Designation: E1220 − 16

Standard Practice for

Visible Penetrant Testing Using Solvent-Removable
Process1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1220; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement

between the cognizant engineering organization and the
1.1 This practice2 covers procedures for visible penetrant
supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering
examination utilizing the solvent-removable process. It is a
organization.
nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities that
are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded as
laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack of fusion standard. SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance exami- 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
nation. It can be effectively used in the examination of safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous, responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass. bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 This practice also provides a reference:
1.2.1 By which a visible penetrant examination method 2. Referenced Documents
using the solvent-removable process recommended or required 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
applicability and completeness. eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
dealing with the visible, solvent-removable liquid penetrant D808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petroleum
examination of materials and parts. Agreement by the pur- Products (High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
chaser and the manufacturer regarding specific techniques is D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
strongly recommended. High Temperature Combustion and IR Detection
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for
personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination. General Industry
E433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest standards for tion
evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted, E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
however, that after indications have been produced, they must Testing
be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
there must be a separate code, specification, or a specific
2.2 ASNT Documents:
agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
indications considered acceptable, and those considered unac-
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4
ceptable.
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
fication of NDT Personnel4
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid
3
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
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Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E1220 - 10. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
E1220-16. the ASTM website.
2 4
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Test Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.
Method SE-1220 in Section II of that Code. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.

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 E1220 − 16
2.3 Other Standards: manufacturer, and are classified as Type II Visible, Method
AMS 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant5 C—Solvent-Removable. Penetrant materials shall conform to
ISO 9712 Nondestructive Testing—Qualification and Certi- AMS 2644 unless approved by the contract or Level III.
fication of NDT Personnel—General Principles6 Intermixing of materials from various manufacturers is not
2.4 AIA Standard: recommended. (Warning—While approved penetrant materi-
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive als will not adversely affect common metallic materials, some
Test Personnel7 plastics or rubber may be swollen or stained by certain
2.5 DoD Contracts-Unless otherwise specified, the issues of penetrants.)
the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in the
NOTE 1—Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, and
issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Speci- alkali metal content.
fications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.
6.2 Visible, Solvent-Removable Penetrants are designed so
2.6 Order of Precedence-In the event of conflict between that excess surface penetrant can be removed by wiping with
the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the text dry, clean, lint-free material, and repeating the operation until
of this practice takes precedence. most of the penetrant has been removed. The remaining traces
shall be removed by wiping the surface with clean, lint-free
material lightly moistened with the solvent remover. To mini-
3. Terminology mize removal of penetrant from discontinuities, care should be
taken to avoid the use of excess solvent. Flushing the surface
3.1 Definitions—definitions relating to liquid penetrant
with solvent to remove the excess penetrant is prohibited.
examination, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply
Visible penetrant examination makes use of a penetrant that is
to the terms used in this practice.
visible under normal lighting conditions. The penetrant is
4. Summary of Practice usually red in color so that the indications produce a definite
contrast with the visible background of the developer. Visible
4.1 A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surface
penetrant indications must be viewed under adequate visible
being tested and allowed to enter open discontinuities. After a
light (see 7.1.8.1).
suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is removed by
wiping and the surface is dried. If an aqueous developer is to 6.3 Solvent Removers function by dissolving the penetrant,
be employed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step. making it possible to wipe the surface clean and free of residual
A developer is then applied, drawing the entrapped penetrant penetrant as described in 7.1.5.
out of the discontinuity, staining the developer. The test surface 6.4 Developers—Development of penetrant indications is
is then examined visually to determine the presence or absence the process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-
of indications. ties through blotting action of the applied developer, thus
4.2 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetration increasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. The
time, etc., are determined by the specific materials used, the developer used shall provide a contrasting white background.
nature of the part under examination (that is, size, shape, Nonaqueous, wet developers and aqueous developers are the
surface condition, alloy), and type of discontinuities expected. most commonly used developers in the visible, solvent-
removable penetrant process. Liquid film developers also are

