Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 20 January, 2017 (p.

85–93)

Engineering Characteristics of widely used Coarse Aggregates in

Pakistan: A Comparative Study
Muhammad Junaid Munir1, Safeer Abbas1*, Syed Minhaj Saleem Kazmi2, Anwar Khitab2, Syed Zishan
Ashiq1, Muhammad Tausif Arshad2
1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
2. Department of Civil Engineering, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, AJK, Pakistan.
* Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
Pakistan has vast potential of concrete aggregates due to having numerous mountainous ranges.
However, the properties of these aggregates are yet to be explored as scant research has been carried
out in this area. In this study, an experimental approach was adopted to compare the engineering
properties of widely used coarse aggregates in Pakistan. Aggregate samples were gathered from four
various quarries in accordance with ASTM sampling procedure and their physical as well as
mechanical properties were evaluated through laboratory testing according to ASTM and BS
standards. Tests were performed on Margalla, Sargodha, Barnalla and Mangla crushes. Different
concrete specimens were also prepared using the above mentioned aggregates and tested for their
mechanical properties (compressive, tensile and flexural strengths). Test results revealed that the
aggregates from evaluated quarries are suitable to be used in concrete. Each sample of aggregates
have different characteristics which is very important keeping in view the type of construction,
economy and its environment. It was observed that Margalla aggregates resulted in better concrete
mechanical properties, while Sargodha aggregates showed improved physical characteristics.

Key Words: Coarse aggregates; physical properties; mechanical properties.

1. Introduction Therefore, the quality of aggregates is of great

Normally, concrete mixture consists of coarse importance [2]. In addition to being economical,
aggregates, mortar matrix and interfacial zone. aggregates usually supply concrete with better wear
Aggregates are the basic raw materials, which are resistance and dimensional firmness. Properties of
essential for all construction activities. Aggregates aggregates greatly affect the mechanical properties of
are extensively used in concrete blocks, steel concrete as well as its performance and durability [3,
reinforced beams, flooring and retaining walls, mass 4]. Furthermore, the importance of aggregate strength
concrete for mega structures, road construction, rail cannot be denied in high strength concrete [5]. For
ballast and filter media for water and sewage optimum concrete strength properties, a low
treatments. Coarse aggregates are the main water/cement ratio (w/c) and high cement content is
component in concrete and responsible for the required along with the quality aggregates with limits
adequate strength of concrete. The aggregates having on aggregate size (i.e. maximum 9.5 mm) [6].
undesirable properties do not result in desired Natural aggregates are formed by the process of
strength and durable concrete and hence, flaws exist weathering and abrasion or by crushing of the rocks.
in the structural performance leading to durability Properties of the aggregates that are dependent on the
issues in concrete. Aggregates are the main parent rocks are mineralogy, hardness, strength,
component of concrete (i.e. up to 75% by concrete specific gravity and porosity [7-10], while surface
volume) that significantly affect the concrete texture, particle size distribution and absorption are
properties and mixture proportions [1]. the properties independent of the parent rock [11-14].
Economically, it is important to use as much Quality of concrete whether it is in fresh or solid state
aggregates as possible due to its cheaper cost in has greatly influenced by the above mentioned
comparison with other concrete ingredients. properties.

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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol.20, Jan., 2017

