St.

MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

Course Name: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES

Course Code : EC501PC

Regulation and Academic Year: R18/2019-2020

Class & Year : III YEAR I SEMESTER

Department : ECE

Faculty Name : Dr. C. ELAVARASI

Faculty Department : ECE

Sign of Faculty Verified by Dept.AAC Verified by HOD Approved by IQAC Dean (Academics) Principal
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

COURSE FILE INDEX

Task Page
Task Description
No. No.
1 Syllabus & No. of Credits  
2 COs, POs, PSOs & PEOs  
3 Course Description Form and Course Assessment Form (OBE Format)  
4 Session Planner / Syllabus Coverage & Unit Completion Date  
5 Time Table of class & self  
Student list, parent and student communication details
6  
(Mobile No., Address & E-Mail ID of parents& Students)
Material to be ordered unit wise  
a) Class notes - as per SOP, in (Hard copy& Soft copy)
 
(Note: Minimum 30 papers per Unit)
b) Application of Bloom’s Taxonomy  
7 c) Twenty Objective Bits with answer  
d) Two Assignment Questions per unit along with sample assignments  
e) Three tutorial questions per unit with answers  
f) Exam Questions  
8 Student Seminar topics  
9 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)  
10 Two Micro projects (I Year) / Mini projects (II, III & IV Year)  
Mid-Term Test Question Papers, Quality and Scheme of Evaluation along with
11  
marks
12 List of Weak Students & Remedial Action  
13 Target for University Result  
14 Activity based learning  
15 Last five years university question papers  
16 Student attendance register  
17 Content beyond syllabus  
18 Eminent Professors Blogs/Websites/MOOCs/NPTEL/Journals & E-Links  
19 List of Text Books used  

Sign of Faculty Verified by Dept.AAC Verified by HOD Approved by IQAC Dean (Academics) Principal

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND
TRANSMISSION LINES
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

1. Syllabus &
No. of Credits
 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

B.Tech. III Year I Sem. L T PC

Course Code: EC501PC 410 4

Course Objectives:
This is a structured foundation course, dealing with concepts, formulations and
applications of Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines, and is the basic
primer for all electronic communication engineering subjects. The main objectives of
the course are
 To learn the Basic Laws, Concepts and proofs related to Electrostatic
Fields and Magneto static Fields, and apply them to solve physics and
engineering problems.
 To distinguish between static and time-varying fields, and understand the
significance and utility of Maxwell’s Equations and Boundary
Conditions, and gain ability to provide solutions to communication
engineering problems.
 To analyze the characteristics of Uniform Plane Waves (UPW), determine
their propagation parameters and estimate the same for dielectric and
dissipative media.
 To conceptually understand the UPW Polarization features and Poynting
Theorem, and apply them for practical problems.
 To determine the basic Transmission Line Equations and telephone line
parameters and estimate the distortions present.
 To understand the concepts of RF Lines and their characteristics, Smith
Chart and its applications, acquire knowledge to configure circuit
elements, QWTs and HWTs, and to apply the same for practical problems.

Course Outcomes:
Having gone through this foundation course, the students would be able to
 Distinguish between the static and time-varying fields, establish the
corresponding sets of Maxwell’s Equations and Boundary Conditions, and
use them for solving engineering problems.
 Analyze the Wave Equations for good conductors and good dielectrics, and
evaluate the UPW Characteristics for several practical media of interest.
 Establish the proof and estimate the polarization features, reflection and
transmission coefficients for UPW propagation, distinguish between
Brewster and Critical Angles, and acquire knowledge of their applications.
 Determine the Transmission Line parameters for different lines characterize
the distortions and estimate the characteristics for different lines.
 Analyze the RF Line features and configure them as SC, OC Lines, QWTs and
HWTs, and design the same for effective impedance transformation.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
  Study the Smith Chart profile and stub matching features, and gain ability to
practically use the same for solving practical problems.