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5. Significance and Use used for special applications.
5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate the 6.4.1 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are normally supplied as
presence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and suspensions of developer particles in a volatile solvent carrier
magnitude of the detected discontinuities. This practice is and are ready for use as supplied. They are applied to the
intended primarily for portability and for localized areas of surface by spraying after the excess penetrant has been
examination, utilizing minimal equipment. Surface roughness removed and the surface has dried. Nonaqueous, wet develop-
may be a limiting factor. If so, an alternate process, such as ers form a white coating on the surface of the part when dried
water-wash visible or post-emulsified penetrant should be and serve as a contrasting background for visible penetrants
considered when grinding or machining is not practical. (see 7.1.7.1(a)). (Warning—This type of developer is intended
for application by spray only.)
6. Reagents and Materials 6.4.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as dry
6.1 Visible, Solvent-Removable Liquid Penetrant Testing powder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)
Materials, (see Note 1) consist of a family of applicable visible in water. The concentration, use and maintenance shall be in
penetrant, solvent remover, as recommended by the accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations (see
7.1.7.1(b)). (Warning—Aqueous developers may cause strip-
5
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,
ping of indications, if not properly applied and controlled. The
PA 15096, http://www.sae.org. procedure should be qualified in accordance with 9.2.)
6
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 6.4.3 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidal
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
suspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. These
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
7
Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 developers will form a transparent or translucent coating on the
Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005. surface of the part. Certain types of film developer will fix

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 E1220 − 16
indications and may be stripped from the surface and retained unless otherwise specified, etching shall be performed when
for record purposes (see 7.1.7.1(c)). evidence exists that previous cleaning, surface treatments or
service usage have produced a surface condition that degrades
7. Procedure the effectiveness of the examination. (See Annex on Cleaning
7.1 The following general procedure applies to the solvent- Parts and Materials in Practice E165/E165M for general
removable, visible penetrant examination method (see Fig. 1). precautions relative to surface preparation.)
7.1.1 Temperature Limits—The temperature of the penetrant
NOTE 2—When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blasting
materials and the surface of the part to be processed should be without subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.
from 40 to 125°F (4 to 52°C). Where it is not practical to (Warning—Sand or shot blasting may possibly close indications and
comply with these temperature limitations, the procedure must extreme care should be used with grinding and machining operations.)
be qualified at the temperature of intended use as described in NOTE 3—For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation by
9.2. grinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is not
recommended because of the potential for damage.
7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant Inspection—
Satisfactory results can usually be obtained on surfaces in the 7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:
as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or for 7.1.3.1 Precleaning—The success of any penetrant exami-
ceramic in the densified condition. When only loose surface nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface and
residuals are present, these may be removed by wiping the discontinuity being free of any contaminant that might interfere
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surface with clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning of with the penetrant process. All parts or areas of parts to be
metals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite, inspected must be clean and dry before the penetrant is applied.
scale, insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should be If only a section of a part, such as a weld, including the
done using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemical heat-affected zone is to be examined, all contaminants shall be
removing processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, removed from the area being examined as defined by the
machining, polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit contracting parties. “Clean” is intended to mean that the
and vapor blasting to remove the peened skin and when surface must be free of any rust, scale, welding flux, spatter,
penetrant entrapment in surface irregularities might mask the grease, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interfere with
indications of unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise inter- penetration. All of these contaminants can prevent the pen-
fere with the effectiveness of the examination. For metals, etrant from entering discontinuities (see Annex on Cleaning of

Incoming Parts

Alkaline Steam Vapor Solvent Acid

PRECLEAN Degrease Wash Etch
(See 7.1.3.1)
Mechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic Detergent
DRY
(See 7.1.3.2) Dry

