Manipal University

Department of Chemical Engineering

CE 1631-TRANSPORT PHENOMENA LABORATORY-2

3rd YEAR, 6TH SEMESTER 2018
EXPERIMENT 5
Two Phase Heat Transfer Unit
INSTRUCTOR:
ANAND GUPTA CHAKINALA
GROUP 4
Mukund Sai Teja PB
169102015
Experiment carried on: 18th February 2019
Report submitted on : 26th February 2019

PRELAB……………………………………………………………………………..… (10) ______

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………….... (10) ______
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES/SCOPE/PROCEDURE ……………………….….. (30) ______
RESULTS & DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………... (30) ______
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………… (5) ______
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………... (5) ______
APPENDIX
Original data, sample calculations, other information………………………………… (5) ______
GENERAL COMPLETENESS
Conciseness and neatness……………………………………………………………… (5) ______
TOTAL……………………………………………………………………………… (100) _____

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Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 3
OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 4
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP ............................................................................................................. 7
PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................................. 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 9
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 9
PRECAUTIONS ........................................................................................................................... 10
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 10
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................... 10

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
To analyze how boiling takes place and the heat flux calculated based on the different regions of
the boiling curve was explained. In the following experiment the test chamber was filled with
water and made to boil under a helical condenser in which cold water was made to flow at a fixed
flowrate and the heat flux was calculated for different temperature differences. The obtained heat
fluxes were plotted against the temperature difference. The graph obtained shows the several
regions of boiling curve. Observations for this experiment were carried out at a fixed flowrate of
50 LPH by varying voltages from 128 – 205 V thus causing a change in the boiling pattern. Thus
we can see that as the temperature difference increases different patterns of boiling are observed.

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OBJECTIVE
To study the amount of heat taken away from water by condensing vapors and also plot heat flux
and temperature difference between metal and liquid.

INTRODUCTION
BOILING:

When heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface which is at a temperature higher
than the saturation temperature of the liquid, it is usual for a part of the liquid to change phase.
This change of phase is called boiling. Boiling is of various types, the type depending upon the
temperature difference between the surface and the liquid. The different types are indicated in
figure, in which a typical experimental boiling curve obtained in a saturated pool of liquid is drawn.
The heat flux supplied to the surface is plotted against (Tw – Ts) the difference between the
temperature of the surface and the saturation temperature of the liquid. It is seen that the boiling
curve can be divided into three regions.

FIGURE 1: BOILING CURVE

1) Natural convection region

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2) Nucleate boiling region and

3) Film boiling region

The region of natural convection occurs at low temperature differences (of the order of 100C or
less). Heat transfer from the heated surface to the liquid in its vicinity causes the liquid to be
superheated. This superheated liquid rises to the free liquid surface by natural convection, where
vapor is produced by evaporation. As the temperature difference (Tw – Ts) is increased, nucleate
boiling starts. In this region, it is observed that bubbles start to form at certain locations on the
heated surface region (II) consists of two parts. In the first part (II-a) the bubbles formed are very
few in number. They condense in the liquid and do not reach the free surface. In the second part
(II-b) the rate of bubble formation as well as the number of locations where they are formed
increase. Some of the bubbles now rise all the way to the free surface.1

With increasing temperature difference, a stage is finally reached when the rate of formation of
bubbles is so high, that they start to coalesce and blanket the surface with a vapor film. This is the
beginning of region (III) viz, film boiling. In the first part of this region (III-a) the vapor film is
unstable, so that film boiling may be occurring on a portion of the heated surface area, while
nucleate boiling may be occurring on the remaining area. In the second part (III-b) a stable film
covers the entire surface. At the end of region (II) the boiling curve reaches a peak (point A).
Beyond this, in region (III-A) in spite of increasing temperature difference, the heat flow increases
with the formation of a vapor film. The heat flux passes through a minimum (point B) at the end
of region (III-a). It starts to increase again with (Tw – Ts) only when stable film boiling begins
and radiation becomes increasingly important.

It is of interest to note how the temperature of the heating surface changes as the heat flux is
steadily increased from zero. Up to the point A, natural convection boiling, and then nucleate
boiling occur, and the temperature of the heating surface is obtained by reading off the value of
(Tw – Ts) from the boiling curve and adding to it the value of Ts. If the heat flux is increased even
a little beyond the value of A, the temperature of the surface will shoot up to the value
corresponding to the point C. It is obvious from figure that the surface temperature corresponding
to point C is high. For most surfaces it is high enough to cause the material to melt. Thus, in most
practical situation, it is undesirable to exceed the value of heat flux corresponding to point A. This
value is therefore of considerable engineering significance and is called the critical or peak heat

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flux. The discussions so far has been concerned with the various type of boiling which occurring
saturated pool boiling. If the liquid is below the saturation temperature, we say that sub-cooled
pool boiling is taking place. Also, in many practical situations, e.g. steam generators, one is
interested in boiling in a liquid flowing through tubes. This is called forced convection boiling
may also be saturated or sub cooled and of the nucleate or film type. Thus, in order to completely
specify billing occurring in any process, one must state that (i) whether it is forced convection
boiling or pool boiling, (ii) whether the liquid is saturated or sub cooled and (iii) whether is in the
natural convection nucleate of film region.

