Introduction

In this guide, you will learn how to work with lookup functions in Microsoft
Excel 2019. This guide will help you to perform tasks like working with arrays
of data, providing information about a range, returning the location of a given
address or value, or looking up specific values.
There are a number of various lookup functions in Excel 2019:

 ADDRESS Function
 AREAS Function
 UNIQUE Function
 CHOOSE Function
 COLUMN Function
 COLUMNS Function
 INDEX Function
 MATCH Function
 VLOOKUP Function
 HLOOKUP Function
 LOOKUP Function

We’ll take these one by one.

ADDRESS Function
The  ADDRESS  function gives us the address for a cell based on the given row
and column numbers.
The  ADDRESS  function has the following syntax:
1
=ADDRESS(row_num, column_num, [abs_num], [a1],
[sheet_text])
The arguments used in this function include:

 row_num  = Required,a numeric value that specifies the row number to be

used in the cell reference.
 column_num  = Required, a numeric value that specifies the column
number to use in the cell reference.
 abs_num  = Optional, a numeric value that specifies the type of reference
to return as mentioned in the table below.
 A B
abs_num Returns type of reference
1 or
Absolute
omitted
2 Absolute row; relative column
3 Relative row; absolute column
4 Relative

 A1  = Optional,a logical value that specifies the A1 or R1C1 reference

style. A1 style means columns are labeled alphabetically and rows are
labeled numerically, whereas R1C1 reference style means both
columns and rows are labeled numerically. If the  A1  argument value is
TRUE or omitted in the function, the  ADDRESS  function will return an A1-
style reference; if the  A1  argument value is FALSE, the  ADDRESS  function
will return an R1C1-style reference.
 sheet_text  = Optional, a text value that specifies the name of the
worksheet to be used as the external reference. If
the  sheet_text  argument value is omitted, no sheet name will be used,
and the address returned by the function will refer to a cell on the
current sheet.

Let us consider a scenario in which you can implement the  ADDRESS  function.
Consider the example below.
A B C D E F G H
Sr. Row_Nu Column_Nu Abs_Nu A Sheet_tex Address Formula Resul
No m m m 1 t t
.
1 1 4 =ADDRESS(B1, C1) ?
2 3 5 1 =ADDRESS(B2,C2,D ?
2)
3 2 1 2 1 =ADDRESS(B3, C3, ?
D3, E3)
4 7 11 3 0 sheet1 =ADDRESS(B4, C4, ?
D4, E4, F4)
5 18 12 4 1 =ADDRESS(B5, C5, ?
D5, E5)
The result will be updated as shown below:
A B C D E F G H
Sr. Row_Nu Column_Nu Abs_Nu A Sheet_te Address Formula Result
No m m m 1 xt
.
1 1 4 =ADDRESS(B1, $D$1
C1)
2 3 5 1 =ADDRESS(B2,C2, $E$3
D2)
3 2 1 2 1 =ADDRESS(B3, A$2
C3, D3, E3)
4 7 11 3 0 sheet1 =ADDRESS(B4, sheet1!
C4, D4, E4, F4) R7C11
5 18 12 4 1 =ADDRESS(B5, L18
C5, D5, E5)

AREAS Function
The  AREAS  function gives the number of areas in a given reference where an
area is a range of contiguous cells or a single cell.
It has the following syntax:
1
=AREAS(reference)
The argument used in this function is:

 reference  = Required, a reference to a cell or range of cells that refers to

multiple areas. If you want to specify a single argument for multiple
references, then you must include extra sets of parentheses. In that way
the comma will not be interpreted as a field separator by Excel.

