Running Head: Engineering Standards and Societies 1

Summer 2020- E-Learning Assessment-4 (15%)

Grade:

Course Code/Title : ME290 Global Eng. Prof. Seminar

Section Number : O1

Instructor Name : Dr. Ali Dinc

Semester/Year : Spring 2020

Assignment/Homework/Project Report Title:

The purpose of using Engineering Standards

Due Date: 06 Aug 2020 to be delivered as electronic copy only (upload to

Moodle as word or pdf) individually.

Name your solution file as StudentID.StudentName.ME290Asm4.doc or pdf

(example: 12345.AlbertEinstein.ME290Asm4.doc) to upload in Moodle

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Submission Date:

Student Name and Number

1.

Student declaration:
By writing my name above, I attest that I have done this assessment /homework/
assignment alone.  I understand that any act of plagiarism will be treated as an
academic misconduct for which provisions stipulated in the Student Code of Conduct
should apply.
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Engineering Standards and Societies

Contents

Abstract......................................................................................................................................3

Introduction................................................................................................................................4

Purpose of Using Engineering Standards...................................................................................5

Engineering Standards for the Car design..................................................................................8

Conclusion................................................................................................................................11

References................................................................................................................................12
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Engineering Standards and Societies

Abstract

The development of complex systems, improvement in mass production system and

engineering excellence is the ultimate result of standards and standardization. Initially

standards were supposed to be weak set of rules and abandoned theory but later on it was

recognized that standards and standardization is the ultimate way to cope with consumer

demand and successful implementation of procedures. These set of instruction and rules

dictate nature of material to be used, manufacturing techniques, optimal requirements and its

applications. These standard have bene developed to ensure minimum performance criteria,

workplace safety and consumer safety, interchangeability, repeatability, testing,

compatibility, better communication, environmental protection and raising consumer

confidence. One of the most important sector utilizing standards and codes is the car and

automobile design industry. This report discusses major purposes of standards in first section

and then basic standards for car design in second section.

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Engineering Standards and Societies

Introduction

Industrial revolutions have completely altered the shape of physical world, improved

the lifestyle of human beings and enhanced the capacity of industrial sectors to cope with

consumer demands and requirements. Further improvement, innovations and introduction of

technologies require uniformity and set of rituals to ensure that the services delivered by

companies and their products are compatible with consumer demands. Humans have made a

way out and developed ‘Standards’ and these requirements are being accomplished by these

Standards and Specifications.

A Standard (EWP 2020) is defined as a document with set of instructions,

conditions and rules for manufacturing the goods and materials, their testing,

applications and maintenance. These standards actually provide a way to communicate

with the people and organizations for mutual understanding. It provides roadmap towards

uniformity and innovation. Since their establishment, standards have been facilitating

manufacturing of products, tracking consumer demand, measurement, testing and analysis of

products.

Standard is not just a piece of paper developed by industries but a document prepared

by professional carrying mandatory requirements and believed to be good enough for

engineering practices, manufacturing and maintenance. These documents ensure (Global

2020) cost reduction, mitigating risks, consistency, uniformity, trade border elimination,

optimal conditions, instructions, procedures and guidance for maintaining the product

compatibility with requirements and specifications. It also describes how material should be

used, at what conditions it should be processed, manufactured, how it is to be treated &

stored and testing.

Some of the well-known international societies for standards are; International

Organization for standardization (IS0), International Maritime Organization (IM0),

International union of pure and applied chemists (IUPAC), Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers (IEEE), American society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and

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Engineering Standards and Societies

American society for heating, refrigeration, air-conditioning Engineers. There are many types

of standards developed by these organizations for design, execution, production, safety,

symbolization, units, testing methods and appraising. Many of the standards have been

developed for analysis, manufacturing, drawing, operation safety, structure, grade, quality

and performance (Library 2014). These standards have revolutionized everything and

facilitating uniform operation in each sector.

