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LEARNING MATHS MADE FUN
Maths is a subject which is not only applicable in our academics but also in real
life. Making kids love this subject is a difficult challenge, especially for
parents. It takes a lot of brainpower to master Mathematics and this can be tough
for kids. This subject has a lot of formulas based on different concepts. These
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be solved quickly, using Maths tricks. Class 1 to 10 has been taught with the
general mathematical concepts, but it�s level increases in class 11 and 12.
How the World�s Top Telecom and Internet Companies Violate User Rights

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How the World�s Top Telecom and Internet Companies Violate User Rights
Research And Publications Jan 07, 2017 share
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Early November, the Ranking Digital Rights (RDR) project launched its corporate
accountability index, a ranking of 16 of the world�s most powerful
telecommunications and internet companies on their commitments and policies that
affect users� free speech and privacy rights. Orange, MTN, Vodafone and Etisalat,
which all have operations in the Arab region, are included in the ranking. The most
popular internet companies such as Google, Twitter and Facebook are also there.
RDR in Telecom
What does RDR mean in Telecom?
4 meanings of RDR abbreviation related to Telecom:

1
1
1
1
RDR
ReaDeR
RDR
Redirect Request
RDR
Regional Dynamic Routing
RDR
Remote Dump and Restore
Technology, Electronic Engineering, Telecommunications
Technology, Electronic Engineering, Telecommunications
Technology, Telecommunications, Telecommunication
Technology, Telecommunications, Telecommunication
Suggest to this list
Related acronyms and abbreviations
Abbr. Meaning
IP
Internet Protocol
CPU
Central Processing Unit
LAN
Local Area Network
ASR
Access Service Request
ESTEC
European Space Research and Technology Centre
GB
Gigabit
OT
Overtime
EPS
Encapsulated PostScript
EMI
Electromagnetic Interference
DMZ
Demilitarized Zone
Technology, Computing, Technical
Technology, Computing, America
Technology, Computing, Technical
Computing, Cybersecurity, Technology
Astronomy, NASA, Spaceflight
Technology, Computer, Computer Engineering
Ice Hockey, Business, Banking
Computing, Technology, Programming
Technology, Nuclear, Electronics
Technology, Computing, Computer Security

Share RDR in Telecom page

Alternatively search Google for RDR

Violation of user rights in the Arab region is often uniquely blamed on repressive
governments that extensively filter the internet, spy on their citizens, and
prosecute them for merely expressing themselves online.

Over the past few years, however, activists and human rights groups have been
drawing attention to the complicity of companies, either foreign or national, in
violating the rights of users based in the region. Some of these companies, based
in Western Europe or North America, sell internet filtering and surveillance
technologies to governments which use them to crack down on speech and political
dissent.

For instance, several Arab governments including those of Bahrain, Saudi Arabia,
Egypt, Sudan, Morocco and the UAE, purchased the Milan-based Hacking Team�s �Remote
Control System� intrusion software, as was revealed when the company was hacked and
its documents leaked last July. In October, the Toronto-based Citizen Lab released
a report confirming that filtering products by the Canadian company Netsweeper are
being used to filter critical political content in Yemen.

It is not only companies selling spying and filtering technologies that threaten
the rights of users. The practices and policies of internet and telecommunications
companies can put their users� at risk of rights violations. This is what RDR�s
newly released index sheds light on.

RDR assessed the companies according to their publicly disclosed policies, and not
their practices, in three categories: commitment, freedom of expression, and
privacy. For each category, the indicators draw on guidelines established in
international human rights frameworks, including the United Nations Guiding
Principles on Business and Human Rights.

In the ranking, internet companies fare better than the telecommunications

companies. The highest ranked Internet company, Google, obtained a score of 65%,
while the highest ranked telecom company, Vodafone, obtained 54%. In the Internet
companies� ranking, four obtained at least a total score of 50%, while only two
telecom companies obtained a score of 50 and above.

RDR, however, notes that �there are no winners� and that �even companies in the
lead are falling short�, particularly when it comes to disclosing how they handle
user information and enforce terms of service, and the lack of transparency when
it comes to requests for content takedown and user data.

How do companies violate our rights?

RDR explains how companies like Internet Service Providers (ISPs), social
networking sites, and cell phones carriers violate user rights: �people
increasingly depend on Internet and telecommunications services for many facets of
their daily lives, including civic, political, and religious activities. The
services these companies offer connect and empower people in unprecedented ways,
but they can also be misused to undermine freedom of expression and privacy�.

Companies take a number of decisions that could affect user rights including:

� handing over user data at the request of governments, law enforcement agencies or
courts.
� taking down content at the request of governments for violating local laws.
� taking down content or banning users from using their services for violating
their terms of service. (Last August, for instance, Facebook removed a photo album
shared by a Syrian artist showing drowned Syrian and Palestinian refugees off the
coast of Libya after a number of users reported it for violating the company�s
terms of service )
� shutting down networks and services at the requests of governments

There are of course legitimate reasons for which companies need to take similar
decisions such as incitement to violence, hate speech, cyber-bullying or security
concerns. Repressive governments, however, have other less legitimate reasons, such
as requesting the data of an anonymous blogger who has been critical of the
authorities, or shutting down communications during protests.

Though several governments in the Arab region advocate for a universal access to
internet and mobile phones (the number of internet users in the region is expected
to hit 197 million by 2017, a penetration of 51%), they are wary of online
criticism and dissent, particularly following the so-called Arab Spring protests,
during which protesters across the region made use of these technologies to
document police violence and organize.

Etisalat gets lowest score in telecommunications companies ranking

With a 14% score, the UAE�s Etisalat received the lowest score for
telecommunications companies. In the overall ranking, only Mail.ru, a Russian
company which provides communication and entertainment services online, scored
worse than Etisalat with 13%.

