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Bsee2 LEVEL 3:2 Hydraulic Structures: Assignment 3: Job Vagere

This document discusses several topics related to hydraulic structures: 1. It describes common defects in embankment dams such as overtopping, gullying, and loss of water, along with their characteristics, causes, and preventive measures. 2. It explains how the selection of a stilling basin is governed by the upstream Froude number and describes different types of stilling basins appropriate for different Froude number ranges. 3. It notes that energy dissipators are important structures that help protect downstream areas from erosion by reducing flow velocities and dissipating the kinetic energy of water released from reservoirs into tailwaters.

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Phenias Manyasha
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29 views2 pages

Bsee2 LEVEL 3:2 Hydraulic Structures: Assignment 3: Job Vagere

This document discusses several topics related to hydraulic structures: 1. It describes common defects in embankment dams such as overtopping, gullying, and loss of water, along with their characteristics, causes, and preventive measures. 2. It explains how the selection of a stilling basin is governed by the upstream Froude number and describes different types of stilling basins appropriate for different Froude number ranges. 3. It notes that energy dissipators are important structures that help protect downstream areas from erosion by reducing flow velocities and dissipating the kinetic energy of water released from reservoirs into tailwaters.

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Phenias Manyasha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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h

JOB VAGERE

BSEE2
LEVEL 3:2
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES: ASSIGNMENT 3

(A) EMBANKMENT DAM DEFECT MECHANISM

characteristics causes Preventive-corrective


Defect measures
Overtopping Flow over dam and -Inadequate spillway -Adequate spillway
possible washout; less and/or Freeboard and initial Freeboard,
cohesive soils most at -settlement reducing and/or reinforced
risk; most serious if freeboard; spillway grass surface to slope
localised obstructed -Restoration of
settlement; crest
Protection; good
maintenance.
Gullying -Local concentrated Poor surface drainage Vegetation, surface
-Erosion of reinforcement and/or
downstream drainage.
-Face by
precipitation
Loss of water Increased seepage Pervious dam and/or Cut-off and core
loss and/ or foundation; cut-off grouting
Irregularities in inadequate internal Careful design:
phreatic surface; soft cracking grouting
spots on slopes or
downstream

(B) The selection of a stilling basin using froude’s number


The selection of the type of stilling basin is governed by the upstream Froude
number. For Froude numbers of less than 2.5, no baffles or other dissipating
devices are used. However, the apron lengths beyond the point where the depth
starts to change should be not less than about five times y2.
In selection of a stilling basin the Froude number between 2.5 and 4.5, is particularly
applicable to small drops in canals. The Froude number in this case is computed for
flow at the top of the drop rather than at the bottom and should be about 0.5. A
series of steel rails, channel irons, or timbers in the form of a grizzly are installed at
the drop. The overfalling jet is separated into a number of long, thin sheets of water
h

which fall nearly vertically into the canal below. Energy dissipation is excellent and
the usual wave problem is avoided. If the rails are tilted downward at an angle of 3”
or more, the grid is self-cleaning. The use of this device is particularly justified when
the Froude number is below 3.0. If use of a jump were possible the maximum energy
loss would be less than 27 percent.

Performance criteria
The performance of a stilling basin is a function of outlet inflow Froude number (Fr),
size of square pipe outlet (d), normal tail water depth of flow (h), maximum depth of
scour (dm) and its location after the end sill (ds). A stilling basin model resulting into
smaller depth of scour at a larger distance is considered to have better performance
as compared to another stilling basin which results in larger depth of scour at a
smaller distance, when tested under similar conditions.

( C) The importance of energy dissipators in the passage of water from a


reservoir into the downstream tailwater
-Helps to protect downstream areas from erosion by reducing the velocity of flow to
acceptable limits.

-Disspators are most needed when water is released over the spillway, the potential
energy is converted into kinetic energy at the base of spillway. So this energy must
be dissipated in order to prevent the possibility of severe scouring of donstream.
For this purpose energy reduction by converting the kinetic energy into turbulence
and finally into heat.

References

1. Novak fourth addition

2. https://dot.sd.gov/media/documents/Chapter%2011-Energy
%20Dissipators.pdf

3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/stilling-basins

4. https://www.google.com/search?
q=importance+of+energy+dissipators&sxsrf=ALeKk013LNFRUo_7a_9qw6pZ
y2800fznkA:1592451354449&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj
v77bKt4rqAhUJrJ4KHYomCO0Q_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=786&bih=445#im
grc=FJg10DlSPPIl6M

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