See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/308193324

Implementation of a Data Driven Transaction Processing System for the

AUN’s Restaurant, Yola – Nigeria

Article  in  International Journal of Computer Applications · September 2016

DOI: 10.5120/ijca2016911419

CITATIONS READS

0 869

2 authors, including:

Ibrahim Inuwa
American University of Nigeria
20 PUBLICATIONS   32 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

ICTs and Corruption in developing economies - Public Sector View project

Digital transformation strategies View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Ibrahim Inuwa on 05 May 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 149 – No.6, September 2016

Implementation of a Data Driven Transaction Processing

System for the AUN’s Restaurant, Yola – Nigeria
Linus Udoh Ibrahim Inuwa
American University of Nigeria (AUN), Yola Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola
Adamawa State - Nigeria Department of Information Technology
Adamawa State – Nigeria

ABSTRACT restaurants in tourist hotels are almost completely dependent

As a matter of fact, the need for information technology as a on computers to process these affairs [8]. Long ago, using
mechanism for promoting business processes has become cash registers to manage cash was common in the restaurant
necessary, business establishments need computer industry. Today, cash registers have been replaced by POS
management information systems (MIS) in order to move on terminals. Although new POS computers system are still cash
in the center of competition. The use MIS in the restaurant based, management can obtain additional information such as
business can deliver economic value. The American monitoring of items sold, materials used, and employee work
University of Nigeria’s (AUN’s) restaurant has a barrier to efficiency. They can even calculate wages and the amount of
duplication of data in the computer files within the business tips due. The main computer, linked to the POS terminals by
processes which causes discrepancies, that results to waste of Internet connection, provides information such as accounting
storage space on the existing system due to non-database records and food purchases to obtain desired values [17].
application used, it is difficult to collect customer’s weekly or However, there still exists the problem of managing
monthly transactions because data could not be shared easily restaurants manually especially in developing countries.
within the business processes. Although, the most commonly Automation of the restaurant industry is an inevitable
use of system in restaurant business is the point-of sale system development; via restaurant information systems, overall
(POS) terminals. Hence, in this paper the researchers have management performance can be enhanced. Computerization
developed a Data Driver Transaction processing system (DD- of procedures can also increase productivity, as operation
TPS) for the AUN’s restaurant with integrated modules for costs can be more efficient and thus reduced. The AUN’s
POS, payroll management, credit card and inventory control. restaurant has barrier of duplication of data in the computer
It is obvious that much have to be invested in purchasing an files for each within the organization also causes serious
information system in order to manage business processes inconsistency in the data. This results to waste of storage
within an organization. space on the system, due to File – Base Approach Processing
system (Non database application) used, it is difficult to
Keywords collect customer’s weekly or monthly transaction because
Data Driven, Transaction Processing, AUN each transaction is not indexed in the flat file used and data
could not be shared among different application because there
1. INTRODUCTION is no central database for all the applications. Therefore, the
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) system’s main drive is aim of this paper is to develop a DD-TPS with integrated
to capture information about the daily economic activities of modules for POS, payroll management, credit card and
an organization’s unit and departments. One might argue that inventory controls for use at the AUN’s restaurant.
the purpose of OLTP system is to get data into computers
[23]. OLTP systems are useful for addressing the operational 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
data needs of an organization and designed for day-to-day Ellison and Mann [12] classified clerical processes as the use
operations like payroll and accounting systems [15]. Today’s of IT to replace manual processes such as purchasing,
online transaction processing increasingly requires support for inventory control, production, sales, marketing, menu
transactions that span a network. For this reason, new OLTP planning, employee scheduling, payroll, and financial
software uses client/server processing and brokering software reporting. They defined the integrated administrative
that allows transactions to run on different computer platforms processes as IT linkages between and among processes within
in a network [4]. Today it is widely recognized that most the food service operation as well as to external departments
organizations need information systems to survive and including reservation systems linked with food service
succeed in the competitive business environment. Information production, point of sales and production scheduling,
system can help companies extend their business range to far- equipment interfaces, purchasing linked with suppliers,
away locations, offer new products and services, reform nutrient analysis, internal and external e-mail, and transfer of
organization structure and work flows, and perhaps operating data via intranet systems to corporate offices. They
significantly change the way they operate the business. The also defined tactical processes as Internet use of information
restaurant industry is naturally no exception to this trend. systems for market information, marketing and purchasing
A restaurant business magazine in the US once conducted a analysis, supply chain management, data warehousing and /or
study on information systems for the restaurant industry. They mining, and the use of systems for forecasting. The
observed that the primary uses of computers in this industry transaction between the waiter and the restaurant departments
were accounts receivable, employee salaries, menu analyses, and also between waiter and the cashier will be systematic.
inventory control, food service control, employee work The use of technology is diverse in the foodservice industry:
schedules, creating and processing tables or documents, from minimal to extensive. Survey research in hospitality has
kitchen production, and printing menus. According to their shown that most restaurant companies score highest in their
statistical analysis, large-scale restaurants and, in particular, usage in the clerical arena; integrated usage is lower; and

