Kishan Sirohi Tos Assignment

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
ASSIGNMENT - 3
UNIT 4:
STEEL ROOF TRUSSES
SUBMITTED BY-
KISHAN SIROHI
II YEAR (A)
VASTU KALA ACADEMY

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
9/1, Institutional Area (Opp. JNU East Gate), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg,
New Delhi, Delhi 110067
1.What are the component parts of a steel roof truss?
Top Chord
The uppermost line of members that extend from one support to the other through the apex is
called top chord. The top chord is also known as the upper chord of the roof truss.
Bottom Chord
The lowermost line of members of truss extending from one support to the other is called
bottom chord. The bottom chord is also known as lower chord of the root truss.
Span
The distance between the supporting end joints of a truss is called its span. When supported on
walls, the distance between the centres of bearings would be considered as span. When framed into
columns the distance between the column faces may be regarded as the span.
Rise
The rise of a roof truss is the vertical distance measured from the apex to the line joining
supports
Pitch
The ratio of the rise to the span is called the pitch of a roof truss. It is also expressed sometimes as
the angle between the lower and the upper chords. Roofs are pitched to facilitate drainage of
water. Where the roofs are to carry snow loads in addition to wind load, a pitch of 1/4 is most
common and economical. The pitches 1/3 and 1/5 and corresponding to an angle of inclination of
30 degrees are also commonly employed.
Slope
The slope of a roof is defined as the tangent of the angle that the plane of the roof makes with
horizontal. The slope of the roof therefore is not equal to the pitch and greater care should be
taken to see that the two terms are not used. The slope of the roof is equal to twice the
numerical value of pitch in all the cases whether truss is symmetrical or unsymmetrical.
Wind Bracing
Provides stability to truss and resists wind drag along the roof
Panel
The portion of the truss typing between two consecutive joints in a principal rafter of a roof
truss is called a panel. It is also defined as the distance between the two adjacent purlins.
Bay
The portion of a roof truss contained between any two consecutive trusses is called as Bay.
Purlin
The purlins are horizontal beams spanning between the two adjacent trusses. These are the structural
members subjected to transverse loads and rest on the top chords of root trusses. The purlins are
meant to carry the loads of the roofing material and to transfer it on the panel points.
Sub-purlins
The sub-purlins are the secondary system of purlins resting on the rafter. These are
spaced to support the tiles or slate coverings.
Rafters
The rafters are beams and rest on the purlins. The rafters support the sheathing. They may support sub-
purlins directly. These are called common rafters to distinguish from principal rafter.
Sheathing
The sheathing are coverings of boards or reinforced concrete. They provide support for the
roof covering.
Ridge Line
The ridge line is a line joining the vertices of the trusses.
Eaves
The bottom edges of an inclined roof surface or a pitched roof is termed as eaves.
Principal Rafter
The top chord members are called principal rafters.They carry compressive forces.
Truss Spacing
The spacing of the truss depends on the type of roof used, the truss span, the function of the
building, the subsoil conditions etc. The spacing varies from about 4 m for short span structures to
10 m for relatively long span construction. Spacing as large as 10 m has occasionally been used for
truss spans of 40-50 m. A good thumb rule for the truss spacing is 1/5 to 1/3 of their span.
Depth of a Truss
The depth of a truss determines its strength, stiffness, its first cost and the cost of transportation to the
site and subsequent erection. It should be obvious that a deep truss develops smaller forces in the chord
members thus reducing their size and hence the cost. The height to span ratio ranging from 1/10 to 1/5 is
often used in practice.
Spacing of Purlins
The spacing of purlins is defined as the distance between two adjacent panel points, if purlins are
placed at panel points only. Generally the spacing of purlins varies from 2 m to 3 m.
Sag Tie
A sag tie is a tie member provided to join the peak of truss and the middle tie member. The length
of the middle tie member used to be large. The deflection of this member due to self-weight may
be 'large. When a sag-tie is provided as shown in Figure ,it decreases the deflection of the middle
tie member.
`
2. What are standardized trusses? What information can be obtained from SP 38
How is it beneficial for Architects?
SP38-1987 is a Handbook which provides standard designs for 1. A-type trusses 2. Lean to type trusses
This handbook provides a range of “Ready-to-Use” designs for “A” type steel roof truss and Lean to type
truss by considering parameters like span and pitch of steel roof truss, height of column, basic wind speed
of the site.
Analyzing huge trusses and working out the designs from the fundamentals is tedious and time
consuming. This cannot be resorted to the design offices these days, where time plays an important role.
Various software's have been used to analyze these trusses and a design has been worked out and can be
used
Hence this handbook is used by Architects and Engineers to simplify their work and adopt a suitable
standard truss from this handbook for their design. The Handbook is not to be used for design of structures
intended for process or heavy industries. The Handbook may be used only for design of industrial sheds
meant for storage purposes or light industrial structres.
These trusses in the handbook are called as Standardized trusses.