Let’s consider a scenario in which you can implement the  AREAS  function.
Consider the example below.
A B C D E F G H
Sr. Row_Num Column_Num Abs_Nu A1 Sheet_text AREA Formula Result
No. m
1 1 4 =AREAS(B1:C1) ?
2 3 5 1 =AREAS(B2:C2, ?
D2)
3 2 1 2 1 =AREAS(B3:E3) ?
4 7 11 3 0 sheet1 =AREAS(B4:D4, ?
E4, F4)
5 18 12 4 1 =AREAS(B5:C5 ?
B5)
The result will be updated as shown below:
A B C D E F G H
Sr. Row_Num Column_Num Abs_Nu A1 Sheet_text AREA Formula Result
No. m
1 1 4 =AREAS(B1:C1) 1
2 3 5 1 =AREAS(B2:C2, 2
 D2)
3 2 1 2 1 =AREAS(B3:E3) 1
4 7 11 3 0 sheet1 =AREAS(B4:D4, 3
E4, F4)
5 18 12 4 1 =AREAS(B5:C5 1
B5)

UNIQUE Function
The  UNIQUE  function returns unique values from a list of values.
It has the following syntax:
1
=UNIQUE(range)
Consider the scenario below in which you have a few values in different rows:
A B C
SR. VALUE UNIQUE VALUES
NO.
1 15
2 18
3 15
4 16
5 18
You can apply the  =UNIQUE(B1:B5)  function to get the unique values from the
given list of values. The output will be as shown below:
A B C
SR. VALUE UNIQUE VALUES
NO.
1 15 15
2 18 16
3 15 18
4 16
5 18

CHOOSE Function
The  CHOOSE  function uses index_num to return a value from the list of value
arguments.
It has the following syntax:
1
=CHOOSE(index_num, value1, [value2], ...)
The arguments used in this function include:
 index_num  = Required, specifies the selected value argument. This
argument must be a number that lies between 1 and 254 or a formula or
reference to a cell containing a number between 1 and 254.
 Value1, value2, ...  =  Value1  is a Required argument, whereas
subsequent values are Optional arguments.
Let’s consider an example.
A B C
SR. Function Output
NO.
1 =CHOOSE(4,"Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday") ?
2 =CHOOSE(2, 2, "Cat", 23, 321, "ABC") ?
3 =CHOOSE(1,34,323,3221,1221) ?
The result will be updated as shown below:
A B C
SR. Function Output
NO.
1 =CHOOSE(4,"Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", Thursday
"Friday")
2 =CHOOSE(2, 2, "Cat", 23, 321, "ABC") Cat
3 =CHOOSE(1,34,323,3221,1221) 34

COLUMN and COLUMNS Function

The  COLUMN  function returns the column number of the given cell reference. It
has the following syntax:
1
=COLUMN([reference])
reference  argument used in the function is Optional. If the argument is omitted
in the function, then the output will be the column number in which the formula
appears. For an example,  =COLUMN(B10)  returns  2  as output because column B
is the second column.
The  COLUMNS  function returns the number of columns in the given array or
reference. It has the following syntax:
1
=COLUMNS(array)
array  argument used in the function is Required. This argument is an array or
array formula, or a reference to a range of cells for which you want the
number of columns. For example,  =COLUMNS(A1:E1)  returns  5  as output.
INDEX Function
The  INDEX  function uses an index to choose a value from a reference or array.
It has the following syntax:
1
=INDEX(array, row_num, [column_num])
The arguments used in this function include:

 array  = Required,
a range of cells or an array constant.
 row_num  = Required, selects the row in an array from which to return a
value. In case the  row_num  is omitted,  column_num  is Required.
 column_num  = Optional, selects the column in array from which to return a
value. In case  column_num  is omitted,  row_num  is Required.

Consider the example below.

