Review of Concept

Prepared by Engr. Jan Rei Datinguinoo

REVIEW

 CHEMISTRY = study of MATTER (occupies volume and

with mass), its PROPERTIES (characteristics that give
each substance a unique identity), the changes it
undergoes, and the ENERGY (ability to do work, either
potential or kinetic) associated with these changes.
 COMPOSITION = type and amounts of simpler substance
that make up a sample of matter
 PHYSICAL (property that shows itself without interaction
to other substance) vs CHEMICAL (property that shows
as it interacts with, or transform into other substance)
REVIEW

 States of Matter: SOLID, LIQUID, GAS = changes are

reversible and temperature dependent
 Matter at lower energy state are more stable and highly
favored than higher energy state.
 ATOMS = basic unit of matter; has electron (-), nucleus
(proton + and neutron 0)
 ELEMENT = simplest substance with unique atoms
 MOLECULE = have 2 or more ATOMS
 COMPONDS = have 2 or more ELEMENTS
 All COMPOUNDS are MOLECULES but not vice versa
REVIEW

 MIXTURE = group or 2 or more substances physically

combined
 HETEROGENEOUS (with observable boundary) vs
HOMOGENEOUS (without observable boundaries)
 SOLUTIONS = type of homogeneous mixture
 SOLVENT (dissolving media), SOLUTE (dissolved
substance)
 AQUEOUS = water as solvent
REVIEW

 FUNDAMENTAL/BASIC QUANTITIES (SI UNITS): MASS

(kg), LENGTH (m), TIME (s), TEMPERATURE (K),
ELECTRIC CURRENT (A), AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE
(mole), LUMINOUS INTENSITY (candela)
 METRIC PREFIXES: x10^6 (mega, M); x1000 (kilo, k);
x0.1 (deci, d); x0.01 (centi, c); x0.001 (milli, m);
x0.001 (micro, μ); 0.0001 (nano, n)
 CONVERSIONS: 1 in = 2.54 cm; 12 in = 1 ft; 1 kg = 2.2
lb; 1 US gal (gal) = 3.8 L; 1 mL = 1 cm3
REVIEW
 DENSITY (ρ, mass over volume, compactness) vs SPECIFIC
GRAVITY (ratio of density to the density of water at 0°C, 1
g/mL)
 Density of gas is temp-pressure dependent while liquid and
solids are not
 TEMPERATURE SCALES: Kelvin (K) – Celsius (°C); Rankine
(°Ra) – Fahrenheit (°F)
 Significant Figures: Arrow-Balloon Method
 In multistep calculations, AVOID ROUNDING OFF numbers.
Maintain at least 5 decimal places
 PRECISION (how close from each other) vs ACCURACY (how close
to actual value)
 SYSTEMATIC/EXPERIMENTAL ERROR = precise but inaccurate
 RANDOM ERROR = both not precise and inaccurate
REVIEW
 Law of Conservation of Mass = no change in mass
before/after an ordinary chemical reaction
 Law of Constant Composition = a compound always
contain the same elements by the same proportions
(Water has 89% O, 11%H)
 Law of Multiple Proportions = elements combine at
multiple proportions to create various compounds
 J.J Thomson = Plum Pudding Model; Cathode Ray Tube;
electron (e-, -1, massless) discovery
 Ernest Rutherford = Nuclear Model; Gold Foil
Experiment; nucleus (contains all the mass of atom) and
proton (p+, +1, mass of 1 u/amu) discovery
 James Chadwick = discovers the neutron
REVIEW
 ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) = no. of protons
 MASS NUMBER (A) = no. of protons and neutrons
 NUCLEAR SYMBOL = shows the composition of nucleus
 ISOTOPE = element with different mass number (or no.
of neutrons)
 ATOMIC MASS/AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS = average
weight of an element based on its isotopic abundance
and mass number; has a unit amu, u or g/mol
 AVOGADRO’S NUMBER = number of substance (atom,
molecules, compound) per mole of substance;
6.022x1023
REVIEW

