T EORIA DE C IRCUITOS E LETRÔNICOS 1

Aula 6: The Operational Amplifier

Prof. Marcelino Andrade

Faculdade UnB Gama

April 4, 2017

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T EORIA DE C IRCUITOS E LETRÔNICOS 1

Contents

Introduction (6.1)
The Operational Amplifier 6.2
Operational Amplifiers 5.2 (Sadiku)
The Ideal Operational Amplifier (6.3)
Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers (6.4)
Design Using Operational Amplifiers (6.5)
Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Algebraic Equations (6.6)
Analysis of Op Amp Circuits Using MATLAB (6.8)
Introduction to Electric Circuits by James A. Svoboda, Richard C. Dorf, 9th Edition
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits by Alexander and Sadiku, 4th Edition
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Introduction (6.1)

Introduction

This chapter introduces another circuit element, the operational amplifier, or op

amp. In particular, we will see that:

♣ The simplest model of the operational amplifier is the ideal operational

amplifier;
♣ Circuits that contain ideal operational amplifiers are analyzed by writing and
solving node equations;
♣ Operational amplifiers can be used to build circuits that perform mathematical
operations.

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The Operational Amplifier 6.2

The Operational Amplifier

The operational amplifier is an electronic circuit element designed to be used with
other circuit elements to perform a specified signal-processing operation.

741 Op Amp schematic 741 Op Amp inside

741 Op Amp integrated circuit 741 Op Amp Pin numbers
http://www.falstad.com/circuit/ http://www.epanorama.net/

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The Operational Amplifier 6.2

The Operational Amplifier

The power supplies are used to bias the operational amplifier. In other words, the
power supplies cause certain conditions that are required for the operational
amplifier to function properly.

♣ These power supplies tend to clutter

drawings of operational amplifier
circuits, making them harder to read;

♣ Consequently, the power supplies

are frequently omitted from drawings
that accompany explanations of the
function of operational amplifier
circuits.
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Operational Amplifiers 5.2 (Sadiku)

Operational Amplifiers
An op amp is an active circuit element designed to perform mathematical
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, differentiation, and
integration.

♣ The inverting input, pin 2;

♣ The noninverting input, pin 3.
♣ The output, pin 6.
♣ The positive power supply V + , pin 7.
♣ The negative power supply V − , pin 4.

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Operational Amplifiers 5.2 (Sadiku)

Operational Amplifiers
The equivalent circuit of the nonideal op amp.

The differential input voltage vd is given by vd = v2 − v1 . The output vo is given by

vo = Avd = A(v2 − v1 ).

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Operational Amplifiers 5.2 (Sadiku)

Operational Amplifiers
A practical limitation of the op amp is that the magnitude of its output voltage
cannot exceed |VCC |.

♣ Positive saturation, vo = VCC ;

♣ Linear region, −VCC ≤ vo = Avd ≤ VCC ;

♣ Negative saturation, vo = −VCC .

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Operational Amplifiers 5.2 (Sadiku)

Operational Amplifiers
Example 5.1 - A 741 op amp has an open-loop voltage gain of 2.105 , input resis-
tance of 2MΩ, and output resistance of 50Ω. Find the closed-loop gain vvos and
determine current i when vs = 2V.

. . . . . . .

vo
Answer: vs = −1.9999698 and i = 0.19999mA

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Operational Amplifiers 5.2 (Sadiku)

Operational Amplifiers
Practice Problem 5.1 - If the same 741 op amp in Example 5.1 is used in the
circuit below, calculate the closed-loop gain vvos . Find io when vs = 2V.

. . . . . . .

vo
Answer: vs = 9.00041 and i = 0.657mA

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The Ideal Operational Amplifier (6.3)

The Ideal Operational Amplifier

The ideal operational amplifier is a simple model of an operational amplifier that is
linear.
♣ The currents into the input terminals of an
ideal operational amplifier are zero
(i1 = i2 = 0).

♣ The node voltages at the input nodes of an

ideal operational amplifier are equal
(A = ∞ and v1 = v2 ).

The ideal operational amplifier is characterized by restrictions on its input currents

and voltages.
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Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers (6.4)

Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers

EXEMPLE 6.4.1 Use node equations to There are three things to remember:
analyze this circuit and determine vo in
terms of the two source voltages va and ♣ The node voltages at the input
vb . nodes of ideal operational amplifiers
are equal.
♣ The currents in the input leads of an
ideal operational amplifier are zero.
♣ The output current of the operational
amplifier is not zero.

