)

Trapezium

Metacarpal bone

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4. Gliding (plane) joints—
• Features: Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other
• Examples:
– between the carpal bones of the wrist (shown below)
– the tarsal bones of the ankle
– articular processes of the vertebrae

Carpal bones

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5. Hinge joints—
• Features: One bone with convex surface that fits into a concave
depression on other bone
• Examples:
– ulna and humerus at elbow joint (trochlea of the humerus fits into
the trochlear notch of the ulna) (shown below)
– femur and tibia at knee joint (tibiofemoral)

Humerus

Ulna

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6. Pivot joints–
• Features: One bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the other
• Examples:
– proximal radioulnar joint; the radius pivots during pronation and
supination (as shown below)
– atlantoaxial joint (dens of axis to atlas)

Ulna

Radius

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 Hyperextension

Flexion

Extension

Extension

Flexion
(a) (b)

Flexion

Hip
flexion

Hyperextension

(c)

Knee
flexion

Extension

(d)
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 Identify the body movements below.

(a) Abduction (b) Adduction

Practice 15 47
 Identify the body movements below.

(a) Medial (internal) rotation (b) Lateral (external) rotation

Practice 16 48
 Identify the body movements below.

Circumduction
Practice 17 49
 Identify the body movements below.

(a) Supination (b) Pronation

Practice 18 50
 Identify the body movements below.

Dorsiflexion

Zero
position

(b) Inversion (c) Eversion

Plantar flexion
(a) Flexion of ankle

Practice 19 51
Models with KEYS

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 KEY CARD (Synovial joint of left knee)-- ALL are required
terminologies. Educational + Scientific Products (ESP) in England (ZJY-940-J)

1. (in blue)– Articular cartilage; 2. (in white)-- Synovial membrane

3. Femur; 4. Tibia
5. Medial meniscus; 6. Lateral meniscus
7. (in green)-- Fibrous capsule (outside synovial membrane; together
synovial membrane and fibrous capsule are called joint capsule)
8. (in red)-- Tibial collateral ligament
9. Sponge (cancellous) bone showing patterning of the bony
trabeculae
10. Marrow cavity 53
 Knee (Anterior view)—All are required terminologies.

1. Femur; 2a. Lateral condyle of femur; 2b. Medial condyle of femur; 3. Fibular
(lateral) collateral ligament; 4a. Lateral meniscus; 4b. Medial meniscus; 5. Tibial
(medial) collateral ligament; 6. Anterior cruciate ligament; 8. Patellar ligament; 9.
Tibia; 10. Fibula; 11. Tendon of the quadriceps muscle; 12. location of patella
(covered by tendon) 54
Knee (Posterior view)– All are required terminologies

1. Femur; 2a. Medial condyle of femur; 2b. Lateral condyle of femur; 3. Fibular
(lateral) collateral ligament; 4a. Lateral meniscus; 4b. Medial meniscus; 5. Tibial
(medial) collateral ligament; 9. Tibia; 10. Fibula; 13a. Medial articular cartilage of tibia;
13b. Lateral articular cartilage of tibia; 14. Posterior cruciate ligament
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