 PERIOD (horizontal), GROUP (vertical), MAIN GROUP,

TRANSITION; INNER TRANSITION; ALKALI METALS;
ALKALI EARTH METALS; HALOGENS; NOBLE GAS
 DMITRI MENDELEEV = developed the first periodic table
 Arrangement: increasing Z left to right; similar chemical
properties in each groups
 METALS; METALLOIDS; NON-METALS
 NOTE: You will be needing a periodic table during
exams. Use what is provided at the Policy Page
REVIEW

 Molecules are often nonmetals with covalent bonds

 MOLECULAR FORMULA = simplified representation of
molecules/compounds; all atoms of same elements are
combined
 STRUCTURAL FORMULA = shows all the bond lines
 CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA = shows the
bonding pattern and grouping of reactive atoms
 IONS = charged atom/group of atom due to the
release/gain of electrons
 CATION = positive; ANION = negative
 MONOATOMIC = single atom; POLYATOMIC = many
atoms
Measurements, Conversion
of Units and Density
Prepared by Engr. Jan Rei Datinguinoo
MEASUREMENTS
 Converting Temperature
𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑇 °𝐶 + 273.15
𝑇 °𝐶 = 𝑇 𝐾 − 273.15
5
𝑇 °𝐶 = 𝑇 °𝐹 − 32
9
9
𝑇 °𝐹 = 𝑇 °𝐶 + 32
5
Ex 1: Convert 40°C to both K and °F
For 40°C → K, use Eq 1
𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑇 °𝐶 + 273.15 = 40 + 273.15 = 313.15 𝐾
For 40°C → °F, use Eq 4
9 9
𝑇 °𝐹 = 𝑇 °𝐶 + 32 = 40 + 32 = 104°𝐹
5 5
MEASUREMENTS

Ex 2: Convert 30°F to both K and °C

For 30°F → °C, use Eq 3
5 5
𝑇 °𝐶 = 𝑇 °𝐹 − 32 = 30 − 32 = −1.11°𝐶
9 9
For 30°F → K, no equation can be directly used
Method 1: Solve for the temp in Celsius then use that value
to solve for temp in Kelvin: 30°F → °C → K
5 5
𝑇 °𝐶 = 𝑇 °𝐹 − 32 = 30 − 32 = −1.11°𝐶
9 9
𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑇 °𝐶 + 273.15 = −1.11 + 273.15 = 272.04 𝐾
This method is prone to rounding off error
MEASUREMENTS
Method 2: Create and Memorize a Formula
In order to convert 30°F → °C → K, we need the formulas for
converting °F → °C and °C → K.
5
𝑇 °𝐶 = 𝑇 °𝐹 − 32
9
𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑇 °𝐶 + 273.15
Both of them have °C, so to eliminate, use substitution
5
𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑇 °𝐶 + 273.15 = 𝑇 °𝐹 − 32 + 273.15
9
5 5
𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑇 °𝐹 − 32 + 273.15 = 30 − 32 + 273.15 = 272.04 𝐾
9 9
Less round-off error but necessary to memorize the formulas
Forgetful? Derive the equation from scratch. The only
requirements are 2 temperature points both in the 2 scales.
 MEASUREMENTS
Ex 3: Water has the following properties. Prove that
5
𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑇 °𝐹 − 32 + 273.15
9
°F °C K
Boiling point 212 100 373.15
Unknown T (°F) T (°C) T (K)
Freezing point 32 0 273.15
We are asked about Kelvin and Fahrenheit, so we will only use the first
and last columns of the table.
Use the Method of Interpolation to find the equation
𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑋 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑋
ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑋 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑋
𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑌 − −𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑌
=
ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑌 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑌
Let scale X = K; Y = °F
Lowest temp in scale X = 273.15; in scale Y = 32
Highest temp in scale X = 373.15; in scale Y = 212
Unknown temp in scale X = T (K); in scale Y = T (°F)
Substituting:
𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑋 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑋
ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑋 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑋
𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑌 − −𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑌
=
ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑌 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑌
𝑇 (𝐾) − 273.15 𝑇 (°𝐹) − 32
=
373.15 − 273.15 212 − 32
 𝑇 (𝐾) − 273.15 𝑇 (°𝐹) − 32
=
373.15 − 273.15 212 − 32
Simplifying:
𝑇 (𝐾) − 273.15 𝑇 (°𝐹) − 32
=
100 180
𝑇 (𝐾) − 273.15 𝑇 (°𝐹) − 32
=
5 9
5
𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑇 °𝐹 − 32 + 273.15
9
This method will work even if you use different substance
or different temperatures as long as you use equivalent
temperature for a particular scale to the one you are
converting into
For Ex 2, Method 3: use the same method in Ex 3
30°F → K added to the table gives