Although the aggregates occupy a large part of borrow material and hence the total cost of the
concrete and enormous research work has already projects.
been carried out to understand the behavior of the
concrete. Nevertheless, focus to explore the 3. Mangla crush and Barnalla crush are
aggregate properties is comparatively less [1]. For the river/nullah bed materials and hence, do not
last decade, mostly the concrete researchers have involve mining and blasting costs. However,
focused on the binder phase (i.e. Portland cement and they require processing before their use in
supplementary cementitious materials). It must be construction projects. Presently, localized
recognized that high performance concretes would crushers are installed by the contractors and the
not be prepared without an intelligent selection of the reported processing cost per 100 m3 is almost
aggregates [15]. In this study, engineering properties Rs.12,000. It is believed that this cost may be
of coarse aggregates, which are commonly used in reduced to 80% of present processing cost if
Pakistan have been focused. The aggregates from mass scale crushing units are installed.
four different sources namely Margallah, Sargodha, A total of eleven samples: 3 samples each, from
Barnala and Mangla were selected and investigated different crushers of Margallah, Sargodha and
for their properties in accordance with ASTM and Barnala and 2 samples from different crushers of
British Standards. British Standards were used to Mangla crush were collected and subjected to
evaluate the physical properties of aggregates (impact laboratory testing for evaluation. Margallah crush
and crushing strength) as no ASTM standard is samples were collected from a quarry in Margallah
available in this regard. hills in Taxila. Sargodha crush samples were
collected from a quarry in Sarghodha whereas,
2. Experimental Investigation
samples of Barnala crush were collected from a
2.1 Material Selection quarry in Barnala, located 46 km from the district
To conduct this study, a comprehensive testing Gujarat. Remaining two samples of Mangla crush
program was formulated. The selection criteria of the were obtained from a quarry near the Mangla dam.
aggregate sources were based upon the following Fig. 1 shows the Margallah quarry site. Various
facts: aggregate samples collected from different quarries
are shown in Fig. 2.
1. Margalla and Sargodha crush are being
extensively used in construction since 1960s and
considered as standard aggregate sources for
concrete works in federal and Punjab area. In
this study, Margalla and Sargodha crush
properties were treated as standard properties to
assess the suitability of the aggregates samples
collected from the other potential sources.

2. Two potential aggregate sources, Mangla and

Barnalla were selected for the sake of
investigation and comparison with Margalla and
Sargodha. Currently, these aggregate sources are
Fig. 1 Margallah quarry site
being used as local quarries for the construction
of minor projects like residential buildings. As 2.2 Test Methodology
these quarries are located in the proximity of In the first phase of testing, physical and
some major projects like Gulpur Hydropower mechanical properties of the selected aggregates were
project, UCET Campus MUST Mirpur AJK, determined. Afterwards, the properties of the
Pearl Continental Hotel Mirpur AJK and hardened concrete prepared using the aggregates,
Infrastructure Development at New City Mirpur were investigated to assess the effect of the coarse
AJK; their suitability will reduce the haulage of aggregates.

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 Engineering Characteristics of widely used Coarse Aggregates in Pakistan: A Comparative Study

Where, A = water absorption, WSSD = saturated

surface-dry aggregates weight and WOD = oven-dry
aggregates weight.

Specific gravity of aggregates: Specific

gravity of tested aggregates was determined in
accordance with ASTM C-127. Oven dried bulk
specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and
saturated surface dry bulk specific gravity were
calculated by weighing aggregates in different states
i.e., saturated surface dry, saturated and oven dry
a) Barnala crush b) Mangla crush conditions.

Bulk density and voids: Bulk density and

voids in aggregates were determined according to
ASTM C-29. During this test, water was used to
calibrate the volume of bucket and then the unit
weight of coarse aggregate was determined using the
calibrated bucket. Voids in aggregates were
calculated using the following formula (Eq. 2):

Voids 
( S  W )  D  100
(2)
(S  W )
c) Sargodha crush d) Margallah crush
Fig. 2 Various coarse aggregates Where, D = aggregate bulk density (kg/m3), S = bulk
specific gravity (determined following ASTM C-127)
Following physical properties of the aggregates
and W = density of water (998 kg/m3).
were studied:
The mechanical properties of the aggregates
1) Water absorption;
were examined using impact value and crushing
2) Specific gravity; value tests.
3) Bulk density and voids;
Impact value of aggregates: Impact value of
Water absorption: The ratio of the water aggregates was determined using British Standard
weight absorbed by aggregates to the weight of dry (BS-812). It measures the resistance of the aggregates
sample of aggregates expressed in percentage, is against crushing when impact loads are applied.
termed as the water absorption. It excludes the water Impact value can be calculated as follows (Eq. 3).
adhered to the surface of the particles [12]. Water
absorption of selected aggregates was determined W2
using the ASTM C-127 standards. The aggregate Impact Value = 100 (3)
W1
specimens were surface dried by placing them in an
oven. Afterwards, the aggregates were immersed in Where, W1 = weight of the tested aggregates and W2
water for 24 hours and then weighed in saturated = weight of the aggregates passed through 2.36 mm
surface dry condition (SSD). Aggregates were then sieve after applying impact loads.
placed in an oven at 110 ºC for 24 hours and weighed
again. Water absorption can be measured as (Eq. 1): Crushing value of aggregates: Crushing value
of the aggregates was evaluated following the British
W SSD  WOD Standard (BS-812). It measures the resistance of the
A 100 (1)
WOD aggregates against crushing using the compressive