Standardized trusses are those truss designs that have a standardized set of dimensions, span, no. of web
members, no. of joints that are given in Indian standards or any prescribed guide book. These trusses are
used for larger spans without a vertical member interupting the carpet area . They can carry heavier loads
than RCC structures.
SP 38 (1987)
It is an Indian standard guide for typified designs for structures with Steel Roof trusses issued by Beauro Of
Indian Standards. This guide provides with all the terminologies related to trusses and its types according
to span, standardized types of trusses, design of joineries of webs with chord, detail of roofing design,
gutter design, column design, procedure of construction, etc. This book is handy for designing a steel truss
and it also has some bylaws that needs to be followed legally.
IMPORTACE OF SP38 FOR ARCHITECTS

SP38 guide is beneficial for architects for the understanding of joineries in steel construction. It also gives
the clarity in details to overcome problems later while construction. This also helps to lessen the time
period to correct the structural problems in design by the Civil Engineer.
Some common type of Roof trusses
King Post Truss

Central vertical post used in architectural, working in tension to support a beam below from a truss apex.
This truss usually spans up to 8 meters, which makes it perfect for multiple types of houses, especially the
smaller ones.
Queen Post Truss

A very reliable, simple and versatile type of roof truss where you can use at any given time. This kind of
truss offers a span of around 10 meters, and has a simple design which makes it perfect for a wide range of
establishments.
Howe Truss
A kind of truss having upper and lower members, a combination of steel and wood or both. One thing that
makes this truss extraordinary is that it has a very wide span, as it can cover anything from 6-30 meters.
This is very useful for a wide range of project types
Pratt Truss
The prat truss is the most popular steel truss since it is very economical. It includes vertical and diagonal
members that slope down towards the center (opposite of Howe Truss). Pratt truss can cover lengths
ranging between 6-10 meters.
Fan Truss
A simple design made out of steel. Most projects with larger span of around 10-15 meters uses this kind of
truss.
North Light Roof Truss

Have a wide set of lattice girders that include support trusses. North light truss is the oldest, and most
economical kind of truss. These are found in industrial buildings, drawing rooms and large spaces, with
a span of 20-30 meters
Quadrangular Roof Trusses

Type of truss having parallel chords and an arrangement of web members of tension diagonals and
compression verticals. It is mostly encountered in auditoriums or railway sheds.
Parallel Chord Roof Truss
Constructed with two chords running parallel to each other and supported by reinforcing trusses in
between the top and bottom chords. This roof truss reduces the condensation problems and mold
conditions since they create a vapor barrier.
Raised Heel Roof Truss

Provides a cost-effective way to meet more stringent energy efficiency codes and improve the energy
efficiency of your building envelope. Raising the truss higher greatly simplifies attic ventilation and it leaves
ample room for insulation above exterior wall top plates
Scissor Roof Truss

The bottom chord members cross each other, connecting to the angled top chords at a point intermediate
on the top chords’ length, creating an appearance similar to an opened pair of scissor. A scissor truss
provides for a vaulted ceiling in the same time frame as standard trusses. Cathedral is one of the best
example of this kind of truss.
3. Refer SP 38 and mention standard spans, spacing, and slopes of roof and wind pressures
mentioned for designing purpose.
Typified designs available in the handbook are for following standard spans
1. A Type Trusses- 9 ,12 ,18 ,24, 30 meter
2. Lean to Type: 9, 12 , 15 meters

Standard spacing of Trusses in meters- 4.5 and 6m Standard R
Roof slopes = 1 in 3, 1 in 4 and 1 in 5
Standard wind pressure for which trusses are designed
Wind pressure- 1KN/m2 ; 1.5KN/m2 ; 2KN/m2
4.Write merits and demerits of tubular trusses over structural trusses.