A B C D E F G
SR. NAME SUBJECT GRADE RANK FORMULA OUTPUT
NO.
1 ALISHA MATH A 2 =INDEX(B1:D1, 1, ?
3)
2 BEN SCIENCE A 1 =INDEX(B1:D5, 2, ?
1)
3 CATHY PHYSICS D 3 =INDEX(B1:E5, 3, 2) ?
4 DRAKE CHEMISTR C 4 =INDEX(B1:E5, 2, 4) ?
Y
5 ELE ECONOMY B 5 =INDEX(B1:E5, 5, 4) ?
The result will be updated as shown below:
A B C D E F G
SR. NAME SUBJECT GRADE RANK FORMULA OUTPUT
NO.
1 ALISH MATH A 2 =INDEX(B1:D1, 1, 3) A
A
2 BEN SCIENCE A 1 =INDEX(B1:D5, 2, 1) BEN
3 CATHY PHYSICS D 3 =INDEX(B1:E5, 3, 2) PHYSICS
4 DRAKE CHEMISTRY C 4 =INDEX(B1:E5, 2, 4) 1
5 ELE ECONOMY B 5 =INDEX(B1:E5, 5, 4) 5

MATCH Function
The  MATCH  function searches a specific item in a range of cells, and returns the
relative position of that item in the given range. It has the following syntax:
1
=MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type])
The arguments used in this function include:

 lookup_value  = Required, the value that you want to match in the

given  lookup_array . It can be a number, text, logical value, a cell
reference to a number.
 lookup_array  = Required, the range of cells which is being searched.
 match_type  = Optional, specifies how the Excel
matches  lookup_value  with values in the given  lookup_array . The default
value is 1 for this argument. The table below describes on what basis
the function finds values based on the setting of
the  match_type  argument:

Match_type Behavior
It finds the largest value that is less than or equal to  lookup_value . The values in
1 or
the  lookup_array  argument must be placed in ascending order, for example: ...-2,
omitted
-1, 0, 1, 2, ..., A-Z, FALSE, TRUE.
It finds the first value that is exactly equal to  lookup_value . The values in
0
the  lookup_array  argument can be in any order
It finds the smallest value that is greater than or equal to  lookup_value . The values
-1 in the  lookup_array  argument must be placed in descending order, for example:
TRUE, FALSE, Z-A, ...2, 1, 0, -1, -2, ..., and so on.
Consider the example below.
A B C D E F
SR. MARK
NAME GRADE FUNCTION OUTPUT
NO. S
1 ALISHA 35 F =MATCH("BEN", B1:B5, 0) ?
2 CATHY 75 D =MATCH(94, C1:C5, 1) ?
3 BEN 78 C =MATCH("F", D1:D5, -1 ) ?
4 ELE 94 B =MATCH("A", D1:D5, -1 ) ?
5 DRAKE 95 A =MATCH("ELE", B1:B5, 0) ?
The result will be updated as shown below:
A B C D E F
SR. MARK GRAD OUTPU
NAME FUNCTION
NO. S E T
ALISH =MATCH("BEN", B1:B5,
1 35 F 3
A 0)
2 CATHY 75 D =MATCH(94, C1:C5, 1) 4
3 BEN 78 C =MATCH("F", D1:D5, -1 ) 1
4 ELE 94 B =MATCH("A", D1:D5, -1 ) 5
 A B C D E F
=MATCH("ELE", B1:B5,
5 DRAKE 95 A 4
0)

VLOOKUP Function
You can use  VLOOKUP  function when you need to find values in a table or a
range by row. The  VLOOKUP  function has the following syntax:
1
=VLOOKUP(lookup value, table_array, col_index_num,
[range_lookup])
The arguments used in this function include:

 lookup value  = Required, the value that you want to look up.
 table_array  = Required, the range where the  lookup value  is
located.  lookup value  should always be in the first column in
the  table_array  for  VLOOKUP  function to work correctly.
 col_index_num  = Required, the column number in the  table_array  that
contains the return value of the function.
 range_lookup  = Optional, its value is  TRUE  if you want an approximate
match of the return value or  FALSE  if you want an exact match. The
default value for this argument is  TRUE .