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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol.20, Jan., 2017

loads. Crushing value of the aggregates is given by Table 1: Concrete mixture composition
(Eq. 4):
Materials Quantity
W2 Cement 14.8 kg
Crushing Value = 100 (4)
W1 Sand 33.5 kg
Aggregates 66.5 kg
Where, W1 = weight of tested aggregates placed Water 7.5 kg
in three layers in steel cylinder and W2 = weight
passed through 2.36 mm sieve after applying 3. Results and Discussion
compressive loads.
3.1 Water Absorption of Aggregates
Following mechanical properties of hardened Water absorption results of different aggregate
concrete using same aggregates were also studied: samples are presented in Table 2. Water absorption
indirectly measures the porosity in aggregates. In
1) Compressive strength
addition, it represents the resistance against frost
2) Flexural strength
action. More water absorption of aggregates indicates
3) Splitting tensile strength higher porosity, which lead to serious durability
concerns [12]. Fig. 3 shows that Mangla aggregates
Compressive strength: Compressive strength
have the highest water absorption (1.49%) and
of the concrete was determined using ASTM C 39.
Sargodha aggregates have the lowest (1.0%).
Concrete cylinders were cast and tested at 28 days in
Margalla aggregates have higher water absorption
saturated surface dry condition. Specimens were
value than Barnalla aggregates. Barnalla aggregates
capped before testing. For each aggregate type, tests
have approximately the same water absorption as
were performed on three concrete cylinder
Sargodha aggregates (1.04%).
specimens.
1.6
Splitting tensile strength: Split tensile 1.4
Water absorption (%)

strength was determined according to ASTM C 496.

1.2
Specimens were cast and tested at 28 days in
1.0
saturated surface dry condition. Cylindrical
0.8
specimens were cured in water till the testing date.
0.6
For each aggregate type, tests were performed on
three cylindrical specimens. 0.4
0.2
Flexural strength: Flexural strength was 0.0
Sargodha

Barnalla

Mangla
Margalla

determined according to ASTM C 78. Beam Crush

Crush
Crush
Crush

specimens were cast and cured in water till the testing

age (i.e. 28 days). Specimens were cured in water till
the date of test. For each aggregates type, tests were Fig. 3 Water absorption of various aggregates
performed on three concrete beams.
This shows that Sargodha as well as Barnalla
2.3 Concrete Composition aggregates are good for concrete as far as porosity
and durability is are concerned.
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was used in
this study. Lawrencepur sand was used as fine 3.2 Specific Gravity of Aggregates
aggregates. Concrete proportion was set to 1:2:4 and Table 2 shows the specific gravity results of
water-cement ratio of 0.50 was kept constant. different aggregate. The interfacial properties (i.e.
Grading of aggregates was done as per ASTM C 33. bond between the cement paste and the aggregate)
Casting of each quarry was done in separate batch.
are influenced by the pores at the surface of the
Quantity of materials used for casting of each batch particles. Smaller the number of pores, higher is
are shown in Table 1.