In fact, Etisalat discloses little to no information about its public policies and
practices affecting its users� free speech and privacy rights. Out of six
indicators in the commitment category, Etisalat only received credit for disclosing
processes to receive complaints and grievances from its users (indicator C6). The
company, however, fails to get credit for the five remaining indicators, including
conducting human rights impact assessments (C4) and engaging with a multi
stakeholder initiative promoting freedom of expression and privacy (C5) such as the
Global Network Initiative.

Etisalat has the lowest score of any telecommunications company in the Privacy
category along with MTN, a South African multinational mobile telecommunications
company, which also has operations inside Sudan, Syria and Yemen. Though Etisalat
makes its privacy policies freely available (P1), and provides some information
into what user information it collects and shares, and why (P3 and P4), it does not
say whether it notifies users about third party requests for their information
(P10) or how long it retains user information (P17), nor publishes data about
requests for user information (P11).

Etisalat fares better in the freedom of expression category by making its terms of
service available (F1), committing to notify its users about changes to these
services (F2), and disclosing information about the circumstances under which it
restricts content or access to its services (F3 and F4). Out of a total of 10
indicators in the freedom of expression category, the company gets zero credit for
five indicators. Etisalat fails to reveal information about its process for
responding to requests from governments and other parties to restrict content (F6),
and does not publish data about such requests (F7). In addition, the company does
not reveal whether or not it prioritizes the delivery of certain types of content
over other, aka net neutrality (F10).

What about foreign companies?

Etisalat is not unique in its lack of public commitments to freedom of expression

and privacy in the Arab region, where even private and foreign companies do not
disclose enough information about their policies.

European companies behave differently in their countries of headquarters from

countries where the regulatory environment is restrictive and does not provide
legal protections for user rights.

Take for example the French multinational telecommunications group Orange which has
operations in Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia. In the telecommunications ranking, Orange
came third with a total score of 37 out of 100 after AT&T and Vodafone which
respectively obtained 50 and 54. Though in France, Orange makes its terms of
service available for each of its services on orange.fr, in Tunisia the terms and
conditions are nowhere to be found on orange.tn.

In 2011, Vodafone came under criticism in Egypt when it shut down its network there
during the protests against former president Hosni Mubarak, at the request of the
government. For 24 hours its customers were unable to make phone calls or use the
internet. Although Vodafone said that it was obliged to do so under local Egyptian
law, this case clearly shows how companies favor business interests over human
rights in countries where customers enjoy little to no protections.

It�s about regulation:

RDR notes that the legal and regulatory framework context in which Etisalat
operates �presents challenges for the company to achieve a higher score in the
Index�. The 2015 Freedom on the Net report states that the �UAE maintains an
authoritarian grip on both politics and telecommunications�. In fact, the state has
dominant ownerships in the country�s two telecommunication service providers,
including a 60% stake in Etisalat.

As long as regulation in the region is about controlling users and not protecting
them, it will be challenging for companies to improve their policies and practices.

In Bahrain, for instance, the Telecommunication Regulatory Authority has the power
to revoke the licenses of ISPs if they do not abide by blocking orders from the
government. In Egypt, the telecom industry regulator (NTRA) has been accused of
monitoring social media.

Despite the restrictive regulatory frameworks, there are steps that telcos could
take to further the protection of user rights, including making their terms of
service available in an easy to understand language, disclosing sites and content
they block access to, and revealing how they handle user information (what
information they collect, with which parties they share, and for what purposes and
for how long they retain it). In the RDR ranking, companies also get scored for
informing and educating users about cyberthreats (P14), and for deploying the
latest encryption and security standards (P12), two practices even companies in the
most restrictive environments should be capable of adopting.

For social media companies, regulation can be a bit tricky because of the
borderless nature of the Internet. Though it is understandable for companies to
respect the local legislation of countries inside which they operate, this does not
mean that they should not assess the risks that come with opening an office in a
restrictive environment. When Twitter launched its office in Dubai, a spokesperson
for the company said: �We do not make special arrangements with governments
regarding censorship�, in response to an inquiry from BuzzFeed News about the
agreements Twitter made with the government in order to be able to operate inside
the UAE.

In addition, Internet companies take down content at the request of courts or

government agencies for violating local laws. For instance, during the first half
of 2014, Facebook restricted seven pieces of content inside Saudi Arabia for
violating local laws that prohibit criticism of the royal family. This is a policy
that Facebook and other new media companies need to review, because legislation
under undemocratic regimes does not usually enshrine free speech protections in
accordance with international human rights standards.

The role of civil society

Despite the restrictions placed on civil society in several countries in the

region, groups

and activists working to advance digital rights protections can still do much. They
can use the RDR ranking in their advocacy work, or if possible conduct a similar
study focusing on ISPs and telcos operating inside the region. They can also raise
awareness and educate users about companies� practices and policies in order to
allow users to make informed choices and know which rights they give away when they
agree to the terms and conditions.

And in countries where civil society is not grappling with draconian restrictions
such as Lebanon and Tunisia, organizations and activists should lobby the
government and legislators to improve laws regulating the telecom industry, in a
way that they respect user rights.

Source: http://7iber.com/politics-economics/how-the-worlds-top-telecom-and-inter...
At the starting level, basics of Math has been taught such as counting the numbers,
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, place value, etc. As the level of
grade increases, students are taught with more enhanced concepts, such as ratios,
proportions, fractions, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, mensuration, etc.
Integration and differentiation are the higher level of topics, which are included
in the syllabus of higher secondary school. Get Math syllabus for class 9 to 12,
here and prepare your studies.