Let’s consider a scenario where you can implement the  VLOOKUP  function. Say
you have a database that contains information for all teachers in a class, as
below:
If you wanted to know the  D.O.B.  for  ID = 116 , you would write
the  =vlookup(116,A2:E11,5,0)  function and get the output  12-Aug-92 , as shown
below:

HLOOKUP Function
The  HLOOKUP  function works in a similar manner as the  VLOOKUP  function. It’s
short for  Horizontal LOOKUP , and it searches for a value in the top row of a
given table or an array of values, then returns a value in the same column
from a row you specify in the table or array. The  HLOOKUP  function has the
following syntax:
1
=HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num,
[range_lookup])
Consider once again the database of information on a group of teachers.:

To find the  D.O.B.  for  ID = 115 , you would write

the  =HLOOKUP(115,B1:K5,5,0)  function and get the output  03-Aug-88 , as shown
below:

LOOKUP Function
The  LOOKUP  function can be used when you need to look in a single row or
column and find a value in the same position in a second row or column.
The  LOOKUP  function has the following syntax:
1
=LOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_vector, [result_vector])
The arguments used in this function include:

 lookup_value  = Required, a value that  LOOKUP  function searches for in the

first vector. It can be a number, text, logical value, a cell reference to a
number.
  lookup_vector  = Required,a range that contains only one row or one
column. It can be text, numbers, or logical values and must be placed in
ascending order.
 result_vector  = Optional, a range that contains only one row or column.
The  result_vector  argument must be the same size as  lookup_vector .

Consider the example below.

A B C D E F G
SR. NAM
ID LAST NAME DEPARTMENT Formula Output
NO. E
10
2 Alexa Das CSE =LOOKUP(103,B2:B6,E2:E6) ?
1
10
3 Alisha Loredo EEE =LOOKUP(107,B2:B6,E2:E6) ?
2
10
4 Dev Raghu ECE =LOOKUP(B3,B2:B6,C2:C6) ?
3
10 =LOOKUP("alisha",C2:C6,D2:D6
5 Doug Verma IT ?
4 )
10
6 Jame Will EEE =LOOKUP(105,B2:B6,D2:D6) ?
5
The result will be updated as shown below:
A B C D E F G
SR. NAM LAST
ID DEPARTMENT Formula Output
NO. E NAME
2 101 Alexa Das CSE =LOOKUP(103,B2:B6,E2:E6) ECE
3 102 Alisha Loredo EEE =LOOKUP(107,B2:B6,E2:E6) EEE
4 103 Dev Raghu ECE =LOOKUP(B3,B2:B6,C2:C6) Alisha
=LOOKUP("alisha",C2:C6,D2:D6
5 104 Doug Verma IT Loredo
)
6 105 Jame Will EEE =LOOKUP(105,B2:B6,D2:D6) Will

Conclusion
In this guide, you've learned various LOOKUP functions in MS Excel 2019.
They can be used to automatically perform many operations and tasks that
are otherwise time-consuming and prone to mistakes, such as working with
arrays of data. Now you can explore by using these Excel features in your
daily work.
Introduction
In this guide, you will learn how to work with logical functions in Microsoft
Excel 2019. There are various logical functions which are present in the Excel
2019 version, as mentioned below:

 TRUE
 FALSE
 OR
 AND
 NOT
 XOR
 IF
 IFERROR
 IFNA
 IFS
 SWITCH

Logical Functions
In this section, you will learn about each of these logical functions through
various scenarios.
The TRUE and FALSE Functions
We use the  TRUE  and  FALSE  functions when we want to showcase if a given
condition is met or not. For instance,  5 < 3  is a correct condition, hence
the  TRUE  function when used with the  IF  function (or any other function)
returns a  TRUE  value. Had the condition been wrong, it would had resulted in
the  FALSE  value.
Notice that the  TRUE  function is not the same as the  TRUE  value.
The  TRUE  function doesn't hold any argument inside the round brackets.
The OR Function
A logical  OR  function follows the given truth table:
Input A Input B Input C Output

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 1
Input A Input B Input C Output