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 Engineering Characteristics of widely used Coarse Aggregates in Pakistan: A Comparative Study

specific gravity and the bond strength, which leads to important for concrete strength. Bulk density and
enhanced concrete strength. Though higher specific voids values are shown in Table 2. Fig. 5 and 6 reveal
gravity of aggregate represents its high strength; that Mangla aggregates have the highest bulk density
nevertheless judging the suitability alone on this basis (1601 kg/m3) and the lowest percent voids (34%).
without finding other mechanical properties is This indicates that these aggregates are denser and
impossible. Fig. 4 depicts that Margalla aggregates the product concrete will have a higher strength. But
have the highest bulk specific gravity (2.83) which this was not true with concrete having Mangla
infers smaller pores as well as greater strength when aggregates. Because of their river source, Mangla
used in concrete. Previous research depicts that aggregates were mostly round and smooth; that
coarse aggregates containing sandstone exhibit higher resulted in reduced strength as observed during the
water absorption and lower specific gravity [15]. As study. Besides, concrete having Mangla aggregates
sand stone is major component of Mangla aggregates needs lesser compaction effort.
[16], therefore, results of this study are similar to the
previously published literature. Margalla aggregates have the lowest bulk
density (1508 kg/m3) and the highest voids (45.56%).
3.3 Bulk Density and Voids Sargodha and Barnala aggregates have the values of
Bulk density is a measure of the effort required bulk densities in between those of Mangla and
to compact the concrete. Generally, for normal Sargodha aggregates. The results show that bulk
weight concrete, the bulk density of aggregates varies density of aggregates has an inverse relation to the air
from 1200 to 1760 kg/m3 [12]. The percentage of voids which is in close agreement with previous
voids affects the grading of aggregates, which is research [15].

Table 2 Comparison between engineering properties of various types of coarse aggregates

Sargodha
Test Margalla Crush Barnalla Crush Mangla Crush
Crush
Water absorption
1.32 1.00 1.04 1.49
(%)
Specific gravity 2.83 2.72 2.60 2.51
Bulk density (kg/m3) 1508 1533 1595 1601
Voids (%) 45.56 42.80 37.69 34.11
Impact value (%) 16.50 11.60 20.90 13.20
Crushing value (%) 29.80 17.90 26.00 28.20

Table 3 Strength properties of concrete specimens incorporating various coarse aggregates

Compressive strength Splitting tensile Flexural strength

Sample
(MPa) strength (MPa) (MPa)
Margalla Crush 26.30 2.25 4.90
Sargodha Crush 21.10 2.00 4.78
Barnalla Crush 25.10 2.53 4.60
Mangla Crush 20.70 2.12 3.70

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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol.20, Jan., 2017

2.9 Oven dried bulk specific gravity loading as they have minimum impact value of
2.8 Saturated surface dry bulk specific gravity 11.6%. Barnala aggregates have maximum impact
Apparent specific gravity value of 20.9%. Margalla and Mangla aggregates
2.7
Specific Gravity

have good impact values of 16.5% and 13.2%,

2.6
respectively. It may be concluded that Sargodha,
2.5
Margalla and Mangla aggregates have adequate
2.4 strength.
2.3
25
2.2

Mangla
Sargodha

Barnalla
Margalla

Crush
Crush
20
Crush
Crush

Impact value (%)

15
Fig. 4 Specific gravity of various aggregates
10
1620
5
1600
Bulk density (kg/m3)

1580 0

Mangla
Sargodha

Barnalla
Margalla

Crush
Crush
1560

Crush
Crush
1540
1520
1500 Fig. 7 Impact value results for various aggregates
1480 3.5 Crushing Value of Aggregates
1460
Results of crushing values for different
Sargodha

Barnalla

Mangla
Margalla

Crush
Crush
Crush
Crush

aggregates are summarized in Table 2. Crushing

values of aggregates less than 30% are acceptable.
Fig. 5 Bulk density of various aggregates The lower the crushing value, the stronger will be the
aggregates [12]. Fig. 8 shows that Sargodha
50 aggregates have minimum crushing value of 17.9%
45 and are therefore, the strongest among all. Margalla
40 aggregates have maximum crushing value of 29.8%,
35
therefore, can be considered as weaker than
Voids (%)

30
25 Sargodha. Barnala and Mangla have crushing values
20 closer to Margalla aggregates. In general, all the four
15 aggregates showed satisfactory results against
10 crushing limit (30%).
5
0 35
Barnalla