UNIT – I
Electrostatics: Coulomb’s Law, Electric Field Intensity – Fields due to Different
Charge Distributions, Electric Flux Density, Gauss Law and Applications, Electric
Potential, Relations Between E and V, Maxwell’s Two Equations for Electrostatic
Fields, Energy Density, Illustrative Problems. Convection and Conduction Currents,
Dielectric Constant, Isotropic and Homogeneous Dielectrics, Continuity Equation,
Relaxation Time, Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equations; Capacitance – Parallel Plate,
Coaxial, Spherical Capacitors, Illustrative Problems.
UNIT – II
Magneto statics: Biot-Savart’s Law, Ampere’s Circuital Law and Applications,
Magnetic Flux Density, Maxwell’s Two Equations for Magneto static Fields,
Magnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials, Forces due to Magnetic Fields, Ampere’s
Force Law, Illustrative Problems.
Maxwell’s Equations (Time Varying Fields): Faraday’s Law and Transformer
EMF, Inconsistency of Ampere’s Law and Displacement Current Density, Maxwell’s
Equations in Different Final Forms and Word Statements, Conditions at a Boundary
Surface : Dielectric- Dielectric and Dielectric-Conductor Interfaces, Illustrative
Problems .
UNIT – III
EM Wave Characteristics - I: Wave Equations for Conducting and Perfect
Dielectric Media, Uniform Plane Waves – Definition, All Relations Between E & H,
Sinusoidal Variations, Wave Propagation in Lossless and Conducting Media,
Conductors & Dielectrics
– Characterization, Wave Propagation in Good Conductors and Good Dielectrics,
Polarization, Illustrative Problems.
EM Wave Characteristics – II: Reflection and Refraction of Plane Waves – Normal
and Oblique Incidences for both Perfect Conductor and Perfect Dielectrics, Brewster
Angle, Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection, Surface Impedance, Poynting
Vector and Poynting Theorem – Applications, Illustrative Problems.
UNIT – IV
Transmission Lines - I: Types, Parameters, Transmission Line Equations, Primary
& Secondary Constants, Expressions for Characteristic Impedance, Propagation
Constant, Phase and Group Velocities, Infinite Line Concepts, Losslessness/Low
Loss Characterization, Distortion – Condition for Distortionlessness and Minimum
Attenuation, Loading - Types of Loading, Illustrative Problems.
UNIT – V
Transmission Lines – II: Input Impedance Relations, SC and OC Lines, Reflection
Coefficient, VSWR. UHF Lines as Circuit Elements; λ/4, λ/2, λ/8 Lines – Impedance
Transformations, Significance of Zmin and Zmax , Smith Chart – Configuration and
Applications, Single Matching, Illustrative Problems.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND
TRANSMISSION LINES
 TEXT BOOKS:
1. Principles of Electromagnetics – Matthew N.O. sadiku and S.V. Kulkarni, 6th
Ed., Oxford University Press, Aisan Edition, 2015.
2. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems – E.C. Jordan and K.G.
Balmain, 2nd Ed. 2000, PHI.
3. Transmission Lines and Networks – Umesh Sinha, Satya Prakashan, 2001,
(Tech. India Publications), New Delhi.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Engineering Electromagnetics – Nathan Ida, 2nd Ed., 2005, Springer (India)
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Networks, Lines and Fields – John D. Ryder, 2nd Ed., 1999, PHI.
3. Engineering Electromagnetics – William H. Hayt Jr. and John A. Buck, 7th
Ed., 2006, MC GRAW HILL EDUCATION.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. A. Pramanik, “Electromagnetism-Problems with solution”, Prentice Hall India,
2012.
2. G. W. Carter, “The electromagnetic field in its engineering aspects”, Longmans,
1954.
3. W. J. Duffin, “Electricity and Magnetism”, McGraw Hill Publication, 1980.
4. W. J. Duffin, “Advanced Electricity and Magnetism”, McGraw Hill, 1968.
5. E. G. Cullwick, “The Fundamentals of Electromagnetism”, Cambridge University
Press, 1966.
6. B. D. Popovic, “Introductory Engineering Electromagnetics”, Addison-Wesley
EducationalPublishers, International Edition, 1971.
7. A. Pramanik, “Electromagnetism - Theory and applications”, PHI Learning Pvt.
Ltd, New Delhi,2009.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

2. Cos, pos, psos&

peos

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

COs, POs, PSOs & PEOs

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To learn the Basic Laws, Concepts and proofs related to Electrostatic
Fields and Magneto static Fields, and apply them to solve physics and
engineering problems.
 To distinguish between static and time-varying fields, and understand the
significance and utility of Maxwell’s Equations and Boundary
Conditions, and gain ability to provide solutions to communication
engineering problems.
 To analyze the characteristics of Uniform Plane Waves (UPW), determine
their propagation parameters and estimate the same for dielectric and
dissipative media.
 To conceptually understand the UPW Polarization features and Poynting
Theorem, and apply them for practical problems.
 To determine the basic Transmission Line Equations and telephone line
parameters and estimate the distortions present.
 To understand the concepts of RF Lines and their characteristics, Smith
Chart and its applications, acquire knowledge to configure circuit
elements, QWTs and HWTs, and to apply the same for practical problems.

COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, students will demonstrate the ability able to
 Distinguish between the static and time-varying fields, establish the
corresponding sets of Maxwell’s Equations and Boundary Conditions, and
use them for solving engineering problems.
 Analyze the Wave Equations for good conductors and good dielectrics, and
evaluate the UPW Characteristics for several practical media of interest.
 Establish the proof and estimate the polarization features, reflection and
transmission coefficients for UPW propagation, distinguish between
Brewster and Critical Angles, and acquire knowledge of their applications.
 Determine the Transmission Line parameters for different lines characterize
the distortions and estimate the characteristics for different lines.
 Analyze the RF Line features and configure them as SC, OC Lines, QWTs and
HWTs, and design the same for effective impedance transformation.
 Study the Smith Chart profile and stub matching features, and gain ability to
practically use the same for solving practical problems.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
PROGRAM OUTCOMES

Proficiency
Program Outcomes Level
assessed by
Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of
mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an Assignments,
PO1 3
engineering specialization to the solution of complex Exercises
engineering problems.
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research
Handson
literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
PO2 2 Practice
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences Session

Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for

complex engineering problems and design system
PO3 components or processes that meet the specified needs with 3 ---
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety,
and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use
research-based knowledge and research methods including
PO4 design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, 2 ---
and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate
techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools Design
PO5 3
including prediction and modeling to complex engineering Exercises
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by
Oral
the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety,
PO6 2 Discussions,
legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice. Debates

Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of Seminars,

the professional engineering solutions in societal and Document
PO7 2
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, Preparation and
and need for sustainable development Presentation
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional
PO8 ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering 1 ---
practice.
Individual and team work: Function effectively as an Workshop,
PO9 individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and 3 Mini Projects,
in multidisciplinary settings Prototypes
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex Design
engineering activities with the engineering community and
Exercises,
with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
PO10 2 Seminars,
write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear Paper
instructions. Presentations

PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate 2 Design

knowledge and understanding of the engineering and Exercises,
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND
TRANSMISSION LINES
 management principles and apply these to one’s own work, Development
as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in of Prototypes,
multidisciplinary environments Mini Projects
Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the
preparation and ability to engage in independent and life- Exams,
PO12 3
long learning in the broadest context of technological Discussions
change
1- None 2- Slightly Related 3-Highly Related

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

Proficiency
Program Specific Outcomes Level
assessed by
To be able to apply modern techniques and
Lectures,
PSO1 tools to solve the problems related to electrical 3
Assignments
and electronic applications.
To be able to analyses and conduct
PSO2 investigations on complex engineering 2 Projects
activities to arrive at valid conclusions.
To have to expertise on communication on
research projects, design documentation and
PSO3 seminars to the knowledgeable engineering 1 ----
community, and also understand the complex
problems presented by experts.

1- None 2- Slightly Related 3-Highly Related

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:

S.No. Program Educational Objectives

To produce graduates with strong foundation in basic sciences, mathematics and

PEO1 prepare them with technical competency with emphasis on team work in the
electrical engineering areas for both private and public sectors.

To be able to apply managerial qualities and technical comparance to solve

PEO2
challenging assignments.

To create capability to plan, estimate and execute live engineering projects and
PEO3
also new product development.

To produce graduates with good foundation in multidisciplinary fields and train

the students for identifying, analyzing and creating current engineering
PEO4
techniques as well as skills and tools to develop novel product solutions and
simulation for the real life problems.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
COURSE OUTCOME JUSTIFICATION
Distinguish between the static and time-varying fields, establish the
CO-1 corresponding sets of Maxwell’s Equations and Boundary Conditions, and
use them for solving engineering problems.
Analyze the Wave Equations for good conductors and good dielectrics, and evaluate
CO-2 the UPW Characteristics for several practical media of interest.

Establish the proof and estimate the polarization features, reflection and
CO-3 transmission coefficients for UPW propagation, distinguish between Brewster
and Critical Angles, and acquire knowledge of their applications.

Determine the Transmission Line parameters for different lines, characterize the
CO-4 distortions and estimate the characteristics for different lines

Analyze the RF Line features and configure them as SC, OC Lines, QWTs and
HWTs, and design the same for effective impedance transformation. Study the Smith
CO-5 Chart profile and stub matching features, and gain ability to practically use the same
for solving practical problems.