MERITS
1. Resistance to stress:
This product comes with high tensile strength. It’s elastic and ductile. Thus, it does not break easily. In
other words, it can resist external as well as internal stress very effectively. This stress can crop up due to
uneven plotting of the structures, a wrong alignment, an improper cover, or even frequent high and lows
in temperature.
2. Resistance to shocks and seismic tremors:
The high tensile strength of the product saves it from breaking down due to sudden shocks. This is a huge
advantage in modern times given the heavy traffic that is ever on the roadways. Also, because of the
absence of brittleness, this product is the perfect solution to constructing quake-proof architectures.
3. Quick construction:
The product can be erected easily and quickly. The components are simple and predictable and hence, save
time during the process. As a matter of fact, speed of construction is one big reason why this product is
being preferred so much.
4. Corrosion free:
This structure can resist corrosion efficaciously. Get them galvanised and they will be great abrasion
resisters. The material offers itself as a wonderful substrate for paints and coatings in case it is to be set up
in extreme weather conditions.
5. Cost saver:
Steel is an affordable material. It does not decay or rot like other construction materials and hence is a
worthy investment. Moreover, it provides low maintenance and transportation costs. In short, it is a cost-
saving choice for every construction project.
What is its typical scope of application?
Tubular steel structures find their industrial usage in the construction of factories, godowns and
warehouses. They can also be applied for commercial purposes like the set up of offices, showrooms, malls
and service camps.
Health and recreational buildings like auditoria, gymnasiums, sports centres and hospitals also stand strong
when built with these products.
Other than that, poultry and dairy farms can also be set up using these tubes. Most of all, they serve the
purpose of constructing barracks and aviation hangars for defense purposes.
Really versatile products these steel tubes are, isn’t it?
Amiya understands your need-based requirements and provide the appropriate solution – from concept to
commissioning design, manufacturing under controlled conditions, quality supervision and erection with
the latest equipments.
We understand your need-based requirements, and manufacture the appropriate Space Frame, Steel
Structure, Galvalume sheet for the creation of robust pre-fabricated modular steel and metal building. The
aspects we cover are from concept to commissioning design, manufacturing under controlled conditions,
quality supervision and erection with the latest equipments.
DEMERITS
Compared to structural trusses, tubular trusses are less effective in load bearing, due to loss of steel in
hollow portions.
Use of gusset plates, welding between structural members become comparatively difficult due to change
of cross section among the embers.
Majority of tubular structures are welded, hence further amendments i.e. change of design is not possible
in tubular trusses.
5.What are the merits and demerits of Roof trusses (metal) as a large span
structural system.
ADVANTAGES
 It helps in increasing the carpet area i.e, workable space of a building by eliminating and minimizing
structural members in the interior space such as columns, walls and platform partition.
 Metal roof trusses can be manufactured to exact standards.
 They are much more lightweight and this allows for larger shipments. This reduces the time it takes
to get to the project site.
 Metal roof trusses are fire resistant.
 They are compatible with almost all types of roofing systems.
 No insect infestations can occur.
 Chemical treatments are not necessary to maintain the trusses.
 Metal roof trusses are recyclable and therefore environmentally friendly.
DISADVANTAGES
 Skilled labor is required to install metal roof trusses.

 They are not energy efficient since they allow more heat to escape from the structure.
 Metal roof trusses allow sound to be more easily transmitted.
 Temperature fluctuations allow them to move more.
 When the metal is cut, drilled, scratched or welded, rust can become a problem.
 The workers have a higher risk of electrocution when installing the metal roof trusses.
 Wires that are on the trusses can rub over time creating a hazard to anyone who happens to touch
the metal truss.
6.What should be the max. spacing of purlin for an A type truss if the spacing is 4.5m c/c
and 6m c/c. Refer SP38

Kishan Sirohi Tos Assignment

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kishan Sirohi Tos Assignment

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kishan Sirohi Tos Assignment

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THEORY OF STRUCTURES

VASTU KALA ACADEMY

These trusses in the handbook are called as Standardized trusses.

IMPORTACE OF SP38 FOR ARCHITECTS

King Post Truss

Queen Post Truss

North Light Roof Truss

Quadrangular Roof Trusses

Raised Heel Roof Truss

Scissor Roof Truss

1. A Type Trusses- 9 ,12 ,18 ,24, 30 meter

2. Lean to Type: 9, 12 , 15 meters

Roof slopes = 1 in 3, 1 in 4 and 1 in 5

Standard wind pressure for which trusses are designed

Wind pressure- 1KN/m2 ; 1.5KN/m2 ; 2KN/m2

4.Write merits and demerits of tubular trusses over structural trusses.

2. Resistance to shocks and seismic tremors:

Really versatile products these steel tubes are, isn’t it?

 Skilled labor is required to install metal roof trusses.

You might also like