Mangla
Sargodha
Margalla

Crush
Crush

30
Crush
Crush

Crushing value (%)

25
20
Fig. 6 Voids in various aggregates
15
3.4 Impact Value of Aggregates 10
Impact values of various aggregates are shown 5
in Table 2. The aggregate with the impact values 0
Sargodha

Barnalla

Mangla

below 10 are considered as strong while above 35 are

Margalla

Crush
Crush
Crush
Crush

normally regarded as weak aggregates for

construction applications [12]. Fig. 7 shows that
Sargodha aggregates are the strongest against impact Fig. 8 Crushing value results for various aggregates

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 Engineering Characteristics of widely used Coarse Aggregates in Pakistan: A Comparative Study

3.6 Compressive Strength highest split tensile strength. Mangla aggregates

specimens have shown the lowest split tensile
Compressive strengths of concrete specimens
strength. Fig. 11 shows the splitting of concrete
using different aggregates are shown in Table 3. Fig.
specimen into two pieces during the splitting tensile
9 shows that the concrete specimens having Margalla
test.
and Barnalla aggregates have higher compressive
strength as compared to concrete specimens made 3.0

Splitting tensile strength (MPa)

with Sargodha and Mangla aggregates. This shows 2.5
that Barnalla and Margalla aggregates may be
2.0
recommended for use wherever higher compressive
strength is required. 1.5

1.0
30
Compressive strength (MPa)

0.5
25
0.0

Sargodha

Barnalla

Mangla
Margalla

Crush
20

Crush
Crush
Crush
15

10 Fig. 10 Effect of various aggregates on splitting

tensile strength
5

0
Mangla
Sargodha

Barnalla
Margalla

Crush
Crush
Crush
Crush

Fig. 9 Effect of various aggregates on compressive

strength

Compressive strength of concrete is influenced

by the integrity of the transition zone (interface)
between the cement paste and aggregates. Bleeding
in concrete, attributed to higher water cement ratio,
augments water accumulation in the paste-aggregate
interface. If the accumulated water is not absorbed by
the aggregates, the compressive strength of concrete
decreases [17]. In case of Margalla, Sargodha and Fig. 11 Splitting of specimen into two pieces during
Barnalla aggregates, similar trend in relation with the tensile test
water absorption of these aggregates was observed.
However, this trend was not verified in case of 3.8 Flexural Strength
Mangla aggregates. This may be due to the fact that
Flexural strengths of concrete specimens using
the aggregates belong to river bed have very smooth
different aggregate samples are summarized in Table
surfaces which lead to formation of weak bond
3. Fig. 12 shows that the concrete specimens made
between cement paste and aggregate. Similar
with Margalla aggregates have the highest flexural
behaviour of aggregates was reported by Islam et al.
strength and Mangla aggregates have the lowest
(2016) and Zainab et al. (2008) [17-18].
flexural strength. Concrete specimens with Sargodha
3.7 Splitting Tensile Strength and Barnalla aggregates have flexural strength closer
The Split tensile strengths of concrete to Margalla aggregates concrete specimens. Barnalla
specimens using different aggregate samples are and Mangla aggregates were obtained after crushing
summarized in Table 3 and Fig. 10. Concrete river stones whereas, Margalla and Sargodha
specimens made with Barnalla aggregates showed the aggregates were obtained from blasting and crushing

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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol.20, Jan., 2017

of rocks. That is why Barnalla and Mangla 4. Acknowledgements

aggregates are mostly round and have smooth
Authors are grateful for staff of concrete
surfaces whereas, Margalla and Sargodha aggregates
laboratories at the Civil Engineering Department,
are usually rough and angular. Generally aggregates
University of Engineering and Technology Lahore
shape and texture influence the flexural strength [1,
and Mirpur University of Science and Technology,
15, 19]. Zainab and Enas (2008) also observed
Mirpur for their help during the experimental
decrease in flexural strength due to smooth surface of
performance.
aggregates [18]. The results show that concrete with
angular aggregates have more flexural strength than 5. References
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