Water °F K
Boiling point 212 373.15
Unknown 30 T
Freezing point 32 273.15
Using the ratio:
30 − 32 𝑇 − 273.15
=
212 − 32 373.15 − 273.15
−2 𝑇 − 273.15
=
180 100
−2 𝑇 − 273.15
=
9 5
−10
= 𝑇 − 273.15
9
48967
𝑇= 𝐾 = 272.04 𝐾
180
This method is complex but no unnecessary memorization needed.
MEASUREMENTS

 Ex 4
Ex 5 (Step by step)
Ex 5 (Continuous Factor Label
Method)

1 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡 $ 0.15
325 𝑐𝑚 = $1.6
2.54 𝑐𝑚 12 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑓𝑡
Ex 6: Water Displacement Method
 Ex 7:
A solid cylinder with a radius and height of 10 in has a density of 5
kg/L. Determine the mass (in grams) and specific gravity of the
said cylinder.
Given: r = h = 10 in; ρ = 5 kg/L
Required: mass (m, g) & sp gr
A. Specific Gravity
Note that sp gr = density without units IF the unit of density is
g/mL. It is necessary to convert kg/L to g/mL
5 𝑘𝑔 1000𝑔 1𝐿 𝑔
=5
1𝐿 1𝑘𝑔 1000 𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿
Therefore, we can say that g/mL is numerically the same as kg/L
𝑔
5 𝑚𝐿
𝑔 = 5
1 𝑚𝐿
B. Mass (in grams)
Radius and Height in m:
2.54 𝑐𝑚 1𝑚
10 𝑖𝑛 = 0.254 𝑚
1 𝑖𝑛 100 𝑐𝑚
Volume of cylinder: V = πr2h
Density = Mass/Volume
𝑔 𝑚 𝑚
5 𝑚𝐿 = 2 = 3 →𝑚
𝜋𝑟 ℎ 𝜋 0.254 𝑚
3
5𝜋 𝑔 100 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑚𝐿
= 0.254 𝑚 × → 𝑚 = 257407.4 𝑔
𝑚𝐿 1𝑚 1 𝑐𝑚3
Ex 8:

8.84x10^3

Or:
8.84 × 103 𝑘𝑚 1000 𝑚 1.19 × 10−3 𝑙𝑏 6 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑒 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
= 28689.82
1 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 1 𝑘𝑚 1𝑚 1 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 2.2 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
Ex 9
Atomic Structure
Prepared by Engr. Jan Rei Datinguinoo
 Determination of Z, A, p, n, e,
charge & atomic symbol

NOTES!!
1. Always remember the following relationships!
 Z=p
 A=p+n
2. Isotopes
 If A or n is NEITHER given, use the rounded-off average atomic mass
in the periodic table. Otherwise, use the one given in the problem.
 Determination of Z, A, p, n, e,
charge & atomic symbol