Purpose of Using Engineering Standards

Engineering standards are not juts formal documents rather a set of instructions and

procedures to execute required operation, process or task in a most suitable way. Engineering

standards are designed keeping in view many of the underlying purposes. Some of them are

given below,

To ensure minimum Performance

All the products and services are developed to meet some specific requirements and

key consumer demands. It has been found that sometimes user tend to alter the desirable

quality in the product. Standards and standardization find out the critical parameter (UNIDO

2006) in the product or service and develops methodology to meet with that specific

requirement. For examples, in lightning applications dimming and brightness are two major

parameters. Standards help in maintaining the brightness and dimming testing of lighting

appliances.

Consistency and Repeatability

Repeatability is the major driver of product yield in manufacturing. There are many

methods to make the production consistent and repeatable; Preventive maintenance,

Automation, precision improvement and standard process module. One of the best method is

standard process module (Vacuum 2019). It enables the industry to preserve key steps,

scaling up and maintaining the efficiency of production without varying the quality of

product. For example, standardization for repeatability has helped a lot in thin film

production through deposition modelling.

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Engineering Standards and Societies

Material, testing and Applications

One of the key purpose of standards is to make testing of materials relatively easy and

to broad its spectrum. These standards provides information where to use the material, how to

use it for definite application and its impact on environment. These material application range

from nuclear sector to medical devices and automobile to aerospace industry.

Industrial and consumer Safety

One of the major purpose of the implementation of standards is to set establish safety

practices (UNIDO 2006). These standards identify the processes, services, circumstances and

parameters which are threatening to workers and consumers and then eliminate these dangers

by establishing methodology and prevention mechanism. For example, design standards force

the manufacturers to completely insulate the electric appliances in order to protect consumer

from ant sort of shock and environmental hazard. Many standards have been forced which

compel the workers to use proper safety kits, uniform and trainings.

Cost Reduction

Standardization has been found useful in cost reduction (Ketterling 2017). On

standardizing the purchasing parts and product parts, operation and tasks become flexible

which ultimately decreases the inventory cost. This also reduce the overhead cost,

manufacturing cost, billing cost and transportation costs. So. One of the main purpose of

standards is to reduce the cost of product.

Communication

One of the critical purpose of ‘standards’ and standardization is to make the

communication easy and reliable. This communications involves transfer of technologies,

products and processes. Once all the things are standardized, it is relatively easier to transfer

the technology through transfer of a document containing information and data. Standards

contain precise information in documented form so it contributes toward accurate and better
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Engineering Standards and Societies

communication. In many sectors as railways, aerospace industry, automotive industry and

services sector standards have made communication easy and reliable.

Interchangeability

When a technology, process or product is suitable to be used in place of another

technology, process or product and fulfill all the requirements then this is known as

interchangeability. This allows the technologies to be used everywhere despite the design

changes and other considerations. This is only possible because of standards. Standards allow

the manufacturing of product which could be used in many applications. For examples, Blood

Glucometer can be made of different design but having ability to catch every blood sugar

strip or vice versa. Similarly, shaving blades are made of different designs but can be used in

same type of razors.

Maintenance

Standards are also involved in maintenance. They have been found successful as these

standards allow better communication among the professionals, disseminate the ideas, make

the practices harmonic with ideas, define criteria and provide good results. Standards

developed for maintenance define the criteria to carry out maintenance and its safety.

Consumer confidence

Standards have enabled the industrial and construction sector in gaining the

consumer’s confidence. Consumers go for the better products which would be able to meet

their requirements. Since standardization has come in power, it has raised the consumer

confidence (SBB 2018) over manufacturers and products. Practically, a foreign manufacturer

has no power to check and keep the performance of his product but if standard is being

followed by the local manufacturer then it is good enough to keep an eye on the product. All

the consumers look for a specific logo that means they are after a sign showing that this

product is manufactures by certain manufacturer who practices a certain standard.

Compatibility
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Engineering Standards and Societies

One of the major purpose of standards is to establish compatibility (UNIDO 2006).