More Maths Topics

Even Numbers Prime Number Circles
Greatest Common Factor Area of Triangle Trigonometry Table
Area of Circle Value of Pi Surface Area and Volume
Continuity and Differentiability Triangles Natural Numbers
Area of Rectangle Whole Numbers Permutation and Combination
Perimeter of a triangle Sequence and series Determinants and Matrices
Vectors Number System Real Numbers
Quadratics Calculus Arithmetic Progressions
Integration Odd Numbers Linear Programming
Area of Rectangle Laplace transform Polynomials
Quadrilateral Square Roots Binomial
HCF and LCM Cube Ascending Order
Learning Mathematics has never been easier. At BYJU�S, you can assure to create
such a strong foundation in this subject, with which any mathematical problems
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Math
Math
Early math
Counting: Early math
Addition and subtraction intro: Early math
Place value (tens and hundreds): Early math
Addition and subtraction within 20: Early math
Addition and subtraction within 100: Early math
Addition and subtraction within 1000: Early math
Measurement and data: Early math
Geometry: Early math
Kindergarten
Counting and place value: Kindergarten
Addition and subtraction: Kindergarten
Measurement and geometry: Kindergarten
1st grade
Place value: 1st grade
Addition and subtraction: 1st grade
Measurement, data, and geometry: 1st grade
2nd grade
Add and subtract within 20: 2nd grade
Place value: 2nd grade
Add and subtract within 100: 2nd grade
Add and subtract within 1,000: 2nd grade
Money and time: 2nd grade
Measurement: 2nd grade
Data: 2nd grade
Geometry: 2nd grade
3rd grade
Intro to multiplication: 3rd grade
1-digit multiplication: 3rd grade
Addition, subtraction, and estimation: 3rd grade
Intro to division: 3rd grade
Understand fractions: 3rd grade
Equivalent fractions and comparing fractions: 3rd grade
More with multiplication and division: 3rd grade
Arithmetic patterns and problem solving: 3rd grade
Quadrilaterals: 3rd grade
Area: 3rd grade
Perimeter: 3rd grade
Time: 3rd grade
Measurement: 3rd grade
Represent and interpret data: 3rd grade
4th grade
Place value: 4th grade
Addition, subtraction, and estimation: 4th grade
Multiply by 1-digit numbers: 4th grade
Multiply by 2-digit numbers: 4th grade
Division: 4th grade
Factors, multiples and patterns: 4th grade
Equivalent fractions and comparing fractions: 4th grade
Add and subtract fractions: 4th grade
Multiply fractions: 4th grade
Understand decimals: 4th grade
Plane figures: 4th grade
Measuring angles: 4th grade
Area and perimeter: 4th grade
Units of measurement: 4th grade
5th grade
Decimal place value: 5th grade
Add decimals: 5th grade
Subtract decimals: 5th grade
Add and subtract fractions: 5th grade
Multi-digit multiplication and division: 5th grade
Multiply fractions: 5th grade
Divide fractions: 5th grade
Multiply decimals: 5th grade
Divide decimals: 5th grade
Powers of ten: 5th grade
Volume: 5th grade
Coordinate plane: 5th grade
Algebraic thinking: 5th grade
Converting units of measure: 5th grade
Line plots: 5th grade
Properties of shapes: 5th grade
6th grade
Ratios, rates, & percentages: 6th grade
Arithmetic operations: 6th grade
Negative numbers: 6th grade
Properties of numbers: 6th grade
Variables & expressions: 6th grade
Equations & inequalities introduction: 6th grade
Geometry: 6th grade
Data and statistics: 6th grade
7th grade
Negative numbers: addition and subtraction: 7th grade
Negative numbers: multiplication and division: 7th grade
Fractions, decimals, & percentages: 7th grade
Rates & proportional relationships: 7th grade
Expressions, equations, & inequalities: 7th grade
Geometry: 7th grade
Statistics and probability: 7th grade
8th grade
Numbers and operations: 8th grade
Solving equations with one unknown: 8th grade
Linear equations and functions: 8th grade
Systems of equations: 8th grade
Geometry: 8th grade
Geometric transformations: 8th grade
Data and modeling: 8th grade
Arithmetic
Addition and subtraction: Arithmetic
Multiplication and division: Arithmetic
Negative numbers: Arithmetic
Fractions: Arithmetic
Decimals: Arithmetic
Basic geometry
Lines: Basic geometry
Angles: Basic geometry
Shapes: Basic geometry
Coordinate plane: Basic geometry
Area and perimeter: Basic geometry
Volume and surface area: Basic geometry
Pythagorean theorem: Basic geometry
Transformations, congruence, and similarity: Basic geometry
Pre-algebra
Arithmetic properties: Pre-algebra
Factors and multiples: Pre-algebra
Reading and interpreting data: Pre-algebra
Measurement: Pre-algebra
Fractions : Pre-algebra
Decimals: Pre-algebra
Negative numbers and coordinate plane : Pre-algebra
Ratios, rates, proportions: Pre-algebra
Equations, expressions, and inequalities : Pre-algebra
Exponents, radicals, and scientific notation: Pre-algebra
Algebra basics
Foundations: Algebra basics
Algebraic expressions: Algebra basics
Linear equations and inequalities: Algebra basics
Graphing lines and slope: Algebra basics
Systems of equations: Algebra basics
Expressions with exponents: Algebra basics
Quadratics and polynomials: Algebra basics
Equations and geometry: Algebra basics
Algebra 1
Algebra foundations: Algebra 1
Solving equations & inequalities: Algebra 1
Working with units: Algebra 1
Linear equations & graphs: Algebra 1
Forms of linear equations: Algebra 1
Systems of equations: Algebra 1
Inequalities (systems & graphs): Algebra 1
Functions: Algebra 1
Sequences: Algebra 1
Absolute value & piecewise functions: Algebra 1
Exponents & radicals: Algebra 1
Exponential growth & decay: Algebra 1
Quadratics: Multiplying & factoring: Algebra 1
Quadratic functions & equations: Algebra 1
Irrational numbers: Algebra 1
High school geometry
Performing transformations: High school geometry
Transformation properties and proofs: High school geometry
Congruence: High school geometry
Similarity: High school geometry
Right triangles & trigonometry: High school geometry
Non-right triangles & trigonometry (Advanced): High school geometry
Analytic geometry: High school geometry
Conic sections: High school geometry
Circles: High school geometry
Solid geometry: High school geometry
Algebra 2
Polynomial arithmetic: Algebra 2
Complex numbers: Algebra 2
Polynomial factorization: Algebra 2
Polynomial division: Algebra 2
Polynomial graphs: Algebra 2
Rational exponents and radicals: Algebra 2
Exponential models: Algebra 2
Logarithms: Algebra 2
Transformations of functions: Algebra 2
Equations: Algebra 2
Trigonometry: Algebra 2
Modeling: Algebra 2
Rational functions: Algebra 2
Trigonometry
Right triangles & trigonometry: Trigonometry
Non-right triangles & trigonometry: Trigonometry
Trigonometric functions: Trigonometry
Trigonometric equations and identities: Trigonometry
Statistics and probability
Analyzing categorical data: Statistics and probability
Displaying and comparing quantitative data: Statistics and probability
Summarizing quantitative data: Statistics and probability
Modeling data distributions: Statistics and probability
Exploring bivariate numerical data: Statistics and probability
Study design: Statistics and probability
Probability: Statistics and probability
Counting, permutations, and combinations: Statistics and probability
Random variables: Statistics and probability
Sampling distributions: Statistics and probability
Confidence intervals: Statistics and probability
Significance tests (hypothesis testing): Statistics and probability
Two-sample inference for the difference between groups: Statistics and probability
Inference for categorical data (chi-square tests): Statistics and probability
Advanced regression (inference and transforming): Statistics and probability
Analysis of variance (ANOVA): Statistics and probability
High school statistics
Scatterplots: High school statistics
Data distributions: High school statistics
Two-way tables: High school statistics
Study design: High school statistics
Probability: High school statistics
Binomial probability: High school statistics
Normal distributions: High school statistics
AP�?/College Statistics
Analyzing categorical data: AP�?/College Statistics
Displaying and describing quantitative data: AP�?/College Statistics
Summarizing quantitative data: AP�?/College Statistics
Modeling data distributions: AP�?/College Statistics
Exploring bivariate numerical data: AP�?/College Statistics
Study design: AP�?/College Statistics
Probability: AP�?/College Statistics
Random variables: AP�?/College Statistics
Sampling distributions: AP�?/College Statistics
Confidence intervals: AP�?/College Statistics
Significance tests (hypothesis testing) : AP�?/College Statistics
Inference comparing two groups or populations: AP�?/College Statistics
Chi-square tests for categorical data: AP�?/College Statistics
More on regression: AP�?/College Statistics
Prepare for the 2020 AP�? Statistics Exam: AP�?/College Statistics
AP�? Statistics Standards mappings: AP�?/College Statistics
Precalculus
Complex numbers: Precalculus
Polynomials: Precalculus
Composite functions: Precalculus
Trigonometry: Precalculus
Vectors: Precalculus
Matrices: Precalculus
Series: Precalculus
Conic sections: Precalculus