PENETRANT Apply Solvent

APPLICATION Removable,
(See 7.1.4) Visible
Penetrant

REMOVE Solvent
(See 7.1.5) Wipe-Off
DRY
(See 7.1.6) Dry

DEVELOP Nonaqueous
(See 7.1.7) Wet or Liquid Aqueous
Film Developer Developer
DRY
(See 7.1.6) Dry
EXAMINE
(See 7.1.8) Examine

Mechanical
Detergent Wash
POST CLEAN
(See 7.1.10 and Practice
E165/E165M, Annex on Post Dry
Cleaning)

Vapor Degrease Solvent Soak Ultrasonic

Clean

Outgoing Parts

FIG. 1 Solvent-Removable Visible Penetrant Examination General Procedure Flowsheet

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 E1220 − 16
Parts and Materials in Practice E165/E165M for more detailed TABLE 1 Recommended Minimum Dwell Times
cleaning methods). (Warning—Residues from cleaning Dwell Times,
processes, such as strong alkalies pickling solutions and Type of (minutes)A
Material Form
Discontinuity Pene- Devel-
chromates in particular, may adversely react with the penetrant
trantB operC
and reduce its sensitivity and performance.)
Aluminum, castings and cold shuts, porosity, 5 10
7.1.3.2 Drying After Cleaning—It is essential that the area magnesium, steel, welds lack of fusion,
to be examined be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since any brass and bronze, cracks (all forms)
titanium and
liquid residue will hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying high-temperature
may be accomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens, alloys
with infrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or exposure to wrought laps, cracks (all 10 10
materials— forms)
ambient temperature. extrusions,
7.1.4 Penetrant Application—After the area to be examined forgings, plate
Carbide-tipped tools lack of fusion, 5 10
has been cleaned, dried, and is within the specified temperature porosity, cracks
range, apply the penetrant to the surface to be inspected so that Plastic all forms cracks 5 10
the entire part or area under examination is completely covered Glass all forms cracks 5 10
Ceramic all forms cracks, porosity 5 10
with penetrant.
A
For temperature range from 40° to 125°F (16° to 52°C).
7.1.4.1 Modes of Application—There are various modes of B
Maximum penetrant dwell time 60 min in accordance with 7.1.4.2.
effective application of penetrant such as immersion, brushing, C
Development time begins as soon as wet developer coating has dried on surface
flooding, or spraying. Small parts are often placed in suitable of parts (recommended minimum). Maximum development time in accordance
with 7.1.7.2.
baskets and dipped into a tank of penetrant. On larger parts,
and those with complex geometries, penetrant can be applied
effectively by brushing or spraying. Both conventional and
dry (see 7.1.6) and reclean the part, and reapply the penetrant
electrostatic spray guns are appropriate means of applying
for the prescribed dwell time. Flushing the surface with solvent
liquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Electrostatic spray
following the application of the penetrant and prior to devel-
application can eliminate excess liquid build-up of penetrant on
oping is prohibited.
the surface, minimize overspray, and minimize the amount of
7.1.6 Drying—Following the removal of excess surface
penetrant entering hollow-cored passages that could serve as
penetrant by solvent wipe-off techniques, the part surface shall
penetrant reservoirs causing severe bleedout problems during
be dry and free of solvent residues before application of
examination. Aerosol sprays are also very effective and a
developer.
convenient portable means of application. (Warning—Not all
7.1.7 Developer Application:
penetrant materials are suitable for electrostatic spray applica-
7.1.7.1 Modes of Application—There are various modes of
tions.) (Warning—With spray applications, it is important that
effective application of the various types of developers such as
there be proper ventilation. This is generally accomplished
immersing, flooding, or spraying. The size, configuration,
through the use of a properly designed spray booth or exhaust
surface condition, number of parts to be processed, etc., will
system, or both.)
influence the choice of developer application.
7.1.4.2 Penetrant Dwell Time—After application, allow ex- (a) Nonaqueous, Wet Developers—Apply to the area
cess penetrant to drain from the part (care should be taken to being examined by spraying after the excess penetrant has been
prevent pools of penetrant on the part), while allowing for removed and the area has been dried. Spray areas so as to
proper penetrant dwell time (see Table 1). The length of time assure complete coverage with a thin, even film of developer.
the penetrant must remain on the part to allow proper penetra- This type of developer carrier fluid evaporates very rapidly at
tion should be recommended by the penetrant manufacturer. normal room temperature and does not require the use of a
Table 1, however, provides a guide for selection of penetrant dryer. (Warning—The vapors from the evaporating, volatile
dwell times for a variety of materials, their form, and types of solvent developer carrier may be hazardous. Proper ventilation
discontinuity. Unless otherwise specified, the dwell time shall should be provided in all cases, but especially when the surface --`,,``,,``,``,`,```,,,,,,,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

