Spur Gear - The angled teeth engage more gradually than do spur

gear teeth, causing them to run more smoothly and

Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type quietly.[17] With parallel helical gears, each pair of
of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk with teeth teeth first make contact at a single point at one side
projecting radially. Though the teeth are not straight- of the gear wheel; a moving curve of contact then
sided (but usually of special form to achieve a grows gradually across the tooth face to a maximum,
constant drive ratio, mainly involute but less then recedes until the teeth break contact at a single
point on the opposite side. In spur gears, teeth
commonly cycloidal), the edge of each tooth is
suddenly meet at a line contact across their entire
straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. width, causing stress and noise. Spur gears make a
These gears mesh together correctly only if fitted to characteristic whine at high speeds. For this reason
parallel shafts. No axial thrust is created by the tooth spur gears are used in low-speed applications and in
loads. Spur gears are excellent at moderate speeds situations where noise control is not a problem, and
but tend to be noisy at high speeds. helical gears are used in high-speed applications,
large power transmission, or where noise
Helical Gear - abatement is important.The speed is considered high
when the pitch line velocity exceeds 25 m/s.[19]
Helical  gears offer a refinement over spur gears. The
leading edges of the teeth are not parallel to the axis A disadvantage of helical gears is a
of rotation, but are set at an angle. Since the gear is resultant thrust along the axis of the gear, which
curved, this angling makes the tooth shape a must be accommodated by appropriate thrust
segment of a helix. Helical gears can be meshed bearings, and a greater degree of sliding
in parallel or crossed orientations. The former refers friction between the meshing teeth, often addressed
to when the shafts are parallel to each other; this is with additives in the lubricant.
the most common orientation. In the latter, the
shafts are non-parallel, and in this configuration the
gears are sometimes known as "skew gears".
Double Helical or Heingbone Gear -
Double helical gears overcome the problem of axial oriented so that each axial force is directed toward
thrust presented by single helical gears by using a the center of the gear. In an unstable arrangement,
double set of teeth, slanted in opposite directions. A both axial forces are directed away from the center
double helical gear can be thought of as two of the gear. In either arrangement, the total (or net)
mirrored helical gears mounted closely together on a axial force on each gear is zero when the gears are
common axle. This arrangement cancels out the net aligned correctly. If the gears become misaligned in
axial thrust, since each half of the gear thrusts in the the axial direction, the unstable arrangement
opposite direction, resulting in a net axial force of generates a net force that may lead to disassembly of
zero. This arrangement can also remove the need for the gear train, while the stable arrangement
thrust bearings. However, double helical gears are generates a net corrective force. If the direction of
more difficult to manufacture due to their more rotation is reversed, the direction of the axial thrusts
complicated shape. is also reversed, so a stable configuration becomes
Herringbone gears are a special type of helical gears. unstable, and conversely.
They do not have a groove in the middle like some Stable double helical gears can be directly
other double helical gears do; the two mirrored interchanged with spur gears without any need for
helical gears are joined together so that their teeth different bearings.
form a V shape. This can also be applied to bevel
gears, as in the final drive of the Citroën Type A.
For both possible rotational directions, there exist
two possible arrangements for the oppositely-
oriented helical gears or gear faces. One
arrangement is called stable, and the other unstable.
In a stable arrangement, the helical gear faces are
Bevel Gear -
A bevel gear is shaped like a right circular cone with are almost always designed to operate with shafts at
most of its tip cut off. When two bevel gears mesh, 90 degrees. Depending on which side the shaft is
their imaginary vertices must occupy the same point. offset to, relative to the angling of the teeth, contact
Their shaft axes also intersect at this point, forming between hypoid gear teeth may be even smoother
an arbitrary non-straight angle between the shafts. and more gradual than with spiral bevel gear teeth,
The angle between the shafts can be anything except but also have a sliding action along the meshing teeth