9
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 149 – No.6, September 2016

tactical usage is lowest [24]; [12]. These findings support the those of [12]. They found that the most highly utilized
notion that most restaurants use technology as a data software packages were office products (word processing and
processing tool to process sales and accounting data; spreadsheets) and accounting packages (over 80%). Less than
integration with other processes such as ordering from half of the independents used POS systems, time and
vendors is limited; and strategic use of systems is attendance systems, and recipe costing. Even fewer operators
underutilized. According to Oronsky and Chathoth as cited by used more advanced applications such as employee
[5], recent trends of information technology in the restaurant scheduling (28.9%) or food production forecasting (21.1%).
industry are customer feedback systems (e.g., customer
relationship management (CRM), social media activity Information technology can enable managers to make tactical,
integrated into CRM platform, and real-time, web-based operational, and strategic decisions. A foodservice
reporting), repeat business management applications (e.g., management consultant reported, all stages of the restaurant
e- reservation systems, POS integration into online ordering), production and service chain must act in concert to deliver
marketing management systems (e.g., POS software and quality products at the right prices to the right guests at the
handheld terminals), operational restaurant systems (e.g., right times. Restaurant technology can monitor and coordinate
wireless credit card authorization or mobile POS and revenue these activities in timely and focused manner. Failure to do so
management system, accounting/financial software, and can result in excess inventory, poor food and service quality,
integrated cost control software or inventory management underutilized capacity, and excess costs. The most common
tools), human resources management systems (e.g., labour use of systems is the use of POS. POS applications eliminate
management systems, labour screening and recruitment arithmetic errors, improve guest check control, increase
systems, and company intranet), and Back of House average guest check, reduce labor costs, improve reaction to
management systems (e.g., kitchen technologies, kitchen trends, reduce credit card expenses, and reduce undercharges.
management systems, kitchen displays, and kitchen printers). Theorize that these applications improve profitability. Firms
Chien, et al. [9] cited by [13] steered that self-governing that do not fully utilize the applications available to them are
restaurants in Iowa (n=144), and stated comparable results to losing opportunities to increase their profitability as shown in
Figure 1.

Figure 1: Evolution of Restaurant Technology [7]; cited by [13].

There are many technology used in the restaurant industry. is a step by step model to make the transaction more
However, a review of literature established that there have not systematic and the system can guide the staff to avoid any
been studies on restaurant technology as much as on other order mistakes. Besides the efficiency service, by using this
fields in the hospitality industry [14] cited by [5]. [20] Has system it can gave a better quality service to customer and it
developed a Restaurant Ordering System using mobile will attract more customers to the restaurant to get this quality
application, it makes the ordering system more efficiency and of services. This system is using mobile application to take
can help the manager to avoid human error and enhance the orders. The customer's orders will be sent to the kitchen
business development. In this system, the ordering transaction through the mobile device. The waiters don't have to go to the