1 0 0 1

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1

1 1 1 1

In the above table, you can also consider  0  as a  FALSE  value and  1  as
a  TRUE  value. As you can observe if any input has a  TRUE  value then the output
of the logical  OR  function is  TRUE . However, if all the inputs are  FALSE  then the
output becomes  FALSE .
Let us consider a scenario where you can learn how to implement the
logical  OR  function in Excel. We take five students attendance who have
registered for a workshop. The final attendance is marked only when student
is present any one of the days. Here's the data:
A B C D E

Student list Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Attendance

1 Student 1 TRUE FALSE TRUE ?

2 Student 2 TRUE TRUE TRUE ?

3 Student 3 TRUE FALSE TRUE ?

4 Student 4 TRUE TRUE FALSE ?

FALS
5 Student 5 FALSE FALSE ?
E

So, to fill the attendance, we provide the following logical  OR  formula with
syntax:
1
=OR(logical1, logical2, ... )
Therefore, let us put the formula  =OR(B1, C1, D1)  in cell  E1  and then apply it in
subsequent rows. This will result in the updated attendance as shown:
A B C D E

Student list Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Attendance

1 Student 1 TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE

2 Student 2 TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

3 Student 3 TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE

 A B C D E

4 Student 4 TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE

FALS
5 Student 5 FALSE FALSE FALSE
E

The AND Function

A logical  AND  function follows the given truth table:
Input A Input B Input C Output

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1

As mentioned in the  OR  function section, you can also consider  0  as

a  FALSE  value and  1  as a  TRUE  value. As you can observe if any input has
a  FALSE  value then the output of the logical  AND  function is  FALSE . However, if all
the inputs are  TRUE  then the output becomes  TRUE .
The syntax of the logical  AND  function is given below:
1
=AND(logical1, logical2, ... )
To learn how to implement the  AND  function in the Excel, let us take the same
student attendance scenario but this time let us consider that if a student is
absent even a single day then he/she will be marked absent ( FALSE  value).
This time, cell  E1  will hold the following formula:  =AND(B1, C1, D1) . This will
result in the following attendance sheet where only one student is marked
present.
A B C D E

Student list Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Attendance

1 Student 1 TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE

 A B C D E

2 Student 2 TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

3 Student 3 TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE

4 Student 4 TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE

FALS
5 Student 5 FALSE FALSE FALSE
E

The NOT Function

The logical  NOT  function has the following truth table:
Input Output

TRUE FALSE

FALS
TRUE
E

As you can observe from the table, the  NOT  function inverts a given logical
input. Let us take a scenario to understand how to use it in Excel.
You have a data of people preferences which even includes their  Veg  and  Non-
Veg  type inputs, as shown in the table below. How can you select people who
are  Non-Veg ?
A B

Food Preference Result

1 Veg ?

2 Non-Veg ?

To implement the  NOT  function, here's the syntax:

1
=NOT(logical condition)
So, we can write a condition to check if peoples’ food preference is  Veg  and
then later pass the result to the  NOT  function. To achieve this, you can
write  =NOT(A1="Veg")  in the cell  B1  which will give you the following result:
A B

Food Preference Result

1 Veg FALSE
 A B

2 Non-Veg TRUE

The XOR Function

A logical  XOR  function follows the given truth table:
Input A Input B Input C Output

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 1

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1

To understand the above table, consider two inputs at a time. If there is the
same value in both inputs then the result is  FALSE  (or  0 ). Next, use this result
of the first two inputs, then take the third input and perform the same action.
To illustrate this, let us take the last row which has  1  for all the inputs. Here,
Input A and B has  1  and  1  respectively which gives  0 . Now, combine
this  0  and Input C ( 1 ). As you can observe, this time you have different values;
hence, the output is  1 .
To illustrate this in Excel, let us consider an example where a child is
presented with three different food items. At one time, she is given a choice
between two food items and she can't choose both. Once the choice from the
first two is made then the third item is presented for a final choice.
A B C D

Candy Ice-cream Chocolate Result

1 TRUE FALSE FALSE ?

2 TRUE FALSE TRUE ?

3 FALSE FALSE FALSE ?

4 TRUE TRUE TRUE ?

The syntax for the logical  XOR  in Excel is:

1
=XOR(logical1, logical2, ... )
To solve the given scenario, we can implement  XOR  function starting
with  =XOR(A1, B1, C1)  formula in the cell  D1  and stretching it to the subsequent
rows. This results in the given result:
A B C D

Candy Ice-cream Chocolate Result

1 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE

2 TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE

3 FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE

4 TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

The IF Function
The logical  IF  function checks for a given condition. If the condition
holds  TRUE , the first argument after the condition argument is returned or else
the second argument after the condition argument is returned.
The syntax of the  IF  function in Excel is given below:
1
=IF(condition, true value, false value)
Consider a case where you are provided with the data of students’ marks. You
need to mark a student as failed if their total marks are less than, or equal to,
150 out of 500.
A B

Total marks Result

1 425 ?

2 125 ?

3 325 ?

4 441 ?

5 87 ?

6 222 ?

This can be achieved by using the logical  IF  function. You can write the given
formula  =IF(A1 <= 150, "FAIL", "PASS")  in the cell  B1  and apply the formula in
the subsequent rows to achieve the following result:
 A B

Total marks Result

1 425 PASS

2 125 FAIL

3 325 PASS

4 441 PASS

5 87 FAIL

6 222 PASS

The IFERROR Function

The logical  IFEEROR  function is used to catch an error and handle it. If the
formula doesn't result in the error then the formula is evaluated, or else the
second argument is displayed.
The syntax of the  IFERROR  function in Excel is given below:
1
=IFERROR(value, value_if_error)
Let's consider an example where you are given two inputs (both numeric) and
you need to divide input A by input B. We will try to arrive at a Zero Division
Error and, wherever it occurs, we replace the output with value  10 . Here's the
data to start with:
A B C

Input
Input B Output
A

1 54 23 ?

2 21 45 ?

3 789 2 ?

4 98 0 ?

5 451 584 ?

6 65 12 ?

To solve this problem, we can use the  IFERROR  function by writing its formula in
cell  C1  as  =IFERROR(A1/B1, 10)  which results in the following table:
 A B C

Input Input
Output
A B

1 54 23 2.347826087

2 21 45 0.466666667

3 789 2 394.5

4 98 0 10

5 451 584 0.772260274

6 65 12 5.416666667

The IFNA Function

The logical  IFNA  function is mostly similar to the  IFERROR  function except for the
error it checks for a  #N/A  value i.e., a missing value.
Note - A missing value is not similar to a blank value.
The syntax for the  IFNA  function is given below:
1
=IFNA(expression, value_if_NA)
Let us take a scenario where we have a missing value as well as a blank
value in our input data and then implement the  IFNA  function. For the missing
value, let us give the output value as a  NULL value . Here's the data to
experiment:
A B

Inpu
Output
t

1 #N/A ?

2 ?

3 #N/A ?

40 ?

5 584 ?

6 12 ?

You can implement the formula  =IFNA(A1, "NULL value")  in the cell  B1  to get
the following output. Let’s observe the output for cell  B2 .
 A B

Inpu
Output
t

1 #N/A NULL value

2 0

3 #N/A NULL value

40 0

5 584 584

6 12 12

The IFS and SWITCH Functions

The  IFS  function checks for multiple expressions in one go, as compared to
the simple  IF  function. The syntax is given below:
1
=IFS(expression1, value_if_expression1_is_true,
expression2, value_if_expression2_is_true, ...)
The  SWITCH  function evaluates one value (called the expression) against a list
of values and returns the result corresponding to the first matching value. If
there is no match, an optional default value may be returned. The syntax is
given below:
1
=SWITCH(Value to switch, Value to match1...[2-126], Value
to return if there's a match1...[2-126], Value to return
if there's no match)
These two functions are left for you to tryout on your own!

Conclusion
In this guide, you have learned about the various logical functions available in
MS Excel 2019 like  TRUE ,  IF ,  OR ,  NOT , etc.