not exceed the maximum recommended by the manufacturer. to be examined is inside a closed volume, such as a process
NOTE 4—For some specific applications in structural ceramics (for drum or a small storage tank.) (Warning—Dipping or flooding
example, detecting parting lines in slip-cast material), the required areas being examined with nonaqueous developers is
penetrant dwell time should be determined experimentally and may be prohibited, since it can flush (dissolve) the penetrant from
longer than that shown in Table 1 and its notes.
within the discontinuities through its solvent action.)
7.1.5 Removal of Excess Penetrant—After the required (b) Aqueous Developers—Apply by spraying, flowing, or
penetration time, remove the excess penetrant insofar as immersing the area being examined prior to drying. Drain
possible, by using wipes of a dry, clean, lint-free material, excess developer from the area to eliminate tendencies of
repeating the operation until most traces of penetrant have been pooling of the developer, which can mask indications. Then dry
removed. Then lightly moisten a lint-free material with solvent the developer using hot air blast, hot air recirculating oven,
remover and wipe the remaining traces gently to avoid the infrared heater, or by exposure to ambient temperature. The
removal of penetrant from discontinuities, taking care to avoid dried developer appears as a translucent or white coating on the
the use of excess solvent. After the solvent wipe, perform a dry part. Prepare and maintain the aqueous developer in accor-
wipe to remove solvent residues. If over-removal is suspected dance with the manufacturer’s instructions and apply in such a