Probability and combinatorics: Precalculus
Differential Calculus
Limits and continuity: Differential Calculus
Derivatives: definition and basic rules: Differential Calculus
Derivatives: chain rule and other advanced topics: Differential Calculus
Applications of derivatives: Differential Calculus
Analyzing functions : Differential Calculus
Parametric equations, polar coordinates, and vector-valued functions: Differential
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Integrals: Integral Calculus
Differential equations: Integral Calculus
Applications of integrals: Integral Calculus
Parametric equations, polar coordinates, and vector-valued functions: Integral
Calculus
Series: Integral Calculus
AP�?/College Calculus AB
Limits and continuity: AP�?/College Calculus AB
Differentiation: definition and basic derivative rules: AP�?/College Calculus AB
Differentiation: composite, implicit, and inverse functions: AP�?/College Calculus
AB
Contextual applications of differentiation: AP�?/College Calculus AB
Applying derivatives to analyze functions : AP�?/College Calculus AB
Integration and accumulation of change: AP�?/College Calculus AB
Differential equations: AP�?/College Calculus AB
Applications of integration: AP�?/College Calculus AB
AP Calculus AB solved free response questions from past exams: AP�?/College
Calculus AB
AP�? Calculus AB Standards mappings: AP�?/College Calculus AB
AP�?/College Calculus BC
Limits and continuity: AP�?/College Calculus BC
Differentiation: definition and basic derivative rules: AP�?/College Calculus BC
Differentiation: composite, implicit, and inverse functions: AP�?/College Calculus
BC
Contextual applications of differentiation: AP�?/College Calculus BC
Applying derivatives to analyze functions : AP�?/College Calculus BC
Integration and accumulation of change: AP�?/College Calculus BC
Differential equations: AP�?/College Calculus BC
Applications of integration: AP�?/College Calculus BC
Parametric equations, polar coordinates, and vector-valued functions: AP�?/College
Calculus BC
Infinite sequences and series: AP�?/College Calculus BC
AP Calculus BC solved exams: AP�?/College Calculus BC
AP�? Calculus BC Standards mappings: AP�?/College Calculus BC
Calculus 1
Limits and continuity: Calculus 1
Derivatives: definition and basic rules: Calculus 1
Derivatives: chain rule and other advanced topics: Calculus 1
Applications of derivatives: Calculus 1
Analyzing functions : Calculus 1
Integrals: Calculus 1
Differential equations: Calculus 1
Applications of integrals: Calculus 1
Calculus 2
Integrals review: Calculus 2
Integration techniques: Calculus 2
Differential equations: Calculus 2
Applications of integrals: Calculus 2
Parametric equations, polar coordinates, and vector-valued functions: Calculus 2
Series: Calculus 2
Multivariable calculus
Thinking about multivariable functions: Multivariable calculus
Derivatives of multivariable functions: Multivariable calculus
Applications of multivariable derivatives: Multivariable calculus
Integrating multivariable functions: Multivariable calculus
Green's, Stokes', and the divergence theorems: Multivariable calculus
Differential equations
First order differential equations: Differential equations
Second order linear equations: Differential equations
Laplace transform: Differential equations
Linear algebra
Vectors and spaces: Linear algebra
Matrix transformations: Linear algebra
Alternate coordinate systems (bases): Linear algebra
6th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 1: Area and surface area: 6th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 2: Introducing ratios: 6th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 3: Unit rates and percentages: 6th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 4: Dividing fractions: 6th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 5: Arithmetic in base ten: 6th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 6: Expressions and equations: 6th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 7: Rational numbers: 6th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 8: Data sets and distribution: 6th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
7th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 1: Scale drawings: 7th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 2: Introducing proportional relationships: 7th grade (Illustrative
Mathematics)
Unit 3: Measuring circles: 7th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 4: Proportional relationships and percentages: 7th grade (Illustrative
Mathematics)
Unit 5: Rational number arithmetic: 7th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 6: Expressions, equations, and inequalities: 7th grade (Illustrative
Mathematics)
Unit 7: Angles, triangles, and prisms: 7th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 8: Probability and sampling: 7th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
8th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 1: Rigid transformations and congruence: 8th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 2: Dilations, similarity, and introducing slope: 8th grade (Illustrative
Mathematics)
Unit 3: Linear relationships: 8th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 4: Linear equations and linear systems: 8th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 5: Functions and volume: 8th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 6: Associations in data: 8th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 7: Exponents and scientific notation: 8th grade (Illustrative Mathematics)
Unit 8: Pythagorean theorem and irrational numbers: 8th grade (Illustrative
Mathematics)
3rd grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 1: Properties of multiplication and division and solving problems with units
of 2�5 and 10: 3rd grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 2: Place value and problem solving with units of measure : 3rd grade (Eureka
Math/EngageNY)
Module 3: Multiplication and division with units of 0, 1, 6�9, and multiples of 10:
3rd grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 4: Multiplication and area: 3rd grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 5: Fractions as numbers on the number line: 3rd grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 6: Collecting and displaying data: 3rd grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 7: Geometry and measurement word problems: 3rd grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
4th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 1: Place value, rounding, and algorithms for addition and subtraction: 4th
grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 2: Unit conversions and problem solving with metric measurement: 4th grade
(Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 3: Multi-digit multiplication and division: 4th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 4: Angle measure and plane figures: 4th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 5: Fraction equivalence, ordering, and operations: 4th grade (Eureka
Math/EngageNY)
Module 6: Decimal fractions: 4th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 7: Exploring measurement with multiplication: 4th grade (Eureka
Math/EngageNY)
5th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 1: Place value and decimal fractions: 5th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 2: Multi-digit whole number and decimal fraction operations: 5th grade
(Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 3: Addition and subtractions of fractions: 5th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 4: Multiplication and division of fractions and decimal fractions: 5th grade
(Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 5: Addition and multiplication with volume and area: 5th grade (Eureka
Math/EngageNY)
Module 6: Problem solving with the coordinate plane: 5th grade (Eureka
Math/EngageNY)
6th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 1: Ratios and unit rates: 6th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 2: Arithmetic operations including dividing by a fraction: 6th grade (Eureka
Math/EngageNY)
Module 3: Rational numbers: 6th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 4: Expressions and equations: 6th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 5: Area, surface area, and volume problems: 6th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 6: Statistics: 6th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
7th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 1: Ratios and proportional relationships: 7th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 2: Rational numbers: 7th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 3: Expressions and equations: 7th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 4: Percent and proportional relationships: 7th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 5: Statistics and probability: 7th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)
Module 6: Geometry: 7th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY)