zero or 180 degrees. Bevel gears with equal numbers as it rotates and therefore usually require some of
of teeth and shaft axes at 90 degrees are called miter the most viscous types of gear oil to avoid it being
(US) or mitre (UK) gears. extruded from the mating tooth faces, the oil is
Spiral bevel gears - normally designated HP (for hypoid) followed by a
number denoting the viscosity. Also, the pinion can
Spiral bevel gears can be manufactured as Gleason be designed with fewer teeth than a spiral bevel
types (circular arc with non-constant tooth depth), pinion, with the result that gear ratios of 60:1 and
Oerlikon and Curvex types (circular arc with constant higher are feasible using a single set of hypoid
tooth depth), Klingelnberg Cyclo-Palloid (Epicycloid gears. This style of gear is most common in motor
with constant tooth depth) or Klingelnberg Palloid. vehicle drive trains, in concert with a differential.
Spiral bevel gears have the same advantages and Whereas a regular (nonhypoid) ring-and-pinion gear
disadvantages relative to their straight-cut cousins as set is suitable for many applications, it is not ideal for
helical gears do to spur gears. vehicle drive trains because it generates more noise
Hypoid gears - and vibration than a hypoid does.
Hypoid gears resemble spiral bevel gears except the
shaft axes do not intersect. The pitch surfaces appear
conical but, to compensate for the offset shaft, are in
fact hyperboloids of revolution.[22][23] Hypoid gears
Worm-and-gear - lead angle, which is equal to 90 degrees minus the
Worm-and-gear sets are a simple and compact way helix angle, is given.
to achieve a high torque, low speed gear ratio. For In a worm-and-gear set, the worm can always drive
example, helical gears are normally limited to gear the gear. However, if the gear attempts to drive the
ratios of less than 10:1 while worm-and-gear sets worm, it may or may not succeed. Particularly if the
vary from 10:1 to 500:1. A disadvantage is the lead angle is small, the gear's teeth may simply lock
potential for considerable sliding action, leading to against the worm's teeth, because the force
low efficiency. component circumferential to the worm is not
A worm gear is a species of helical gear, but its helix sufficient to overcome friction. In traditional music
angle is usually somewhat large (close to 90 degrees) boxes, however, the gear drives the worm, which has
and its body is usually fairly long in the axial a large helix angle. This mesh drives the speed-limiter
direction. These attributes give it screw like qualities. vanes which are mounted on the worm shaft.
The distinction between a worm and a helical gear is Worm-and-gear sets that do lock are called self
that at least one tooth persists for a full rotation locking, which can be used to advantage, as when it
around the helix. If this occurs, it is a 'worm'; if not, it is desired to set the position of a mechanism by
is a 'helical gear'. A worm may have as few as one turning the worm and then have the mechanism hold
tooth. If that tooth persists for several turns around that position. An example is the machine head found
the helix, the worm appears, superficially, to have on some types of stringed instruments.
more than one tooth, but what one in fact sees is the If the gear in a worm-and-gear set is an ordinary
same tooth reappearing at intervals along the length helical gear only a single point of contact is
of the worm. The usual screw nomenclature applies: achieved. If medium to high power transmission is
a one-toothed worm is called single thread or single desired, the tooth shape of the gear is modified to
start; a worm with more than one tooth is achieve more intimate contact by making both gears
called multiple thread or multiple start. The helix partially envelop each other. This is done by making
angle of a worm is not usually specified. Instead, the both concave and joining them at a saddle point; this
is called a cone-driveor "Double enveloping".
Worm gears can be right or left-handed, following
the long-established practice for screw threads.

Rack and pinion -

A rack is a toothed bar or rod that can be thought of
as a sector gear with an infinitely large radius of
curvature. Torque can be converted to linear force by
meshing a rack with a pinion: the pinion turns; the
rack moves in a straight line. Such a mechanism is
used in automobiles to convert the rotation of
the steering wheel into the left-to-right motion of the
tie rod(s). Racks also feature in the theory of gear
geometry, where, for instance, the tooth shape of an
interchangeable set of gears may be specified for the
rack, (infinite radius), and the tooth shapes for gears
of particular actual radii are then derived from that.
The rack and pinion gear type is employed in a rack
railway.