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59 views7 pages

Buy Electronics & Electrical Projects in India

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visava789
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Phase Locked Loop System Working and Applications
In our day-to-day life, we got used with various types of
communication systems such as a radio communication
system, telecommunication system, wireless
communication system, optical communication system
and so on to communicate with others. All these
communication systems we use in our regular life are
controlled using different control systems such as a phase
locked loop or PLL, cooperative control, networked control
and so on. Here, in this article we discuss about phase
locked loop system working and PLL applications. But,
PLL IC primarily we must know what is PLL.
What is PLL?
For controlling different operations in several communication systems, computers and many
electronic applications, phase locked loop can be used as a control system. It is used for
generating an output signal which is having a phase related to input signal phase. There are
different types of phase locked loops such as analog or linear phase locked loop, digital
phase locked loop, software phase locked loop, neuronal phase locked loop, and digital phase
locked loop.
The phase locked loop integrated circuit or PLL IC is frequently used in real time applications.
Phase Locked Loop System Working
To understand the working of the phase locked loop system, let us consider the FM
transmitter, which can be considered as one of the most frequently used PLL applications.
PLL circuit in FM transmitter is a closed loop feedback control system. This phase locked
loop keeps the generated signal and reference signal in a fixed relationship. The main
impracticality of using an FM transmitter can be counteracted by using this phase locked loop
subsystem. If we use a simple transistor based oscillator circuit, then we can observe the drift
in frequency. This drift in frequency is caused due to different instabilities such as load-
induced in power rails, inherent oscillator, thermally induced, inertial forces, and so on. This
drift in frequency causes problem at the receiving end and thus, the receiving person has to
retune the radio or FM transmitter radio like car-radio or handheld radio.

Phase Locked Loop System Block Diagram


The figure shows the block diagram of the phase locked loop system in FM transmitter that
consists of different blocks such as a crystal oscillator, phase detector, loop filter, voltage
controlled oscillator (VCO), and frequency divider.
Crystal Oscillator
It is the most important part of the phase locked loop system. The shortcomings of a
common FM transmitter can be overwhelmed with stability. This stability can be provided by
using a crystal oscillator.
Crystal Oscillator Circuit of Phase Locked Loop
The crystal oscillator circuit diagram is shown in the figure that is used in the FM transmitter
system.
Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
Due to the recurring nature of the phase locked loop system, the performance of the system
is analyzed starting from output to input. Thus, the most obvious thing to consider in PLL
system is output which would be the VCO.

Voltage Controlled Oscillator-FM Modular Schematic


The voltage controlled oscillator circuit/FM modulator circuit is shown in the figure which is
used to adjust the resonant frequency based on the error voltage received from preceding
components of the PLL circuit. The varactor D1 (MV2101) acts as a voltage controlled
capacitor, error voltage is incident upon this varactor, hence, changing the resonance. The
general purpose NPN bipolar transistor PN2222A is configured as a Colpitts oscillator based
on which voltage controlled oscillator works. If we remove this varactor and its associated
inputs, then the oscillator operates as a general FM transmitter.
Oscillation frequency with varactor is given by equation

Oscillation Frequency
From the above equation, we can observe that, if the capacitance of the varactor D1 changes,
then the resonant frequency also changes. And, by varying the variable capacitor C3 we can
adjust to tune the voltage controlled oscillator circuit as the system that ranging from 88 MHz
to 108 MHz (which is usually commercial radio’s bandwidth) based on the input to the
varactor. In general, 2 turns of 22 gauge wire inductor is used.
Frequency Divider
A high speed 12-stage binary counter 74HC4040 is used as frequency divider in the phase
locked loop system. The output of voltage controlled oscillator of PLL circuit is fed to this
frequency divider as shown in the schematic diagram. To divide the FM input signal by 512
effectively, output Q8 of the binary counter is selected. Thus, the order of the original signal is
100 MHz, order of the quotient is 200 KHz, and crystal oscillator circuitry implements the
proximity of the reference signal.

PLL Schematic (Frequency Divider, Phase Detector, Loop Filter)


Phase Detector
If we consider two input signals, then to quantify the frequency difference and/or phase
difference of these input signals a phase detector is used. In phase locked loop system, a
simple EXOR gate is used to generate the error signal.
The error signal generated is a variable duty square wave that depends on the diversity of
applied two input signals.
Loop Filter
The loop filter used in the phase locked loop system is equivalent to first order low pass filter.
The error signal generated by phase detector is fed to loop filter for averaging or smoothing.
This smoothing causes the charging and discharging of capacitor, as essential, in
contradiction of varactor for adjusting the voltage controlled oscillator of PLL circuit. This
process gets aborted, if and only if the error signals duty cycle becomes zero and voltage
controlled oscillator & crystal based oscillator frequency are efficiently locked.
Thus, by using a phase locked loop in FM transmitter circuit and PLL in FM demodulator
facilitates to carry highly stable and clean audio. Furthermore, by using the phase locked loop
system in FM transmitter we can tune common FM transmitter even keeping crystal stability.
Hope this article given brief information about phase locked loop system used in FM
transmitter. For more detailed information regarding the PLL IC, PLL circuits, and PLL
applications you can approach us by posting your queries in the comments section below.
About Tarun Agarwal
Tarun Agarwal is the Chief Customer Support Officer at Edgefx Technologies Pvt
Ltd. He has 8 years of experience in Customer Support, Operations and
Administration.
Comments
• Addison Gibson says
February 5, 2015 at 10:33 pm
In the top ten of my favorite posts, thankyou!
Reply
• Tarun Agarwal says
February 7, 2015 at 5:38 pm
Hi Assison Gibson, Click the links below for more information:
http://www.efxkits.com/wireless-audio-transmitter-for-tv
http://www.efxkits.com/long-range-fm-transmitter-with-audio-modulation
Please check the website for complete details in the kit content
section: http://www.efxkits.com/kitdetails/ and go through the
FAQ: http://www.efxkits.com/contact-us/#faq for details. Further if you have any queries you
can call us on +91 9908778000 for clarifications/personal counseling. Raji (Contact India:
+919959178000, Contact International: +1 201 44 83073)
Reply
• Radhika Vishwakarma says
October 27, 2017 at 3:53 am
which type of input apply in phase lock loop A.C. or D.C.
Reply
• Tarun Agarwal says
December 20, 2017 at 6:38 pm
Hi,
AC input.Thank you so much for your feedback
And once again please visit our domestic website http://www.edgefxkits.com/
For more details please contact to Sathish on +91 8885507011 or you can email us
on [email protected]
Reply
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