NOTES!!
3. Ions
 If the given is a NEUTRAL atom (no charge, charge=0), the
relationship e = p holds true.
 If the given is a ANION (negative charge, charge<0), the relationship
e > p holds true. Since there is an INCREASE IN NEGATIVITY (from
neutral, 0 to negative), there is an INCREASE in the # OF ELECTRONS.
e = p + |charge|
 If the given is a CATION (positive charge, charge>0), the relationship
e < p holds true. Since there is an INCREASE IN POSITIVITY (from
neutral, 0 to positive), there is a DECREASE in the # OF ELECTRONS.
e = p - |charge|
Isotopes, Isotones, Isobars

 Isotopes – same element with different mass numbers

(and consequently, number of neutron). Ex: U-235 and
U-238
 Isotones – different elements with the same number of
neutrons (different mass numbers). Ex: B-12 and C-13
 Isobars – different elements with same mass numbers
(different in number of neutrons). Ex: S-40, Cl-40, K-40

This is the reason why if A or n is given, you DO NOT take

the atomic mass found in the periodic table since some
elements have the same mass numbers (isobars) while
elements could have a multitude of possible mass numbers
(isotopes)
 Ex 1: Nuclear Symbol
Scandium, a transition metal, is added to aluminum to create an alloy
used in aluminum bats and bicycle frames. Determine the number of
protons, neutrons, and electrons present in 45
21𝑆𝑐
3+

Given: 45
21𝑆𝑐
3+ which means, element = scandium (Sc), A=45, Z = 21,
charge = +3
Find: p, n, e

From definition: Z = p = 21
A = p + n → n = A – p = 45 – 21 → n = 24

The scandium is a cation with a charge of +3, use the equation e = p -

|charge|
e = p - |charge| = 21 - |+3| = 21 – 3 → e = 18
 Ex 2: Complete the table below
Symbol Z A p+ n0 e- Charge
K
Na 15
42 35 0
Ca+2
13 14 +3
36 18 -2
First Row
Given: Neutral K atom
Find: Z, A, p, n, e, charge

Neither A nor n was given. Use periodic table.

From periodic table: Z = p = 19; A = 39
A = p + n → n = A – p = 39 – 19 → n = 20

Potassium given is neutral (charge = 0), use p = e

e = p = 19

Symbol Z A p+ n0 e- Charge
K 19 30 19 20 19 0
Na 15
42 35 0
Ca+2
13 14 +3
36 18 -2
Second Row
Given: Neutral Na atom with n = 15
Find: Z, A, p, e, charge

From periodic table, Na has Z = p = 11

n was given. Use the given value of n to find A.

A = p + n = 11 + 15 → A = 26

Sodium given is neutral (charge = 0), use p = e

e = p = 11

Symbol Z A p+ n0 e- Charge
K 19 30 19 20 19 0
Na 11 26 11 15 11 0
42 35 0
Ca+2
13 14 +3
36 18 -2
Third Row
Given: n = 42, e = 35, charge = 0
Find: symbol, Z, A, p

The element has a neutral charge (charge=0), use p = e

e = p = 35
But Z = p, so, p = Z = 35

From periodic table, element with Z = 35 is BROMINE (Br)

n was given. Use the given value of n to find A.

A = p + n = 35 + 42 → A = 77

Symbol Z A p+ n0 e- Charge
K 19 30 19 20 19 0
Na 11 26 11 15 11 0
Br 35 77 35 42 35 0
Ca+2
13 14 +3
36 18 -2
Fourth Row
Given: Ca+2 ion
Find: Z, A, p, n, e, charge

No A nor n is present, use the periodic table for A

From the periodic table: Z = p = 20 & A = 40
A = p + n → n = A – p = 40 – 20 → n = 20

The element has a +2 charge (cation), therefore, use e = p -

|charge|
e = p - |charge| = 20 - |+2| = 20 – 2 → e = 18
Symbol Z A p+ n0 e- Charge
K 19 30 19 20 19 0
Na 11 26 11 15 11 0
Br 35 77 35 42 35 0
Ca+2 20 40 20 20 18 +2
13 14 +3
36 18 -2
Fifth Row
Given: Z = 13, n = 14, charge = +3
Find: symbol, A, p, e

