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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

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Vol. 5, Issue 2, February 2016

Detection, Classification and Location of

Faults in Underground Cable by Wavelet
Technique
D.Prabhavathi1, Dr.M.Surya Kalavathi2, K.Prakasam3
PhD Student, Department of EEE JNTUA Anantapur, A.P India1
Professor, Department of EEE, JNTUCEH, JNTUH, Hyderabad, Telangana, India2
PhD Student, Department of EEE JNTUA Anantapur, A.P, India3

ABSTRACT: Electric power systems have rapidly grown for the past fifty years. Speedy and precise fault location
plays an important role in accelerating system restoration, reducing outage time, reducing great financial loss and
significantly improving system reliability. Therefore, this study presents a fault detection, classification and fault
location estimation method based on Discrete Wavelet Transform for medium voltage 11kV underground cable.
Different faults (Lg, LLg, LLLg) and at different locations 2km, 4km and 6km of 10km length are simulated by Mat
Lab, and then certain selected features of the wavelet transformed signals are used as an input. From the results, it was
found that the percentage error in wavelet Transform output is very less. Hence, it can be concluded that the proposed
technique is able to offer high accuracy in both of the fault classification and fault location.

KEYWORDS: Cable, Discrete, Fault. Mat lab, Time arrival, Travelling, Sampling period, wavelet,

I.INTRODUCTION

Underground cables have been widely applied in power distribution networks due to the benefits of underground
connection, involving more secure than overhead lines in bad weather, less liable to damage by storms or lightning, no
susceptible to trees, less expensive for shorter distance, environment-friendly and low maintenance. However, the
disadvantages of underground cables should also be mentioned, including 8 to 15 times more expensive than equivalent
overhead lines, less power transfer capability, more liable to permanent damage following a flash-over, and difficult to
locate fault. Faults in underground cables can be normally classified as two categories: incipient faults and permanent
faults. Usually, incipient faults in power cables are gradually resulted from the aging process, where the localized
deterioration in insulations exists. In several research papers, the fault classification or the phase with fault appearance
can be obtained from employing trial and error method [1-3] or from the artificial intelligent decision algorithms [4-7].
However, most research works have only considered in the fault diagnosis for overhead transmission and distribution
systems while research work rarely mention about the fault diagnosis in underground distribution system. The
techniques to detect and determine the fault location in underground distribution system are discussed in several
research papers [8-9] but the types of fault and the phase with fault appearance are as important as fault location. As a
result, it is useful if the fault types in the underground distribution system can be identified using wavelet transform.
Electrical overstress in conjunction with mechanical deficiency, unfavourable environmental condition and chemical
pollution, can cause the irreparable and irreversible damages in insulations. Eventually, incipient faults would fail into
permanent faults sooner or later. In this proposed work, taking into consideration of the requirement of a robust and
highly efficient technique for fault identification and localization in high voltage underground power cable, a novel
scheme has been proposed that ensures not only highly precise identification and localization accuracy but also
provides an insight for it future utilization with real time power utilities. Further taking into consideration of the
robustness of the wavelet transform technique [4-6], which has established as a robust approach for signal analysis in
time as well as frequency domain, in paper Wavelet Transform (WT) approach is employed for fault detection,
classification with fault current based [10-12] and the developed model has been tested for varied length (2km14km
and 6km respectively) of power cables.
.

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II. WAVELET TRANSFORM

A wavelet is a mathematical function used to divide a given function or continuous-time signal into different scale
components. Usually one can assign a frequency range to each scale component. Each scale component can then be
studied with a resolution that matches its scale. A wavelet transform is the representation of a function by wavelets.
The wavelets are scaled and translated copies (known as "daughter wavelets") of a finite-length or fast-decaying
oscillating waveform (known as the "mother wavelet"). Wavelet transforms have advantages over traditional Fourier
transforms for representing functions that have discontinuities and sharp peaks, and for accurately deconstructing and
reconstructing finite, non-periodic and/or non-stationary signals.