10
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 149 – No.6, September 2016

kitchen or bar department to give the order because the order systems [16]. This is an integrated device to the main POS
lists will be display to the department's screen [20]. system, made of magnetic stripe readers, which are used for
credit card authorization and printing receipts to be signed [6].
According to [2] the applications used in restaurants are According to [19] integrating credit card payment into POS
classified into two: we have applications that are used in Front has increased the efficiency of the employee. Another piece of
of House (FOH) operations and the ones that are in Back of user-friendly POS hardware is the handhelds POS terminal,
House (BOH) operations. The FOH operations are done by which is also known as mobile POS device or tableside
taking orders and delivering food to guests and completing ordering device. A handheld POS terminal is a portable device
with payment process (2). There are numerous technology which has all the capability of the main functions of a pre-
applications that are used in the restaurant business processes. check POS system, as well as integrated tableside ordering
Most of the important technologies that are used in Front of and payment devices [16].
House are: point of sale systems (POS), POS integrated
modules, POS integrated payment applications and some Although the handheld terminals date back to the late 1970s
emerging technologies used in FOH [5]. POS system is “a [6] updated versions are still commonly used and are
network of cashiers and server terminals that typically handles increasing in popularity in the restaurant industry [18].
food and beverage orders, transmission of orders to the However, a passionately debated conversation about the
kitchen and bar, guest-check settlement, timekeeping, and advantages and disadvantages is still on-going even into the
interactive charge posting to guest folios” [7]. The core present [5]. Even though most of the literatures reviewed in
system for FOH & BOH processes is the POS application [2]. this paper, which most researchers developed systems for use
POS systems date back to the early 1980s. They make it in the restaurant business processes, most of which are based
possible to update prices, change menu items, and track sales on the use of POS. In this paper, the researchers have
data through POS systems, all in a simple and quick way [3]. developed a DD-TPS with integrated modules for POS,
A POS system has mainly two components, which are POS payroll management, credit card and inventory controls.
hardware and POS software [16] cited by [5].The POS
hardware systems are installed on computers and provide the 3. METHODOLOGY
capability of connecting any piece of equipment or device to According to [1] the system methodology in operations
the POS such as: touch screen terminal, integrated credit card research has generated widespread discussion in academic and
swipe device and table side ordering devices such as handheld practitioner circles. System methodology and design in
terminals [6]. [16] argued that the POS hardware is worthless operations research is pitching its tent towards system design
itself and cannot work for the purpose of the restaurants, so and methodology in information system. There is various
there should be some POS applications installed into POS method of developing a Data-Driven Transaction Processing
hardware to instruct to what to do, how to do it and when to System (DD-TPS) application for an organization. The
do it. development of the restaurant system/application involves
having a complete understanding of its design architecture.
Advancement in POS technology results in user-friendly POS The design has two phases (Front-end and Backend).
hardware such as touch 24 screen terminals which are very
informative and easy to use [11]. The eZee Burrp is another 3.1 System Design and Analysis
restaurant application that uses the POS system which was The Logical Model of DD-TPS: Having investigated the
fully integrated and spontaneous Restaurant/Bar POS business profile of AUN’s restaurant which describes overall
Software, the system is suitable to manage restaurant, bar, functions, processes and functions of the business, the
quick service restaurant, delivery, and take away outlets. It is researcher’s uses these facts as basic input requirements for
a simple approach system that is capable of supporting all the development of the logical models. In this study the
languages, easy to use, and comprises rock-solid security [20]. logical model of the System shows what the system must do
A touchscreen terminal is made of a flat screen and regardless of how it will be implemented. The modeling tool
microprocessor to control it [16]. It is a flexible device used to represent the external behavior of the system is Data
providing ease to data entry and meal selections, and Flow Diagram (DFD). We graphically describe the movement
eliminating incomplete orders [16]. Additionally, [3] state that of data through the DD-TPS System at various stages which
touch screen terminals decrease the number of staff working helps Users, Managers, and Non-technical users to understand
on the front line and decrease customers’ wait time. the design of the proposed DD-TPS. The DFD applied in this
Moreover, advanced touch screen terminals reduce the burden study is hierarchical, with a single top level. The Context
of employee training and increase employee effectiveness and Diagram in Figure 2 shows the highest level represented as a
efficiency [11]. In 2012, 81% of the bill payments in fine single process called context diagram. Also each of the entity
dining restaurants were processed through credit, debit and/or such as POS, Payroll, ATM Card payment, and Inventory is
pre-paid cards [21]. Therefore, an integrated credit card swipe indicated in context diagram.
device is now an inseparable part of the advanced POS