From definition, Z = p = 13

From the periodic table, the element with Z = 13 is ALUMINUM (Al)

n is present, use the given value of n to find A
A = p + n → A = 13 + 14 → A = 27

The element has a +3 charge (cation), therefore, use e = p - |charge|

e = p - |charge| = 13 - |+3| = 13 – 3 → e = 10

Symbol Z A p+ n0 e- Charge
K 19 30 19 20 19 0
Na 11 26 11 15 11 0
Br 35 77 35 42 35 0
Ca+2 20 40 20 20 18 +2
Al+3 13 27 13 14 10 +3
36 18 -2
Sixth Row
Given: A = 36, e = 18, charge = -2
Find: symbol, Z, p, n

It is necessary to find p first before finding n. Use the charge given.

The element has a -2 charge (anion), therefore, use e = p + |charge|
e = p + |charge| → p = e - |charge| = 18 - |-2| = 18 – 2 → p = 16
From definition, p = Z = 16

From the periodic table, the element with Z = 16 is SULFUR (S)

A is present, use the given value of A to find n
A = p + n → n = A – p = 36 – 16 → n = 20

Symbol Z A p+ n0 e- Charge
K 19 30 19 20 19 0
Na 11 26 11 15 11 0
Br 35 77 35 42 35 0
Ca+2 20 40 20 20 18 +2
Al+3 13 27 13 14 10 +3
S 16 36 16 20 18 -2
Ex 3 – 4: Abundance and Ave.
Atomic Mass

 Average Atomic Mass/Atomic Weight is the sum of the

products of the abundance ratio to the mass
number/estimated atomic mass of an isotope.
𝑛

𝐴𝑊 = 𝑓𝑖 𝐴𝑖
𝑖=1
Ex 3: Abundance and Ave.
Atomic Mass of Nickel

 Nickel is widely used metal to construct stainless-steel metals

by incorporating it to steel. Nickel has 5 stable, naturally
occurring isotopes: 68.077% Ni-58, 26.223% Ni-60, 1.140%
Ni-61, 3.635% Ni-62, and 0.821625% Ni-64. Find the atomic
weight of Nickel and compare it to what is in the periodic table.
𝑛

𝐴𝑊 = 𝑓𝑖 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑓1 𝐴1 + 𝑓2 𝐴2 + 𝑓3 𝐴3 + ⋯ + 𝑓𝑛 𝐴𝑛
𝑖=1

Given: 68.077% Ni-58, 26.223% Ni-60, 1.140% Ni-61, 3.635%

Ni-62, and 0.821625% Ni-64
Find: AW
AW = 0.68077(58) + 0.26223(60) + 0.0114(61) + 0.03635(62)
+ 0.00821625(64) = 58.6934 𝑎𝑚𝑢
Ex 4: Abundance and Ave.
Atomic Mass of Bromine
 Bromine is a red-orange liquid. Its name is derived from the Greek name
bromos, which means stench. It has two naturally occurring isotopes: Br-
79 (78.92 amu) and Br-81 (80.92 amu). What is the abundance of the
heavier isotope?
𝑛

𝐴𝑊 = 𝑓𝑖 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑓1 𝐴1 + 𝑓2 𝐴2 + 𝑓3 𝐴3 + ⋯ + 𝑓𝑛 𝐴𝑛
𝑖=1

Given: Br-79 (78.92 amu), Br-81 (80.92 amu), AW=79.904 (from Periodic
Table)
Find: % abundance of Br-81
Strategy: Since abundances are part of a whole, sum = 1 or 100%. Also,
there are only 2 known isotopes, so: frac heavier + frac lighter = 1
Let X = frac abundance of Br-81 (heavier)
Therefore, frac abundance of Br-79 (lighter) is 1 – X
Using the formula:
𝐴𝑊 = 𝑓1 𝐴1 + 𝑓2 𝐴2 → 79.904 = 𝑋 80.92 + 1 − 𝑋 78.92 → 𝑋 = 0.492
Therefore, 49.2%
Ex 5: Atomic Mass, Moles, and
Avogadro’s Number

 Consider Arsenic (As), a favorite poison used in crime stories.