We are providing learning materials for students of class 6 to 12 based on the

syllabus. In these classes, students set their foot into the world of all the
important theories in Maths, like whole numbers, basic geometry, integers,
decimals, algebra, ratio and proportion, etc. Since kids are more receptive to
learning, when it is associated more with play than with work, it is a good idea
for parents to expose kids to math in fun ways. We provide lessons for students
till class 12, where they study the most complex topics like 3-D geometry, vector
algebra, differential equations, matrices, etc. Some of the links of important
topics have been shared here for your convenience.

With the help of animations and innovative ways of teaching by our experts, the
ideas and concepts are sure to stay etched in your minds forever. Making math fun
and help kids grow to understand that math is fun. Instead of being afraid, the
kids will be excited about the subject for the rest of their educational journey.
You can engage yourself with interactive video sessions, regular tests prepared by
our experts and do continuous analysis based on your performance.

The interactive video lessons on BYJU�S learning app will give you a very elaborate
and detailed explanation of the various ideas in Maths.

Online Tools & Calculators

Inches To Cm Converter

Cm To Inches Converter

Basic Maths
The basics of Mathematics deals with simple arithmetic operations, which are:

Addition (+)
Subtraction (-)
Multiplication (x)
Division (�)
To become expert in these basic concepts students need to practice questions and
solve worksheets based on them. There will few more basics such as multiples,
factors, HCF and LCM, which will be introduced to the students in their secondary
classes.