11
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 149 – No.6, September 2016

Figure 2: Context Diagram for DD-TPS

Levels Zero Diagrams: Each of the entity (POS, Payroll, diagram in Figure 2 is further decomposes into level zero as
ATM Card payment, and Inventory) indicated in context shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Levels Zero Diagrams for POS, Payroll, ATM Card payment, and Inventory.
The researchers have used the eclectic blend of Newsvendor represent the system. The adopted inventory models
models from operations research and data flow diagram from (Newsvendor model) is used to build an inventory module of
information system. A combination of mathematical model the system, while data flow diagram was used to represent the
and pictorial or graphical models was also utilized to system at various stages of development which can help users,

12
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 149 – No.6, September 2016

managers and non-technical users to understand the design of database-driven application with SMS (Short Messaging
the system. It shows how data moves through the system but Services) alert components. The back –end (Database) is
not the program logic or processing steps. created with SQL. Figure 4 is the structure and relationship
between the tables used for Payroll System.
Database Design for the System: This is the graphical model
that depicts the relationship among the table that store user’s
information within the database. The constructed DD-TPS is a

Figure 4: Entity Diagram for the Payroll System.

Figure 5 is the database structure for POS and E- Payment normalized to prevent data redundancy and provide better
System. All these work together managing data and integrity to the data.
information coming from the users’ interface. The tables are

Figure 5: Point of Sale SMS-alert System Table.

Interface Design (input/output): The front-end is the user storing input data and stored procedures for implementation.
interface design consisting of windows forms, back-end which The interface design comprises of both input and output
contains the database of the application, comprises tables for designs of the system. The system input is designed to receive

13
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 149 – No.6, September 2016