CONDENSATION:

When a saturated pure vapor comes into contact with a cold surface such as a tube, it condenses
and may form liquid droplets on the surface of the tube .These droplets may not exhibit any affinity
for the surface and instead of coating the tube may fall from it, leaving bare metal on which
successive droplets of condensation may form .When condensation occurs by this mechanism, it
is called dropwise condensation.2

Usually, however, a distinct film may appear as the vapor condenses and coats the tube. Additional
vapor is then required to condense into the liquid film rather than form directly on the bare surface.
This type of condensation is called film or film wise condensation.

Nusselt’s theory of condensation:

Nusselt has made several assumptions which are involved in determining the heat transfer
coefficient, few are listed below:
1. The heat delivered by the vapor is latent heat only.
2. The condensate film has a laminar flow behavior and the heat transfer between the film
and the condenser takes place through conduction.
3. The thickness of the film at any point is a function of the mean velocity of the flow and the
amount of condensate passing through that point.
4. The temperature gradient through the condensate film is linear due to its very less
thickness.

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EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

FIGURE 2: PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR TWO PHASE HEAT EXCHANGE

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PROCEDURE
START UP:

1. Check if all the switches and valves are closed.

2. Calibrate the rotameter provided before starting the experiment.
3. Open the water inlet valve and the pressure control valve and fill around 300 ml of water
or till the water level is 3-4 inches below the condenser.
4. Close the valves.
5. Switch on the main power supply to the heater and set the voltage to a desired value.

WORKING:

1. Start the supply of cold water, at a fixed flow rate, through the condenser and regulate the
flow rate using the rotameter.
2. Vapor gets formed after some initial heating and starts getting condensed on the surface of
the condenser coil, observe the type of boiling taking place at different liquid temperatures.
3. Note all the thermocouple readings once the system achieves steady state and all the
temperatures are constant. Also note the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
4. Calculate the temperature difference at different points, the heat flux involved, and the heat
transfer coefficients based on the data collected.

SHUT DOWN:

1. Switch off the heater and the power supply.

2. Close the cold-water supply valve
3. Switch off the heater and the main electricity supply.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Heat flux (q) vs ΔT
2.5

2
Heat flux q (W/m2)

1.5

0.5

0
11954.71698 15320.75472 18716.98113
Temperature difference betwwen the heater surface and liquid ΔT (˚C)

CONCLUSION
We can conclude that the least amount of heat transfer takes place in the transition region whereas
the maximum amount of heat transfer takes place in the film boiling region.
Moreover, in case of condensation it can be concluded that the exact opposite of boiling takes
place. In case of condensation the amount of heat transfer is maximum when the temperature
difference between the steam and the cooling water is maximum

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PRECAUTIONS
1 Make sure the safe pressure valve does not reach its maximum pressure.
2 Do not touch any hot surfaces with bare hands.
3 All joints should be leak-proof.
4 No electrical supply should come in contact with water.

REFERENCES
1. Kern DQ. Process Heat Transfer. Indian Edi.

2. Alan SF, Leonard AW, Curtis WC, Louis M, Anderson LB. Principles of Unit
Operations. 2nd Editio.; 2010.

APPENDIX
Table 1: Data Collected from experiment

Voltage Flowrate I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 ΔT ΔTw Q q Mw Qw

(V) LPH (A) ˚C ˚C ˚C ˚C ˚C ˚C ˚C (W) (W/m2) kg/s (W)
128 50 0.99 101.9 88.6 39.3 27.2 28.1 13.3 0.9 126.72 11954.7 0.014 52.325
145 50 1.12 104.3 95.7 43.4 27.2 28.5 8.6 1.3 162.4 15320.8 0.022 119.720
160 50 1.24 105.1 99.3 50.1 27.2 29.3 5.8 2.1 198.4 18717 0.022 193.393
174 50 1.34 105.5 100.2 55.6 27.2 30.1 5.3 2.9 233.16 21996.2 0.022 267.067
180 50 1.37 106 100.2 56.6 27.2 31.2 5.8 4 246.6 23264.2 0.022 368.368
205 50 1.56 107 100.2 68.5 27.2 31.4 6.8 4.2 319.8 30169.8 0.014 244.183

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