Wavelet transforms are classified into discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) and continuous wavelet
transforms (CWTs).In the wavelet transform we should note that both DWT and CWT are continuous-time (analog)
transforms. They can be used to represent continuous-time (analog) signals. CWTs operate over every possible scale
and translation whereas DWTs use a specific subset of scale and translation values or representation grid. There are a
large number of wavelet transforms each suitable for different applications.
The wavelet transform can be accomplished in two different ways depending on what information is required out of
this transformation process. The first method is a continuous wavelet transform (CWT), where one obtains a surface of
wavelet Coefficients, CWT(b,a), for different values of scaling 'a' and translation 'b', and the second is a Discrete
Wavelet Transform (DWT), where the scale and translation are discredited, but not are independent variables of the
original signal. In the CWT the variables 'a' and 'b' are continuous. DWT results in a finite number of wavelet
coefficients depending upon the integer number of discretization step in scale and translation, denoted by 'm' and 'n'. If
and are the segmentation step sizes for the scale and translation respectively, the scale and translation in terms of
these parameters will be

The above presented equation represents the mother wavelet of continuous time wavelet series. After discretization in
terms of the parameters, , , 'm' and 'n', the mother wavelet can be written as,

After discretization, the wavelet domain coefficients are no longer represented by a simple 'a' and 'b'. Instead they are
represented in terms of ‘m’ and ‘n’. The discrete wavelet coefficients DWT (m, n) are given by equation:

The transformation is over continuous time but the wavelets are the transformation is over continuous time but the
wavelets are represented in a discrete fashion. Like the CWT, these discrete wavelet coefficients represent the
correlation between the original signal and wavelet for different combinations of ‘m’ and ‘n’. In this study, the line
current signals are used as the input signals of the wavelet analysis. The DWT, using a Daubechies-4 wavelet (db4),
performed better at identifying the start and end of a disturbance [1- 4]. The Daubechies wavelet is very well suited for
identifying short-time, high frequency transients, as well as low frequency behavior over longer periods of time. In both
cases the signals are non- periodic or non-stationary [5]. The fault transients of the study cases are analyzed through

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discrete wavelet transform at levels one to five. Both approximation and details information related fault current are
extracted from the original signal with the multi-resolution analysis.

III. FAULT DETECTION, CLASSIFICATION AND LOCATION

Fault classification identifies the type of fault on the fault lines in the system. There are different methods proposed for
the fault classification. This section reviews wavelet based method. The wavelet based approach for fault classification
is implemented using multi resolution analysis (MRA) of voltage and current signals [12-14]. MRA is the process of
decomposing a signal into different levels of resolutions [1]. Initially, the signal is passed through two discrete wavelet
transform (DWT) filters – high pass (HP) filter and low pass (LP) filter. The samples of output signal from the HP filter
are known as detail coefficients, and those from the LP filter are known as approximated coefficients. This is
considered the first level. Next, the obtained samples from LP filter (first level approximated coefficients) are further
processed through HP and LP filters forming the second level. In this way, the original signal can be processed through
many levels depending on the need of resolution of signal. Once fault classification is completed, the next step is to
determine the fault location. The fault location identifies the position of fault in the power system. There is different
method of fault location; however in this paper travelling wave theory method is implemented. The travelling wave
theory based method uses the information of voltage and current travelling waves for locating the fault. At the point of
fault location, voltage and current waveforms get suddenly disturbed. Such disturbance causes them to propagate
through the power system. Based on the total length of the faulted line. Propagation velocity and time of waveforms,
the location of fault is known. This technique is mostly used for extra high voltage transmission lines than distribution
lines because distribution system contains many subsections such as laterals and feeders. These subsections may create
disturbances for the travelling waves on the lines. Reference [15] explains fault location technique based on the
traveling wave theory. It includes two methods – the single ended method and the double ended method. In the single
ended method, only one fault locator is installed at one substation. Depending on the arrival time of waves at that
substation, the location of the fault is estimated. In double ended method, there are two fault locators installed at two
substations and depending on the arrival time of waves at both stations, the fault location is calculated