Multiplication tables are also one of the fundamentals of Maths. Students will have
to learn tables from 1 to 10 in their primary school to solve multiplication
problems.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the different branches of mathematics?
The major branches of mathematics are:

Number system and basic Arithmetic

Algebra
Trigonometry
Geometry and Cartesian Geometry
Calculus- Differential and Integral
Matrix Algebra
Probability and Statistics
What are the fundamentals of Maths?
Fundamentals of Maths covers basic arithmetic operations or calculations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, which are taught to us in
primary classes. Going forward, in higher classes, students will learn basic
concepts like algebra, geometry, factors, ratios, etc.

What are the different maths resources available at BYJU�S?

BYJU�S provides a lot of maths resources along with the conceptual explanations.
Some of the resources that students can access for free at BYJU�S are:
NCERT, RS Aggarwal and RD Sharma Solutions
CBSE sample papers and question papers
Video lessons
Maths worksheets
Lessons in PDF format
Syllabus and exam blueprints
Important questions for board exams
Revision notes
What are the basics of Geometry?
In geometry, we basically learn about different shapes and sizes in two-dimension
and three-dimension. But we begin with point, lines and angles which are base of
geometry.
Circle, Square, Rectangle, Parallelogram, Rhombus, Kite, etc. are two-dimensional
shapes.
Cube, Cuboid, Sphere, Cylinder, Cone are the three-dimensional shapes.
What are the basic arithmetic operations?
The four basic maths operations are:
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
MATHS Related Links
Eccentricity Determinant To Find Area Of A Triangle
Properties of Addition Centroid
Important Questions Class 11 Maths Chapter 11 Conic Sections Difference Between
Length And Height
Representation Of A Function Simultaneous Equations
Sum Of N Terms CBSE Marks Wise Maths Important Question For Class 8 to 12
15 Comments
vivek ns DECEMBER 12, 2019 AT 2:29 PM
hello
what are the products available for mathematics and physics

REPLY
Charani AUGUST 12, 2020 AT 9:17 PM
Divisions sir

REPLY
Bhanu AUGUST 16, 2020 AT 1:57 PM
Byju is good

REPLY
Franklin Bouba APRIL 5, 2020 AT 4:46 PM
Hello thank you for you service

REPLY
salman APRIL 13, 2020 AT 11:23 AM
byjus app excellent education app

REPLY
praveen JUNE 23, 2020 AT 11:53 AM
have a good bijus app to understand lessons easily

REPLY
kamlesh kumar JUNE 26, 2020 AT 1:35 PM
Hi sir mujhe ssc cgl math ka solution chahiye

REPLY
Olawale JULY 10, 2020 AT 6:15 PM
Hello thanks for ur service

REPLY
Dj alok JULY 26, 2020 AT 1:00 PM
Its our pleaseure

REPLY
fjthju JULY 12, 2020 AT 5:35 PM
I am looking for a topic on angles grade 6

REPLY
Kislay kumar JULY 18, 2020 AT 9:39 PM
Hay sir kislay kumar 9th ke math ka solution chahta hu

REPLY
Amy Jacob AUGUST 3, 2020 AT 11:23 AM
Thankyou Byjus app
To make me interesting in mathematics and for videos

REPLY
Vishnu AUGUST 14, 2020 AT 1:17 PM
Hii nice class we understand easily and good keep it up

Java EE and GlassFish

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Technologies
Syntax
Main article: Java syntax

Dependency graph of the Java Core classes (created with jdeps and Gephi)
The syntax of Java is largely influenced by C++ and C. Unlike C++, which combines
the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built
almost exclusively as an object-oriented language.[18] All code is written inside
classes, and every data item is an object, with the exception of the primitive data
types, (i.e. integers, floating-point numbers, boolean values, and characters),
which are not objects for performance reasons. Java reuses some popular aspects of
C++ (such as the printf method).

Unlike C++, Java does not support operator overloading[55] or multiple inheritance
for classes, though multiple inheritance is supported for interfaces.[56]

Java uses comments similar to those of C++. There are three different styles of
comments: a single line style marked with two slashes (//), a multiple line style
opened with /* and closed with */, and the Javadoc commenting style opened with /**
and closed with */. The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the
Javadoc executable to create documentation for the program and can be read by some
integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse to allow developers to
access documentation within the IDE.

Hello world example

The traditional Hello world program can be written in Java as:[57]

public class HelloWorldApp {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!"); // Prints the string to the console.
}
}
All source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the
suffix .java, for example, HelloWorldApp.java. It must first be compiled into
bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file with the .class suffix
(HelloWorldApp.class, in this case). Only then can it be executed or launched. The
Java source file may only contain one public class, but it can contain multiple
classes with a non-public access modifier and any number of public inner classes.
When the source file contains multiple classes, it is necessary to make one class
(introduced by the class keyword) public (preceded by the public keyword) and name
the source file with that public class name.

A class that is not declared public may be stored in any .java file. The compiler
will generate a class file for each class defined in the source file. The name of
the class file is the name of the class, with .class appended. For class file
generation, anonymous classes are treated as if their name were the concatenation
of the name of their enclosing class, a $, and an integer.

The keyword public denotes that a method can be called from code in other classes,
or that a class may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class
hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is
located. This is called an access level modifier. Other access level modifiers
include the keywords private (a method that can only be accessed in the same class)
and protected (which allows code from the same package to access). If a piece of
code attempts to access private methods or protected methods, the JVM will throw a
SecurityException

The keyword static[19] in front of a method indicates a static method, which is

associated only with the class and not with any specific instance of that class.
Only static methods can be invoked without a reference to an object. Static methods
cannot access any class members that are not also static. Methods that are not
designated static are instance methods and require a specific instance of a class
to operate.

The keyword void indicates that the main method does not return any value to the
caller. If a Java program is to exit with an error code, it must call System.exit()
explicitly.

The method name main is not a keyword in the Java language. It is simply the name
of the method the Java launcher calls to pass control to the program. Java classes
that run in managed environments such as applets and Enterprise JavaBeans do not
use or need a main() method. A Java program may contain multiple classes that have
main methods, which means that the VM needs to be explicitly told which class to
launch from.