 As per the curriculum unit one of EMF has been framed to describe the concepts of
electromagnetic fields, so it is written under Bloom’s Taxonomy word Discuss and it
has been given as Level 2

 As per the curriculum unit two of EMF has been framed to identify the classification
of dielectrics and insulators, so it is written under Bloom’s Taxonomy word Classify
and it has been given as Level 2

 As per the curriculum unit three of EMF has been framed to explain about magnetic
fields and different laws to find magnetic flux intensity, so it is written under Bloom’s
Taxonomy word Describe and it has been given as Level 2

 As per the curriculum unit four of EMF has been framed to demonstrate about the
relation between electromagnetic fields to find the force equations, so it is written
under Bloom’s Taxonomy word Demonstrate and it has been given as Level 3

 As per the curriculum unit five of EMF has been framed to describe the concept of
time varying fields, to find time varying Maxwell’s equations, so it is written under
Bloom’s Taxonomy word compares and it has been given as Level 4.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

3. Course Description Form

and Course Assessment
Form
(OBE Format)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines

COURSE DESCRIPTION FORM

Course Code : EC 501PC

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION

Course Title : LINES

Academic-year 2019-20

Lectures Tutorials Practical’s Credits

Course
Structure :

6 - - 4

Course
Coordinator : Mr.T.Sudheerkumar Assistant Professor

Team of Dr.Ms.C.Elavarasi, Assistant Professor

Instructors : Mr. B.Ravi Chander, Assistant Professor
Ms.P.V.K.N Prasanna Kumari, Assistant Professor

I. Course Overview
The course covers the basics of the electrostatic field—Gauss's law; boundary conditions;
capacitance; Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations; energy, forces, and torques .The steady
electric current .The magneto static field, vector potential; Ampere’s and Biot-Savart laws;
inductance; energy, forces, and torques .Quasi static fields; electromagnetic induction. It also
deals with the propagation of Electromagnetic (EM) waves through guided and unguided
media
II. Prerequisites
Level Credits Periods Prerequisite
Basic Knowledge of electric and magnetic fields and
UG 3 3
comparison between them.

III. Course Assessment Methods

a) Marks Distribution
University
Total
Session marks end exam
marks
marks
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND
TRANSMISSION LINES
  There shall be two midterm examinations .Each
midterm exam consists of subjective type and
objective type test.
 The subjective test is for 10 marks, with duration of 1
hour. Subjective test of each semester shall contain
four questions; the student has to answer two out of
them. Each carrying 5 marks
 The objective test paper consists of 20 questions each
carrying 0.5 marks and total of 10 marks
 The student is assessed by giving two assignments, 75 100
one, after completion of 1 to 3 units and the second,
after the completion of 4 and 5 units each carrying 5
marks
 On the total the internal marks are 25
 The average of two internal tests is the final internal
marks
 The external question paper is set by JNTUH
consisting of 5 questions with unit wise choice each
carrying 10 marks and 2 marks questions for 25 marks
their by external examination is of total 75 mark.

IV. Evaluation Scheme

S. No Component Duration Marks

1 I Mid examination 90 minutes 20
2 I Assignment -- 05
3 II Mid examination 90 minutes 20
4 II Assignment -- 05
5 External examination 3 hours 75

V. Course Objectives
 To learn the Basic Laws, Concepts and proofs related to Electrostatic
Fields and Magneto static Fields, and apply them to solve physics and
engineering problems.
 To distinguish between static and time-varying fields, and understand the
significance and utility of Maxwell’s Equations and Boundary
Conditions, and gain ability to provide solutions to communication
engineering problems.
 To analyze the characteristics of Uniform Plane Waves (UPW), determine
their propagation parameters and estimate the same for dielectric and
dissipative media.
 To conceptually understand the UPW Polarization features and Poynting
Theorem, and apply them for practical problems.
 To determine the basic Transmission Line Equations and telephone line
parameters and estimate the distortions present.
 To understand the concepts of RF Lines and their characteristics, Smith
Chart and its applications, acquire knowledge to configure circuit elements,
QWTs and HWTs, and to apply the same for practical problems.