IV.SCHEME OF EVALUATION OF PRAPOSED SYSTEM

In this paper travelling wave based approach is followed and performing the comparison of the transient signals at all
phases in power cable model, the classification of fault can be made. If the transient signal appears at only one phase
then the fault is single line to ground fault. In general, the generated transient signals caused due to the fault is found to
be non-stationary and is of wide band of frequency, when fault occurs in the network, the generated transient signals
travels in the network. On the arrival at a discontinuity position, the transient wave is in general reflected partly and the
remainder is incident to the line impedance. The transient signals reflected from the end of the line travels back to the
fault point where another reflection takes place due to the discontinuity of impedance. Here in this fault identification
and localization scheme, in order to capture these transient signals the wavelet analysis approaches have been employed
more precisely for wavelet analysis. The fault location can be carried out by comparing the aerial mode wavelet
coefficient to determine the time instant when the energy of the signal reaches its peak value. The distance between the
fault point and the bus of the faulted branch is in general stated by the following equation (1).

Where D represents the distance to the fault refers for the time difference between two consecutive peaks of the
wavelet transform coefficients of the recorded current and is the wave propagation velocity in the aerial mode. An
underground cable of length 50 km has been employed for fault analysis. The travelling wave velocity of the signals in
the 11kV underground cable system is 1.9557x10 km/s, and sampling time of 10μs has been employed. The following
figure represents the single line diagram of the simulated system with 11kv, 50Hz, 10km underground cable. To
perform the system analysis, varied fault conditions such as LG, LLG and LLLG faults have been considered and
associated detection parameters have been obtained. The performance has been evaluated in terms of % error and the
deviation from the actual values. The overall process of fault detection and location has been accomplished. Consider a
three phase cable line of length X connected between bus A and bus B, with characteristic impedance and travelling

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wave velocity of . In this simulation model it has been found that if a fault occurs at a distance from bus , this will
appear as an abrupt injection at the fault point. This injection will travel like a wave "surge" along the line in both
directions and will continue to bounce back and forth between fault point, and the two terminal buses until the post-
fault steady state is reached. The distance to the fault point can be calculated using travelling wave theory. Let
and corresponds to the times at which the modal signals wavelet coefficients in scale1, show their initial peaks for
signals recorder at bus A and bus B. the delay between the fault detection times at the two ends is can be
determined. Once the parameter is determined, the fault location from bus A can be estimated as per the following
expression (2).

Figure 1.Single line diagram of the proposed system

Figure2. Configuration of underground cable

Or the fault location can be calculated from bus B as follows expression (3)

The travelling wave velocity can be obtained from the equation as follows (4)

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Here the travelling wave velocity, shown in equation (4) is assumed to be 1.9557x105 km/s, with sampling time of
10 us and the total line length 10km. in the above mathematical model the variable X1 and X2 represents the distance to
the fault, td is the time difference between two consecutive peaks of the wavelet transforms coefficients of the
recorded current and is the wave propagation velocity.

V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The parameters of the proposed system are as follows Source: VL = 11kV, f=50Hz, Xs:Rs=10, Xs=2Ω, Rs=0.2Ω
Cables: XLPE, Three-phase cable, Transformer: S=1 MVA Winding 1 : VL=11kV, Rp=1 Ω, Lp=28.6mH Winding 2 :
VL =380V, Rs=0.00044 Ω, Ls=0.0114mH Load 1: Three-phase static Load: VL=380 Vrms, f=50 Hz, PL=92.62kW,
QL=69.252kVAR Load 2: The combination of a three=phase static and dynamic loads Dynamic Load: VL =380 Vrms,
f=50 Hz, P=200 HP, Static Load: PL=92.62kW, QL=69.252kVAR, VL =380 Vrms Load 3: Three-phase static Load:
VL=11 kVrms, f=50 Hz, PL=124kW, QL=952kVAR.From the simulation results it was observed that , under normal
working condition the maximum current is 0.96kA, however due to faults it is 1.789kA (Lg), 1.8255kA(LLg) and
2.212kA(LLLg) respectively. Similarly from the results it was observed that the first peak time is at t1 = 0.04002 at a
peak of 79257 and t2 = 0.040189 at a peak value of 142472. The figure 1 shows the overall flowchart of the proposed
algorithm for detection, classification and location of the fault of the proposed system.