When products and processes are developed in parallel way, they pose serious problems if

they are not compatible with each other. This compatibility can be easily achieved through

standardization. Standards allow the processes and products to be combined without causing

any trouble to end product or process. For example, motorbike silencer is the end product of

many individual products. If all the individual products are not compatible with each other so

the assembly of products will cause serious trouble. That is why standardization is necessary

which makes all the individual components compatible with each other.

Engineering Excellence

Engineering excellence (Gill and Vaughan 2006;573) is considered to be the ultimate

goal of all the industrial and engineering sectors. This excellence in production, maintenance,

manufacturing, repeatability, reuse, high quality and accuracy can be achieved through

standards and standardization.

Environmental Protection

Standardization has been found useful in environmental protection. For over the past

decades, environmental destruction and conservation has become serious subject of interest.

Human activities have caused serious destruction to environment which can only be

prevented through standards. Now all the products and their processes are designed so that

they produce minimum pollutants and waste material is disposed suitably.

Engineering Standards for a Car design

Automotive industry has its own standards and codes which are being used for

standardized manufacturing, maintenance and design. Some of the car design standards are,

Sr.
Name Number Reference
No.

ASTM STANDARDS

Standard Classification
System for Rubber ASTM D2000 - 18 https://www.astm.org/Standards/D200
1
Products in Automotive 0.htm
Applications
2 Standard Test Method ASTM D1881 - 17 https://www.astm.org/Standards/D188
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Engineering Standards and Societies

for Foaming
Tendencies of Engine 1.htm
Coolants in Glassware
Standard Test Method
for Evaluating
Unleaded Automotive ASTM D5598 - 20 https://www.astm.org/Standards/D559
3
Spark-Ignition Engine 8.htm
Fuel for Electronic Port
Fuel Injector Fouling
Standard Specification
ASTM A503 /
for Ultrasonic https://www.astm.org/Standards/A503.
4 A503M - 15(2020
Examination of Forged htm
Crankshafts
Standard Test Method ASTM D2758 -
https://www.astm.org/Standards/D275
5 for Engine Coolants by 94(2009)
8.htm
Engine Dynamometer
Standard Practice for
ASTM D3836 - 13 https://www.astm.org/Standards/D383
6 Evaluation of
6.htm
Automotive Polish
Standard Specification
ASTM D4814 - 20a https://www.astm.org/Standards/D481
7 for Automotive Spark-
4.htm
Ignition Engine Fuel
Standard Test Method ASTM F1922 -
https://www.astm.org/Standards/F1922
8 for Tires, Pneumatic, 98(2014
.htm
Vehicular, Highway
Standard Specification
for Bearing, Roller, ASTM F2246 -
https://www.astm.org/Standards/F2246
9 Needle: Thick Outer 06(2013
.htm
Ring with Rollers and
Cage
Standard Test Method
for Life Performance of ASTM D3527 - 18 https://www.astm.org/Standards/D352
10
Automotive Wheel 7.htm
Bearing Grease
Standard Terminology
ASTM D4725 - 15 https://www.astm.org/Standards/D472
11 for Engine Coolants
5.htm
and Related Fluids
Standard Guide for
Measuring the Wear
Volumes of Piston
Ring Segments Run ASTM G206 - 17 https://www.astm.org/Standards/G206.
12
against Flat Coupons in htm
Reciprocating Wear
Tests

Standard Test Methods

for Evaluating Wet
Braking Traction
Performance of ASTM F1649 - 13
13 https://www.astm.org/Standards/F1649.htm
Passenger Car Tires on
Vehicles Equipped
with Anti-Lock
Braking Systems
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Engineering Standards and Societies

ISO STANDARDS
Road vehicles —
Passenger car wheels for ISO 3006:2015 https://www.iso.org/standard/60208.ht
1
road use — Test ml?browse=tc
methods
Road vehicles —
Wheels/rims for commercial ISO 3894:2015 https://www.iso.org/standard/60209.ht
2
vehicles — Test methods ml?browse=tc