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 E1220 − 16
manner as to assure complete, even coverage. (Warning— 8.1.2 Because volatile solvents leave the tested surface
Atomized spraying of aqueous developers is not quickly without reaction under normal inspection procedures,
recommended, since a spotty film may result.) penetrant materials are normally subjected to an evaporation
(c) Liquid Film Developers—Apply by spraying as recom- procedure to remove the solvents before the materials are
mended by the manufacturer. Spray areas so as to ensure analyzed for impurities. The residue from this procedure is
complete coverage with a thin, even film of developer. then analyzed in accordance with Test Method D129, Test
7.1.7.2 Developing Time—The length of time the developer Method D1552, or Test Method D129 decomposition followed
is to remain on the area prior to examination should be not less by Test Methods D516, Method B (Turbidimetric Method) for
than 10 min. Developing time begins as soon as the wet sulfur. The residue may also be analyzed in accordance with
(aqueous and nonaqueous) developer coating is dry (that is, the Test Method D808, Annex on Methods for Measuring Total
solvent carrier has evaporated to dryness). The maximum Chlorine Content in Combustible Liquid Penetrant Materials
permitted developing times are 2 h for aqueous developers and (for halogens other than fluorine) and Practice E165/E165M,
1 h for nonaqueous developers. Annex on Method for Measuring Total Fluorine Content in
7.1.8 Examination—Perform examination of parts after the Combustible Liquid Penetrant Materials (for fluorine). The
applicable development time as specified in 7.1.7.2 to allow for Annex on Determination of Anions and Cations by Ion
proper bleedout of penetrant from discontinuities onto the Chromatography in Practice E165/E165M can be used as an
developer coating. It is good practice to observe the surface alternate procedure. Alkali metals in the residue are determined
while applying the developer as an aid in evaluating indica- by flame photometry or atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
tions.
NOTE 5—Some current standards indicate that impurity levels of sulfur
7.1.8.1 Visible Illuminance—Visible penetrant indications and halogens exceeding 1 % of any one suspect element may be
can be examined in either natural or artificial visible light. considered excessive. However, this high a level may be unacceptable in
Adequate illumination is required to ensure no loss of the some cases, so the actual maximum acceptable impurity level must be
sensitivity of the examination. A minimum illuminance at the decided between supplier and user on a case by case basis.
examination site of 100 fc (1076 lux) is recommended. 8.2 Elevated Temperature Examination—Where penetrant
7.1.8.2 Housekeeping—Keep the examination area free of examination is performed on parts that must be maintained at
interfering debris. Practice good housekeeping at all times. elevated temperature during examination, special materials and
7.1.9 Evaluation—Unless otherwise agreed upon, it is nor- processing techniques may be required. Such examination
mal practice to interpret and evaluate the discontinuity indica- requires qualification in accordance with 9.2. Manufacturer’s
tion based on the size of the stain created by the developer’s recommendations should be observed.
absorption of the penetrant (see Reference Photographs E433).
8.3 Reduced Temperature Examination—Where penetrant
7.1.10 Post Cleaning—Post cleaning is necessary in those
examination is performed on parts that must be maintained at
cases where residual penetrant or developer could interfere
a reduced temperature during examination, special materials
with subsequent processing or with service requirements. It is
and processing techniques may be required. Such examination
particularly important where residual penetrant examination
requires qualification in accordance with 9.2. Manufacturer’s
materials might combine with other factors in service to
recommendations should be observed.
produce corrosion. A suitable technique, such as a machine
wash, vapor degreasing, solvent soak, or ultrasonic cleaning
may be employed (see Practice E165/E165M, Annex on Post 9. Qualification and Requalification
Cleaning). In the case of developers, it is recommended that if 9.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing exami-
post cleaning is necessary, it be carried out as promptly as nations to this standard shall be qualified in accordance with a
possible after examination so that it does not fix on the part. nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel quali-
(Warning—Developers should be removed prior to vapor fication practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189,
degreasing. Vapor degreasing can bake developer on parts.) SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, ISO 9712, or a similar document and
certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.
8. Special Requirements
The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall
8.1 Impurities: be identified in the contractual agreement between the using
8.1.1 When using penetrant materials on austenitic stainless parties.
steels, titanium, nickel-base or other high-temperature alloys,
the need to restrict impurities such as sulfur, halogens, and 9.2 Procedure Qualification—Qualification of procedure us-
alkali metals must be considered. These impurities may cause ing conditions or times differing from those specified or for
embrittlement or corrosion, particularly at elevated tempera- new materials may be performed by any of several methods
tures. Any such evaluation should also include consideration of and should be agreed upon by the contracting parties. A test
the form in which the impurities are present. Some penetrant piece containing one or more discontinuities of the smallest
materials contain significant amounts of these impurities in the relevant size is used. The test piece may contain real or
form of volatile organic solvents. These normally evaporate simulated discontinuities, providing it displays the character-
quickly and usually do not cause problems. Other materials istics of the discontinuities encountered in production exami-
may contain impurities that are not volatile and may react with nations.
the part, particularly in the presence of moisture or elevated 9.3 Nondestructive Testing Agency Qualification—If a
temperatures. nondestructive testing agency as described in Practice E543 is
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used to perform the examination, the agency shall meet the 10. Keywords
requirements of Practice E543. 10.1 nondestructive testing; penetrant testing; solvent-
9.4 Requalification may be required when a change or removable method; visible liquid
substitution is made in the type of penetrant materials or in the
procedure (see 9.2).

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