data from the user or administrators. The system output The reason for adding Data Access Layer to the adopted 3 –
present information to the user either as a single query or in tier architecture is to provide security for the confidential data
report format. The system output varies from search results, and information of the organization. We assume that TDE
query reports, login authentication message, exception (Transparent Data Encryption) that came with MS-SQL
messages, etc. The system output is the most important Server to encrypt the entire database can be decrypted by any
component of a working system because the interactivity of data base administrator. In order to prevent the records in the
the system depends on its output. This is the main reason why database being hacked by intruders we introduce Data Access
the output of an information system determines the Layer with encryption algorithms to transform the incoming
effectiveness and efficiency of the system. and processed data (Information) into Cipher-text. The
client/server design (see Figure 6) style is adopted and modify
3.2 System Requirements with the inclusion of data access layer to execute the proposed
The development tools used for the system are: DD-TPS. It has four different layers with various specific
functions performed by each of the layer:
 Visual Studio 2008 (VB.NET): This tool is used for
front-end coding and component building. i. User services: This is the visible or external layer where
 Reporting Tools (Crystal Report 11v): A reporting users (Staff, Management Staff, and Supervisors) can
engine used to generate report from the dataset for interact with the system. It is also called presentation
users’ need. logic. It is a user interface which handles data entry, data
 MS-SQL Server: An enterprise database engine query, report generation etc. Each of the modules (POS,
used to store all data from the front – end. Payroll, ATM Card Payment, and Inventory) integrated
The minimum requirement for running this information into this system DD-TPS has its own user interface
system called DD-TPS is as follows: which allows various users to enter their data for
processing. It is a graphic user interface, characterized
Software requirement: Operating System such as any window with the following features: Mouse click event, Pop-up
version OS like window 7, 8, and window server 2003, 2008, menu, Confirmation dialog box for execution of
2012, Web browser (Google chrome, internet explorer and commands and Tool tips message. In this design, the user
Mozilla) Visual-Studio 2008, SQL Server 2008 and Crystal interface only runs on the client’s side.
Report 10v.
ii. Business Services: This is the middle layer or business
Hardware requirement: Processor of 1.7 GHz clock speed, logic or business logic server or application logic. Any
RAM (Random Access Memory) of 1 Gigabyte, Hard drive form of request made by users from the user interface
size of 20 Gigabyte free space, Four Client system (monitor will be handled in this layer and the request passed to the
and system unit) and Printer HP. Please use a 9-point Times server for processing. Some requests will either be
Roman font, or other Roman font with serifs, as close as passed to the Data Access Layer to be encrypted or to the
possible in appearance to Times Roman in which these database server to be stored. This is the power house of
guidelines have been set. The goal is to have a 9-point text, as all the layers where programming codes reside. There is
you see here. Please use sans-serif or non-proportional fonts a link among the data access layer and database server in
only for special purposes, such as distinguishing source code order to enhance thorough communication from the
text. If Times Roman is not available, try the font named front-end and back -end.
Computer Modern Roman. On a Macintosh, use the font
iii. Data Access Layer: This layer is purposefully introduced
named Times. Right margins should be justified, not ragged.
to secure incoming data before getting to the database
3.3 System Development Process server. There is a need to provide enough security for the
users’ ATM card passwords, staff payroll slip, inventory
According to [22] the goal of a system developer is to deliver
detail etc. An encryption algorithm is executed on every
the best possible information system, at the lowest possible
confidential data that is passed to this layer, and
cost, in the shortest possible time. Due to the fact that
decryption of Cipher- text information into plain text is
information system affect people throughout the organization,
also performed in this layer.
the researcher used the team-oriented approach called Rapid
Application Development (RAD) as the most appropriate Data services: This layer is called database server which
approach to be used for the development of the system. RAD stores the data and provides data access and database
provides a fast-track approach to a full spectrum of system management function to all the organization’s information:
development tasks including planning, design, construction, The database server in this layer processes SQL statements
and implementation. Also it speeds up information systems used in manipulating, processing and managing data.
development and produces a functioning information system Database components like tables, triggers, store procedures,
with reduced cost and increase the probability of success. and user-defined functions created for this system stored in
this layer.
3.4 Proposed System Architecture
A client-server design style is used in this study. In this SMS Alert Components: This component sits on the database
design, the database server processes individual SQL having its interface at the front-end of ATM card payment
commands, the transaction server handles a set of SQL module and Payroll module. On every transaction in any of
commands; the object server exchanges object messages with the modules the DD-TPS push the short message service alert
clients and a web server sends and receives internet based via internet connectivity to the SMSC to the client’s mobile
communication. A 3 – tier architecture is used with additional phones. The push SMS technology is adopted for this system,
security layer called data access layer. The proposed DD-TPS which allows short message service to be sent in form of alert
is a type of information system that integrates four different and never allows responses from the users. So it is one
modules together on a single platform i.e. Model- driven directional flow of message. In summary, the major reason for
Inventory System, Payroll – System, POS and ATM Card using the three – tier architecture for the development of DD-
Payment Transaction. TPS is simply because of the following facts:

14
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 149 – No.6, September 2016

 Enhancement of overall performance of the DD-  It provides easy maintenance of each layer because
TPS by reducing the data server work load. the DD-TPS is developed on each layer with
specific components.

Figure 6: The proposed 3 Tier Client/Server Architecture for DD-TPS.

which in turn checks the database by verifying if both the

3.5 The Proposed System Interfaces Username and Password supplied exist in the database. If true,
The first set of input to the system is a pair of Username and
the system authenticates the user else, the user is denied
Password. After the pair has been entered, the system
access as can be seen in Figure 7. The other inputs to the
authenticates the user by validating the username and
system are only carried out after the user has been granted
password. This is done by calling the login stored procedure
access to the system.