Road vehicles —
Specification of non-
ISO 4925:2020 https://www.iso.org/standard/79370.ht
3 petroleum-based brake
ml?browse=tc
fluids for hydraulic
system
Road vehicles — https://www.iso.org/standard/54513.ht
ISO 2575:2010
4 Symbols for controls,
indicators and tell-tales ml
Road vehicles —
Measurement methods
for exhaust gas ISO 3929:2003
5 https://www.iso.org/standard/36351.html
emissions during
inspection or
maintenance
TRANSMISSIONS,
SUSPENSIONSINCLU
DING CLUTCHES,
GEARBOXES,
POWER-STEERING ISO 43.040.50
6 https://www.iso.org/ics/43.040.50/x/
SYSTEMS, CARDAN
SHAFTS,
DIFFERENTIALS,
WHEELS, RIMS, ETC.

Lubricants, industrial
https://www.iso.org/standard/44301.html#:~:te
oils and related products
(Class L) — Family X ISO 12924:2010 xt=ISO%2012924%3A2010%20also
7
(Greases) — %20stipulates,have%20more%20than%20one
Specification %20symbol.

Lubricants, industrial
oils and related products
(class L) — Family E
(internal combustion
https://www.iso.org/standard/40039.html#:~:te
engine oils) —
Specifications for oils ISO 24254:2007 xt=ISO%2024254%3A2007%20specifies
8
for use in four-stroke %20the,(transmission%2C%20clutch%2C
cycle motorcycle %20starter)
gasoline engines and
associated drivetrains
(categories EMA and
EMB)
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Engineering Standards and Societies

Conclusion

Following conclusions can be drawn On the basis of this research report,

i. After industrial revolutions, the most suitable and critical way to cope with the

consumer demands is development and application of standards and standardized

procedures.

ii. A Standard is the professional documents which carries information, rules and codes

to manufacture goods, their testing and applications. A standard defines which

material is to be used, how it is to be used and where to be used. It also dictates the

methodology for successful implementation of procedure by setting baseline

requirements.

iii. Many standards have been developed for the sake of safety of worker and consumer,

consistency and repeatability, enhancing efficiency and for environmental protection.

iv. Standardization has been found useful in reducing the cost as it allows reliable

communication and enhances the inventory. Standards allows to change the vendor

only if the vendor executes required standard procedure.

v. It is only because of standards that a product, process or application can be used in

place of another product, process and application. This is called interchangeability.

Despite the different design and material, the product can be used in coherence with

another product.

vi. Standardization has ultimately raised consumer’s confidence. The consumers tend to

look for the products with specific logo which confirms that the product is being

manufactures through a specific set of standard which is reliable and effective.

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Engineering Standards and Societies

vii. Automotive industry widely practices standards and standardization procedures for

manufacturing, testing and maintenance of the cars. It ensures that certain critical

requirements are being accomplished in manufacturing and services.

References
EWP (2020) What are Engineering Standards?

Gill, P. and Vaughan, W. (2006) Engineering Excellence and Role of Technical Standards. 44th AIAA

Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit.

Global, S. (2020) Helping you power up your world with Standards. https://infostore.saiglobal.com/en-

us/8_benefits_of_standards/

Ketterling, R. (2017) Using Standardization to Reduce Manufacturing Costs – Benefits of Standardization.

https://bautomation.com/using-standardization-to-reduce-manufacturing-costs-benefits-of-

standardization/

Library, U. (2014) What are Standards? https://guides.library.ucla.edu/c.php?g=180272&p=1190833

SBB (2018) CASE STUDIES: Consumer Confidence. https://www.standardsboostbusiness.org/case-

consumer.aspx

UNIDO (2006) Role of Standards. https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2009-04/Role_of_standards_0.pdf

Vacuum, D. (2019) Achieving Repeatability in High-Volume Manufacturing.