Answer: vo = 3(vb − va )

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Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers (6.4)

Analysis of a Bridge Amplifier

Example 6.4.2 - Determine the output voltage vo in terms of the source voltage vs .

R5 R2 R4
Answer: vo = (1 + R6 )( R1 +R2 − R3 +R4 )vs

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Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers (6.4)

Nodal Analysis
Problem 6.4.1 - Determine the node voltages for the circuit shown in Figure below.

Answer: va = 2V, vb = −0.25V, vc = −5V, vd = −2.5V, and ve = −0.25V. http://www.falstad.com/circuit/

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Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers (6.4)

Nodal Analysis
Problem 6.4.5 - Express the outputs as functions of the inputs and the resistor
resistances.

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Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers (6.4)

Nodal Analysis
Problem 6.4.6 - Determine the node voltages for the circuit shown in Figure below.

Answer: va = −0.923V, vb = 0V and vc = 1.154V. http://www.falstad.com/circuit/

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Design Using Operational Amplifiers (6.5)

Standard Operational Amplifier Circuits

One of the early applications of operational amplifiers was to build circuits that
performed mathematical operations.

R R vout = vin
vout = − R1f vin vout = − R1f vin
Voltage follower
Inverting amplifier Noinverting amplifier
(buffer Amplifier)
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Design Using Operational Amplifiers (6.5)

Standard Operational Amplifier Circuits

Many of the operational amplifier circuits that perform mathematical operations are
used so often that they have been given names.

R Rf Rf R2
vout = −( R1f v1 + R2 v2 + ... + Rn vn ) vout = −K4 (K1 v1 + K2 v2 + K3 v3 ) vout = R1 (v2 − v1 )
Summing amplifier Noinverting summing amplifier Difference amplifier

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Design Using Operational Amplifiers (6.5)

Standard Operational Amplifier Circuits

These names are part of an electrical engineer’s vocabulary.

vin
vin iout =
Rin = iin = − RR1 R2 3 vout = −Rf iin R1
Voltage-controlled
Negative resistanse convertor Current-to-voltage converter
current source (VCCS)

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Design Using Operational Amplifiers (6.5)

Design Using Operational Amplifiers

Problem 6.5-4 - Design the operational amplifier circuit in Figure above so that.
vout = 5(v1 − v2 )
Problem 6.5-5 - Design the operational amplifier circuit in Figure above so that.
vout = 5v1 − 2v2
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Design Using Operational Amplifiers (6.5)

Design Using Operational Amplifiers

Problem 6.5-11 - The circuit shown in Figure below is called a Howland current
source. It has one input, vin , and one output, iout .

Show that when the resistances are

chosen so that R2 R3 = R1 R4 , the output
is related to the input by the equation
iout = vRin1 .

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Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Algebraic Equations (6.6)

Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Algebraic Equations

This section describes a procedure for designing operational amplifier circuits to
implement linear algebraic equations. For example, the equation z = 4x − 5y + 2
will be represented by vz = 4vx − 5vy + 2, where vz , vx and vy are voltages.

A voltage or current that is used to represent something is called a signal.

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Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Algebraic Equations (6.6)

Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Algebraic Equations

Problem 6.6-1 - Design a circuit to implement the equation
x
z = 4w + 4 − 3y

The circuit should have one output corresponding to z and three inputs
corresponding to w, x, and y.

Problem 6.6-2 - Design a circuit to implement the equation

0 = 4w + x + 10 − (6y + 2z)

The output of the circuit should correspond to z.

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Analysis of Op Amp Circuits Using MATLAB (6.8)

Analysis of Op Amp Circuits Using MATLAB

When voltage saturation is included in the model of the operational amplifier, the
inverting amplifier is described by equation and the corresponding graph below.

vsat , when − RR21 vs (t) > vsat









vo (t) = − RR2 vs (t), when − vsat ≤ − RR2 vs (t) ≤ vsat
 1 1




−vsat , when − RR12 vs (t) < −vsat



The correspondence graphic: R1 = 2KΩ, R2 = 50KΩ, vs = −4 cos(2000πt) and vs = 15V.

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