The main method must accept an array of String objects. By convention, it is

referenced as args although any other legal identifier name can be used. Since Java
5, the main method can also use variable arguments, in the form of public static
void main(String... args), allowing the main method to be invoked with an arbitrary
number of String arguments. The effect of this alternate declaration is
semantically identical (to the args parameter which is still an array of String
objects), but it allows an alternative syntax for creating and passing the array.

The Java launcher launches Java by loading a given class (specified on the command
line or as an attribute in a JAR) and starting its public static void
main(String[]) method. Stand-alone programs must declare this method explicitly.
The String[] args parameter is an array of String objects containing any arguments
passed to the class. The parameters to main are often passed by means of a command
line.

Printing is part of a Java standard library: The System class defines a public
static field called out. The out object is an instance of the PrintStream class and
provides many methods for printing data to standard out, including println(String)
which also appends a new line to the passed string.

The string "Hello World!" is automatically converted to a String object by the

compiler.

Example with methods

// This is an example of a single line comment using two slashes

/*
* This is an example of a multiple line comment using the slash and asterisk.
* This type of comment can be used to hold a lot of information or deactivate
* code, but it is very important to remember to close the comment.
*/

package fibsandlies;

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.HashMap;

/**
* This is an example of a Javadoc comment; Javadoc can compile documentation
* from this text. Javadoc comments must immediately precede the class, method,
* or field being documented.
* @author Wikipedia Volunteers
*/
public class FibCalculator extends Fibonacci implements Calculator {
private static Map<Integer, Integer> memoized = new HashMap<>();

/*
* The main method written as follows is used by the JVM as a starting point
* for the program.
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
memoized.put(1, 1);
memoized.put(2, 1);
System.out.println(fibonacci(12)); // Get the 12th Fibonacci number and
print to console
}

/**
* An example of a method written in Java, wrapped in a class.
* Given a non-negative number FIBINDEX, returns
* the Nth Fibonacci number, where N equals FIBINDEX.
*
* @param fibIndex The index of the Fibonacci number
* @return the Fibonacci number
*/
 public static int fibonacci(int fibIndex) {
if (memoized.containsKey(fibIndex)) return memoized.get(fibIndex);
else {
int answer = fibonacci(fibIndex - 1) + fibonacci(fibIndex - 2);
memoized.put(fibIndex, answer);
return answer;
}
}
}
Special classes

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Applet
Main article: Java applet
Java applets were programs that were embedded in other applications, typically in a
Web page displayed in a web browser. The Java applet API is now deprecated since
Java 8 in 2017.[58][59]

Servlet
Main article: Java servlet
Java servlet technology provides Web developers with a simple, consistent mechanism
for extending the functionality of a Web server and for accessing existing business
systems. Servlets are server-side Java EE components that generate responses to
requests from clients. Most of the time, this means generating HTML pages in
response to HTTP requests, although there are a number of other standard servlet
classes available, for example for WebSocket communication.

The Java servlet API has to some extent been superseded (but still used under the
hood) by two standard Java technologies for web services:

the Java API for RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS 2.0) useful for AJAX, JSON and REST
services, and
the Java API for XML Web Services (JAX-WS) useful for SOAP Web Services.
Typical implementations of these APIs on Application Servers or Servlet Containers
use a standard servlet for handling all interactions with the HTTP requests and
responses that delegate to the web service methods for the actual business logic.

JavaServer Pages
Main article: JavaServer Pages
JavaServer Pages (JSP) are server-side Java EE components that generate responses,
typically HTML pages, to HTTP requests from clients. JSPs embed Java code in an
HTML page by using the special delimiters <% and %>. A JSP is compiled to a Java
servlet, a Java application in its own right, the first time it is accessed. After
that, the generated servlet creates the response.[60]

Swing application
Main article: Swing (Java)
Swing is a graphical user interface library for the Java SE platform. It is
possible to specify a different look and feel through the pluggable look and feel
system of Swing. Clones of Windows, GTK+, and Motif are supplied by Sun. Apple also
provides an Aqua look and feel for macOS. Where prior implementations of these
looks and feels may have been considered lacking, Swing in Java SE 6 addresses this
problem by using more native GUI widget drawing routines of the underlying
platforms.[61]
JavaFX application
Main article: JavaFX
JavaFX is a software platform for creating and delivering desktop applications, as
well as rich Internet applications (RIAs) that can run across a wide variety of
devices. JavaFX is intended to replace Swing as the standard GUI library for Java
SE, but both will be included for the foreseeable future. JavaFX has support for
desktop computers and web browsers on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and macOS. JavaFX
does not have support for native OS look and feels.[62]

Generics
Main article: Generics in Java
In 2004, generics were added to the Java language, as part of J2SE 5.0. Prior to
the introduction of generics, each variable declaration had to be of a specific
type. For container classes, for example, this is a problem because there is no
easy way to create a container that accepts only specific types of objects. Either
the container operates on all subtypes of a class or interface, usually Object, or
a different container class has to be created for each contained class. Generics
allow compile-time type checking without having to create many container classes,
each containing almost identical code. In addition to enabling more efficient code,
certain runtime exceptions are prevented from occurring, by issuing compile-time
errors. If Java prevented all runtime type errors (ClassCastExceptions) from
occurring, it would be type safe.