Figure 7: Log-in Page for Password Authentication.

The interface in Figure 8 provides a platform for entering i. Submit button: On clicking the button, it saves each
employees’ profiles and monthly salaries. The interface has employee’s salary detail and profile in a database
the following features: and clears the screen for the next entry.

15
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 149 – No.6, September 2016

ii. Search button: On clicking the button after the staff iv. Display: It helps to display all records from the
identification number is provided, the details about database
that particular employee is displayed on the screen. v. Update: This button helps to modify employee’s
iii. Delete: On clicking the button, it requests for the details.
staff identification number of the employee’s record
to be deleted with confirmation dialog box. It Print: It is used to print employee’s pay slip.
deletes the record permanently.

Figure 8: Users’ Interface for Payroll System.

The interface for placing order for customers and payments sent to the customers’ hand phone immediately transaction is
are either carried out through cash or E-payment. SMS alert is done via E-payment system as can be seen in Figure 9.

16
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 149 – No.6, September 2016

Figure 9: Users’ Interface for Point of Sale and E-payment.

Figure 10 shows the interface where values for selling price system also display statistical table for further computation of
and cost price are entered by the users. The computations of optimum inventory policy for each meal item (M1, M2, M3,
critical Ratio and Z value are carried out by the system. The M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12).

17
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 149 – No.6, September 2016

Figure 10: Users’ Interface for Newsvendor Model Implementation.

Figure 11: is the interface for capturing total quantities of each computation of mean, standard deviation and V% are carried
meal (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, and out on clicking Compute link on the interface.
M11and M12) ordered by customers on daily basis. The

18
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 149 – No.6, September 2016

Figure 11: Users’ Interface for Newsvendor Model Implementation.

From the computed results the Optimum Inventory Policy 4. CONCLUSSION
(OIP) is as follows: In this paper, the researchers have developed a Data-Driven
(OIP) 1: shows that to maximize the profit to order 8 types of Information System that is used as a stand-alone system to
meal 1 instead of 6 type of meal 1. POS for ordering and tracking sales, modules that determine
the level of menu items the organization must maintain to
(OIP) 2: show that instead of preparing 6 type of meal 2, we ensure smooth operations and also computerization of
need to make it 7 type of meal 2. employee payroll management. On the basis of our findings
(OIP) 3: shows that instead of doing 12 type of meal 3 we can during the course of the study, it is obvious that much have
do actually 16 of it. been invested in purchasing an information system in order to
manage business processes within an organization. The
(OIP) 4: shows that instead of doing 6 of meal 4 we can do 7 researchers have successfully proposed for a DD-TPS that
of meal 4. integrates four different modules into a single platform which
minimizes the cost of buying four different modules for
(OIP) 5: shows that there is no need of increasing the number AUN’s Restaurant. The DD-TPS is a system developed with
of meal. the following modules: POS module, Inventory module and
(OIP) 6: shows that we can do 9 of meal 6 instead of 7 of payroll module and was successfully implemented to
meal 6. minimize the cost of buying four different systems. The DD-
TPS modeled with DFD was developed and implemented as a
(OIP) 7: we can do 8 of meal 7 instead of 6 of meal 7. replacement for the manual method adopted by the AUN’s
(OIP) 8: there is no need either to increase or decrease the restaurant. The proposed DD-TPS has four different modules
number of meal. which include: POS, model-driven inventory system, Payroll
system and E-payment system. The four modules are sharing
the same database on same server for better maintenance and
functionality.

19
 International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 149 – No.6, September 2016

5. REFERENCES [13] Huber, M. M. 2003. Measurement of Restaurant

[1] Ackoff, R. L. 1979. The future of Operational Research Manager Perceptions of Restaurant Management
is Past. Journal of the Operational Research Society, Information Systems. School of graduate studies, Ohio
30(2), 93-104. State University, USA.