Determine the mass of an arsenic atom.

Given: “an arsenic atom” = 1 As atom;

Avogadro’s number=6.022x1023 atom/mol
Find: mass of As atom
Solution:
From PT: AW = 74.922 g/mol
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑠 74.922 𝑔
1 𝐴𝑠 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 1.244 × 10−22 𝑔
6.022 × 1023 𝐴𝑠 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑠
Ex 6: Molecular Weight and Avogadro’s
Number
 Molecular Weight (also called Molar Weight or Molar Mass) = is the average weight
of the whole molecule or compound considering the number of atoms involved and
their corresponding atomic masses.
𝑛

𝑀𝑊 = 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖 𝐴𝑊𝑖
𝑖=1

 Concept of Molecular Formula

A skateboard is composed of 4 small wheels, 1 oval board, and 2 metal rods
(connecting the wheels). So, if we want to find the number of wheels 100 skateboard
has, then:
4 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑠
100 𝑠𝑘𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 = 400 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑠
1 𝑠𝑘𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑
Note the conversion used: 1 skateboard = 4 wheels
This is similar to the form
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑠4 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑠2 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑
Similarly, when a chemical has the formula C2H6O,
It means that chemical has 2 Carbons, 6 Hydrogens, 1 Oxygen
1 mol C2H6O = 2 mol C = 6 mol H = 1 mol O
Ex 6: Molecular Weight and Avogadro’s
Number
 Common table salt is Sodium chloride, NaCl while table sugar is sucrose,
C12H22O11. (a) Find the molar mass of each molecule/compound; (b) How
many moles of NaCl are present in a hundred grams of the compound? (c)
How many molecules are present in a gram of sucrose? (d) How many
atoms of carbon are present in 100 g sucrose? (e) How much grams of
oxygen are present in 10 g sucrose?
Given: NaCl, C12H22O11
From PT: Na=22.990 g/mol~23; Cl=35.453 g/mol~35.45; C=12.011
g/mol~12; O=15.999 g/mol~16; H=1.008 g/mol~1
Find: (a) MW of NaCl and sucrose; (b) mol NaCl in 100 g; (c) molecule
C12H22O11 in a gram; (d) atom C in 100g sucrose; (e) g O in 10 g sucrose

(a) MW of NaCl = atoms Na(AW Na) + atoms Cl(AW Cl)

MW of NaCl = 1(23) + 1(35.45) = 58.45 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
MW of C12H22O11 = atoms C(AW C) + atoms H(AW H) + atoms O(AW O)
MW of C12H22O11 = 12(12) + 22(1) + 11(16) = 342 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Ex 6: Molecular Weight and Avogadro’s
Number
Given: NaCl, C12H22O11
From PT: Na=23 g/mol; Cl=35.45 g/mol; C=12 g/mol; O=16 g/mol;
H=1 g/mol;
From (a) NaCl=58.45 g/mol; C12H22O11 =342 g/mol
(b) mol NaCl in 100 g
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
100 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 1.711 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
58.45 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
(c) Molecule sucrose, C12H22O11 in a gram
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒 6.022 × 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒
1 𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒
342 𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒
= 1.761 × 1021 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒
(d) atom C in 100g sucrose (shortened to suc)
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑐 12 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 6.022 × 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐶
100 𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑐 = 2.113 × 1024 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝐶
342 𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑐 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑐 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶
Ex 6: Molecular Weight and Avogadro’s
Number

Given: NaCl, C12H22O11

From PT: Na=23 g/mol; Cl=35.45 g/mol; C=12 g/mol; O=16 g/mol;
H=1 g/mol;
From (a) NaCl=58.45 g/mol; C12H22O11 =342 g/mol
(e) g O in 10 g suc
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑐 11 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂 12 𝑔 𝐶
10 𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑐 = 3.86 𝑔 𝐶
342 𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑐 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑐 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