In 2016, the type system of Java was proven unsound.[63]

Criticism
Main article: Criticism of Java
Criticisms directed at Java include the implementation of generics,[64] speed,[65]
the handling of unsigned numbers,[66] the implementation of floating-point
arithmetic,[67] and a history of security vulnerabilities in the primary Java VM
implementation HotSpot.[68]

Class libraries
Main article: Java Class Library
The Java Class Library is the standard library, developed to support application
development in Java. It is controlled by Oracle in cooperation with others through
the Java Community Process program.[69] Companies or individuals participating in
this process can influence the design and development of the APIs. This process has
been a subject of controversy during the 2010s.[70] The class library contains
features such as:

The core libraries, which include:

IO/NIO
Networking (NOTE: new HTTP Client since Java 11)
Reflection
Concurrency
Generics
Scripting/Compiler
Functional programming (Lambda, Streaming)
Collection libraries that implement data structures such as lists, dictionaries,
trees, sets, queues and double-ended queue, or stacks[71]
XML Processing (Parsing, Transforming, Validating) libraries
Security[72]
Internationalization and localization libraries[73]
The integration libraries, which allow the application writer to communicate with
external systems. These libraries include:
The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API for database access
Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) for lookup and discovery
RMI and CORBA for distributed application development
JMX for managing and monitoring applications
User interface libraries, which include:
The (heavyweight, or native) Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), which provides GUI
components, the means for laying out those components and the means for handling
events from those components
The (lightweight) Swing libraries, which are built on AWT but provide (non-native)
implementations of the AWT widgetry
APIs for audio capture, processing, and playback
JavaFX
A platform dependent implementation of the Java virtual machine that is the means
by which the bytecodes of the Java libraries and third party applications are
executed
Plugins, which enable applets to be run in web browsers
Java Web Start, which allows Java applications to be efficiently distributed to end
users across the Internet
Licensing and documentation
Documentation
Main article: Javadoc
Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by Sun Microsystems. It
provides developers with an organized system for documenting their code. Javadoc
comments have an extra asterisk at the beginning, i.e. the delimiters are /** and
*/, whereas the normal multi-line comments in Java are set off with the
delimiters /* and */, and single-line comments start off the line with //.[74]

Implementations
See also: Free Java implementations
Oracle Corporation is the current owner of the official implementation of the Java
SE platform, following their acquisition of Sun Microsystems on January 27, 2010.
This implementation is based on the original implementation of Java by Sun. The
Oracle implementation is available for Microsoft Windows (still works for XP, while
only later versions are currently officially supported), macOS, Linux, and Solaris.
Because Java lacks any formal standardization recognized by Ecma International,
ISO/IEC, ANSI, or other third-party standards organizations, the Oracle
implementation is the de facto standard.

The Oracle implementation is packaged into two different distributions: The Java
Runtime Environment (JRE) which contains the parts of the Java SE platform required
to run Java programs and is intended for end users, and the Java Development Kit
(JDK), which is intended for software developers and includes development tools
such as the Java compiler, Javadoc, Jar, and a debugger. Oracle has also released
GraalVM, a high performance Java dynamic compiler and interpreter.

OpenJDK is another notable Java SE implementation that is licensed under the GNU
GPL. The implementation started when Sun began releasing the Java source code under
the GPL. As of Java SE 7, OpenJDK is the official Java reference implementation.

The goal of Java is to make all implementations of Java compatible. Historically,

Sun's trademark license for usage of the Java brand insists that all
implementations be compatible. This resulted in a legal dispute with Microsoft
after Sun claimed that the Microsoft implementation did not support RMI or JNI and
had added platform-specific features of their own. Sun sued in 1997, and, in 2001,
won a settlement of US$20 million, as well as a court order enforcing the terms of
the license from Sun.[75] As a result, Microsoft no longer ships Java with Windows.

Platform-independent Java is essential to Java EE, and an even more rigorous

validation is required to certify an implementation. This environment enables
portable server-side applications.

Use outside the Java platform

The Java programming language requires the presence of a software platform in order
for compiled programs to be executed.

Oracle supplies the Java platform for use with Java. The Android SDK is an
alternative software platform, used primarily for developing Android applications
with its own GUI system.

Android

The Android operating system makes extensive use of Java-related technology

The Java language is a key pillar in Android, an open source mobile operating
system. Although Android, built on the Linux kernel, is written largely in C, the
Android SDK uses the Java language as the basis for Android applications but does
not use any of its standard GUI, SE, ME or other established Java standards.[76]
The bytecode language supported by the Android SDK is incompatible with Java
bytecode and runs on its own virtual machine, optimized for low-memory devices such
as smartphones and tablet computers. Depending on the Android version, the bytecode
is either interpreted by the Dalvik virtual machine or compiled into native code by
the Android Runtime.

Android does not provide the full Java SE standard library, although the Android
SDK does include an independent implementation of a large subset of it. It supports
Java 6 and some Java 7 features, offering an implementation compatible with the
standard library (Apache Harmony).

Controversy
See also: Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc.
The use of Java-related technology in Android led to a legal dispute between Oracle
and Google. On May 7, 2012, a San Francisco jury found that if APIs could be
copyrighted, then Google had infringed Oracle's copyrights by the use of Java in
Android devices.[77] District Judge William Haskell Alsup ruled on May 31, 2012,
that APIs cannot be copyrighted,[78] but this was reversed by the United States
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in May 2014.[79] On May 26, 2016, the
district court decided in favor of Google, ruling the copyright infringement of the
Java API in Android constitutes fair use.[80] In March 2018, this ruling was
overturned by the Appeals Court, which sent down the case of determining the
damages to federal court in San Francisco.[81] Google filed a petition for writ of
certiorari with the Supreme Court of the United States in January 2019 to challenge
the two rulings that were made by the Appeals Court towards Oracle's favor.[82]

See also
icon Computer programming portal
C#
C++
Dalvik, used in old Android versions, replaced by non-JIT Android Runtime
Deterministic Parallel Java
List of Java virtual machines
List of Java APIs
List of JVM languages
Comparison of Java with other languages
Comparison of C# and Java
Comparison of Java and C++
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External links
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