Fig.3.The overall flowchart of the proposed algorithm

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100

Ia
80 Ib
Ic

60

40

20

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Fig.2Three phase current response at normal rerunning condition

In the fig 2.It shows the grapg of three phase current Vs time and from the graph it can be observed that. three phase
sinusoidal wave form is undistorted and it indicates that the system is running under normal conditions without any
faults.

Current response for Lg fault at 2km

2000
ia

1500

1000 Ia
Ib
Mag of Current in A

Ic
500

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Fig3. Current response for Lg fault at 2km

In the fig 3, it shows the graph of fault curent Vs time and from the figure it can be obseved that there is a single line to
ground fault and rise of fault current level of more than 1.5kA.

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Fig4. Current response for Lg fault at 2km by wavelet Db4

In fig 4. It show that fault current with wavelet transform (Db4) for single line to ground fault in at level 4.

Current response for LLg fault at 2km

2000
ib
ia
1500

1000 Ia
Ib
Mag of Current in A

Ic
500

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Fig5. Current response for LLg fault at 2km

In the fig 3, it shows the graph of fault curent Vs time and from the figure it can be obseved that there is a double line
to ground fault and rise of fault current level of more than 1.8kA.

Fig6. Current response for LLg fault at 2km by wavelet Db4

In fig 6. It show that fault current with wavelet transform (Db4) for double line to ground fault in at level 4.

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Current respose fot LLLg fault at 2km

2500
ic ib ia
2000

1500

1000 Ia
Mag of currenr in A

Ib
500 Ic

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Fig7. Current response for LLLg fault at 2km

In the fig 7, it shows the graph of fault curent Vs time and from the figure it can be obseved that there is a triple line to
ground fault and rise of fault current level of more than2kA .

Fig8. Current response for LLLg fault at 2km by wavelet Db4

In fig 8. It show that fault current with wavelet transform (Db4) for triple line to ground fault in at level 4.

Current response for Lg fault at 4km

2000
ia
1500

1000
Ia
Ib
Mag of current in A

500 Ic

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Fig 9. Current response for Lg fault at 4km

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In the fig 7, it shows the graph of fault curent Vs time and from the figure it can be obseved that there is a
single line to ground fault and rise of fault current level of more than1.5kA but it is somewhat less than for fault at
2km.(IfLg for 4km < g of 2km).

Fig 10. Current response for Lg fault at 4km by wavelet Db4

In fig 10. It show that fault current with wavelet transform (Db4) for single line to ground fault in at level 4.

Current response for LLg fault at 4km

2000
ia ib
1500

1000 Ia
Ib
Mag of current in A

500 Ic

-500
ic
-1000

-1500

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Fig11. Current response for LLg fault at 4km

In the fig 11, it shows the graph of fault curent Vs time and from the figure it can be obseved that there is a double line
to ground fault and rise of fault current level of more than1.5 kA but it is less than that of magnitude of fault current for
single line to ground fault of lenghth 2km.(IfLLg of 4km or f4 km < IfLg of 2km)

Fig12. Current response for LLg fault at 4km by wavelet Db4

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In fig 12. It show that fault current with wavelet transform (Db4) for double line to ground fault in at level 4.