[2] AH&LA 2006. Food and Beverage Systems Retrieved [14] Huo, Y. H. 1998. Information technology and the
from performance of the restaurant firms. Journal of
http://www.ahla.com/uploadedFiles/AHLA/Members_O Hospitality and Tourism Research, 22(3), 239-251.
nly/_Common/technology_primers_pdf/88126NEI01EN [15] Ibrahim, I. and Oye, N. D. 2016. Modelling and
GE.pdf. Simulation of a Decision Support System Prototype Built
[3] Ansel, D., & Dyer, C. 1999. A framework for restaurant on an Improved Data Warehousing Architecture for the
information technology. The Cornell Hotel and School of Postgraduate, MAUTECH, Yola – Nigeria.
Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 40(3), 74-4. Information and Knowledge Management: 6 (1), 88-103.

[4] Arun, S. and Atish, P. S. 2005. A Comparison of Data [16] Kasavana, M. L. 2011. Managing Technology in the
Warehousing Methodologies Communications of the Hospitality Industry (6th Ed.). Lansing, MI: The
ACM. 48, 3. American Hotel and Lodging Educational Institute.

[5] Cavusoglu, M. 2015. An Analysis of Technology [17] Kuo, T. P. 2004. An Analysis of the Typology of
Applications in the Restaurant Industry. Department of Customer Satisfaction, Service Failure and Recovery in
Hospitality Management College of Hospitality and Restaurant Industry: A Study of Restaurants in Taiwan,
Technology Leadership University of South Florida, Journal of Tourism Studies, 10(2), 69-9.
USA. [18] Manion, C., and DeMicco, F. J. 2005. Handheld wireless
[6] Collins, G., Cobanoglu, C., & Bilgihan, A. 2013. point of sale systems in the restaurant industry. Journal
Hospitality Information Technology: Learning How to of Foodservice Business Research, 7(2), 103-111.
Use it (7th Ed.) Kendall Hunt. [19] Mastroberte, T. 2014. What's new in POS hardware for
[7] Collins, G and Malik, T. 1998. Strategic planning and 2014? Hospitality Technology. Retrieved from
firm performance: A synthesis of more than two decades http://hospitalitytechnology.edgl.com/news/What-s-New-
of research. Academy of Management Journal, 37, (6), in- POS-Hardware-for-201495084.
1649-1665. [20] Nur, H. B. I. 2011. Restaurant Ordering System Using
[8] Chang, B. and Hoffman K. D. 1998. Critical Incidents. Mobile Application Faculty of Computer System and
Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly Software Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang.
June: 66-71. [21] Satran, J. 2013. Credit Cards and Restaurants: Industries
[9] Chien, C., C. H. C. and Hsu, J. H. 1998. Computer Use Mull 'Cashless' Dining Consequences. Retrieved from
in Independent Restaurants. Journal of Hospitality & http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/23/credit-
Tourism Research, 22(2): 158-173. cardsrestaurants- cashless-dining_n_2482242.html.

[10] Cho, W., and Olsen, M. D. 1998. A case study approach [22] Shelly, C. & Roseublatt, S. 2010. System Analysis and
to understanding the impact of information technology Design. ISBN- 10: 0338474432 pg. 12 – 13.
on competitive advantage in the lodging industry. [23] Temitope, A. O. and Raufu, O. O. 2011. Design of Data
Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 22(4), Warehouse and DSS: A case study of a Retail Industry.
376-394. School of Computing, Blekinge Institute of Technology,
[11] DeMicco, F., Cobanoglu, C., Dunbar, J., Grimes, R., Karlskrona, Sweden.
Chen, C., & Keiser, J. R. 2015. Restaurant Management: [24] Whitaker, M. 1986. The diffusion of information
A Best Practices Approach. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt. technology across the hotel and catering industry.
[12] Ellison, M. B. and Mann, L. 2000. Food Service International Journal of Hospitality Management 5(2):
Information Technology Assessment: A Foundation for 95-96.
Strategic Planning. International CHRIE, New Orleans,
LA.

IJCATM : www.ijcaonline.org
20

View publication stats