Current response for LLg fault at 4km

2000

1500

1000
Ia
Mag of current in A

500 Ib
Ic

-500

-1000

-1500

-2000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Fig 13. Current response for LLLg fault at 4km

In the fig 13, it shows the graph of fault curent Vs time and from the figure it can be obseved that there is a triple line
to ground fault and rise of fault current level of more than1.5 kA but it is less than that of magnitude of fault current for
triple line to ground faultof 2km length(If LLLg of 4km < IFLLg of 2km)

Fig 14. Current response for LLLg fault at 4km by wavelet Db4

In fig 12. It show that fault current with wavelet transform (Db4) for triple line to ground fault in at level 4.

Fig 15.Wavelet coefficients of level 5

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In fig 15. It shows the original single and sythezised signals in the range of -1500 to +1500 along with original
coefficients and selected coefficients D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 A5 level 5.

Fig16.Wavelet coefficients of level 1

In fig 16. It show the original single and sythezised signals in the range of -1500 to +1500 along with original
coefficients and selected coefficients D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 A5 at level 1.

Table1. Percentage of error calculated by Impedance method

Actial Distance(km) Calculated Distance(km) % Error(km)

2 2.29 2.9
4 4.51 5.1
6 6.32 3.2

Table2. Percentage of error for single line to ground fault at different locations

Actual Distance First Peak Time(ms) Proposed Technique(Db4)

(km) (km)
t1 (ms) t2 (ms) Calculated(km) Error(km)
2 0.042 0.049 2.129 0.129
4 0.0405 0.04013 4.136 0.136
6 0.0407 0.04015 6.198 0.196

VI.CONCLUSION

In this paper at first, a new method to analyze power distribution system transient signals based-Mat Lab version 7.8 is
proposed by using WT technique. This method offers important advantages over other methods such as FFT and STFT
due to good time and frequency localization characteristics. Analysis results presented clearly show that particular
wavelet components can be used as the features to locate the fault in underground cables in distribution system. This
Study shows that the scheme is insensitive to fault type, and fault position on the cable. Studies also show that the
wavelet technique is able to offer a very high accuracy in fault detection and fault location on underground cable. The
simulation work carried for different faults single line to ground ( Lg). Double line to ground (LLg) and three phase to
ground( LLLg) at different points 2km,4km and 6km from the source end and the simulation results are shown in
figures from 2 to figure 14, figure 15 and 16 shows the wavelet coefficients for level1 and 5. As a result, the application

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of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based on traveling wave is a good choice to detect the fault in underground
power cable.

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BIOGRAPHY

D.Prabhavathi Born in 1976 August 27, her B.Tech degree from K.S.R.M College of Engineering,
Kadapa , S.V University, and M.Tech degree from S.V university in the year 2003.She has
specialized in Power Systems, High Voltage Engineering. Her research interests include Simulation
studies on faults identification in UG cable of LT and HT. Fuzzy logic, High Voltage Engineering,
Power Quality, FACTS Controllers; she has 16 years of experience. She has guided 21 M.Tech
Projects and 54 Batch projects in various areas of engineering.

2) Dr. M. Surya Kalavathi, Born on 8th July 1966, Obtained her B.Tech degree from S.V. U. in
1988 and M.Tech from S.V.U. in the year 1992. Obtained her doctoral degree from J.N.T.U,
Hyderabad and Post Doctoral from CMU, USA. She is presently the Professor in the department of
EEE, J.N.T.U.H College of Engineering J.N.T.U.H, Kukatpally, Hyderabad. Published many
Research Papers inter national and national journals as well as international and national
conferences and presently guiding many Ph.D. Scholars. She has specialized in Power Systems,
High Voltage Engineering and Control Systems. Her research interests include Simulation studies
on Transients of different power system equipment. She has 26 years of experience. She has invited for various
lectures in repudiated institutes in and around Andhra Pradesh and Telangana colleges.

3) K.Prakasam, Born in 1973 April 20, his B.Tech degree from KSRM College of Engineering SV
university in 1997 and M.Tech degree from SV university in the year 2004. He has specialised in
Power Systems, High Voltage Engineering and Control Systems. His research interests include
Simulation studies on Transients of different power system equipment. He has 18 years of
experience

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