VI. Course Outcomes:

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND
TRANSMISSION LINES
  Distinguish between the static and time-varying fields, establish the
corresponding sets of Maxwell’s Equations and Boundary Conditions, and
use them for solving engineering problems.
 Analyze the Wave Equations for good conductors and good dielectrics, and
evaluate the UPW Characteristics for several practical media of interest.
 Establish the proof and estimate the polarization features, reflection and
transmission coefficients for UPW propagation, distinguish between
Brewster and Critical Angles, and acquire knowledge of their applications.
 Determine the Transmission Line parameters for different lines characterize
the distortions and estimate the characteristics for different lines.
 Analyze the RF Line features and configure them as SC, OC Lines, QWTs and
HWTs, and design the same for effective impedance transformation.
 Study the Smith Chart profile and stub matching features, and gain ability to
practically use the same for solving practical problems

VII. How Program Educational Outcomes Are Assessed

Proficiency
Program Educational Outcomes Level
assessed by
To produce graduates with strong foundation in
basic sciences, mathematics and prepare them
Discussion and
PEO1 with technical competency with emphasis on
3 Exercise
team work in the electrical engineering areas for
both private and public sectors.
To be able to apply managerial qualities and
PEO2 technical comparance to solve challenging 3 Assignments
assignments.
To create capability to plan, estimate and execute
PEO3 live engineering projects and also new product 2 Exercise
development.
To produce graduates with good foundation in
multidisciplinary fields and train the students for
identifying, analyzing and creating current Discussion,
PEO4 2
engineering techniques as well as skills and tools Seminar
to develop novel product solutions and
simulation for the real life problems.
1- None 2- Slightly Related 3-Highly Related

VIII. How Program Specific Outcomes Are Assessed

Proficiency
Program Specific Outcomes Level
assessed by
To be able to apply modern techniques and tools
Lecture&
PSO1 to solve the problems related to electrical and
3 Exercise
electronic applications.
PSO2 To be able to analyze and conduct investigations 3 Projects
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND
TRANSMISSION LINES
 on complex engineering activities to arrive at valid
conclusions.
To have expertise on communication on research
projects, design documentation and seminars to
PSO3 the knowledgeable engineering community, and 2 Discussions
also understand the complex problems presented
by experts.
1– None2– Supportive3 - Highly Related

IX. How Program Outcomes Are Assessed

assessed by
Program outcomes Level
assessed by
Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge
of mathematics, science, engineering
PO1. 3 Exercise
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization
to the solution of complex engineering problems
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review
research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated
PO 2. 3 Exercise
conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
Design/development of solutions: Design
solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that
PO 3. meet the specified needs with appropriate 3 ---
consideration for the public health and safety,
and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems:
Use research-based knowledge and research
PO 4. methods including design of experiments, 1 ---
analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis
of the information to provide valid conclusions
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply
appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
PO 5. engineering and IT tools including prediction 1 ---
and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning
informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
Design exercise,
PO 6. societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues 3
Prototypes
and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice
PO 7. Environment and sustainability: Understand 3 Discussions,
the impact of the professional engineering seminars

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
 solutions in societal and environmental contexts,
and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to
PO 8. professional ethics and responsibilities and 2 Discussions
norms of the engineering practice
Individual and teamwork: Function effectively
PO 9. as an individual, and as a member or leader in 1 ---
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings
Communicate effectively on complex
engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as,
Seminars,
PO 10. being able to comprehend and write effective 2
Discussions
reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions
Project management and finance:
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and Discussions,
PO 11. 2
apply these to one’s own work, as a member and seminars
leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments
Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and
have the preparation and ability to engage in Discussions,
PO 12. 3
independent and life-long learning in the seminars
broadest context of technological change.
1 – None 2– Supportive 3 - Highly Related

X. SYLLABUS

Unit – I
Electrostatics: Coulomb’s law, Electric field Intensity, Fields due to different charge
distributions, Electric
Flux Density, Gauss law and its Applications, Electric Flux Density, Gauss law and its
Applications,
Electric Potential, Relation Between E and V, Maxwell’s Two equations for Electrostatic
Fields, energy Density, Maxwell’s Two equations for Electrostatic Fields, energy Density,
Illustrative Problems.
Convection and Conduction Currents, Dielectric Constant, Isotropic and Homogeneous
Dielectrics, Continuity Equation and Relaxation Time, Poisson’s and Laplace’s Equations,
Capacitance- Parallel plate, Co-axial and Spherical capacitors, Illustrative Problems.

Unit-II
Magneto statics: Biot-Savart Law, Ampere’s circuital Law and Applications, Magnetic
Flux Density, Maxwell’s Two Equations for Magneto static fields, Magnetic Scalar and
Vector Potentials, Forces due to Magnetic Fields, Ampere’s force Law, Forces due to
Magnetic Fields, Ampere’s force Law, Forces due to Magnetic Fields, Ampere’s force Law,
Inductances and Magnetic Energy, Illustrative Problems.
Maxwell’s Equations (Time Varying Fields): Faraday’s Law and Transformer emf,
Inconsistence of Ampere’s Law and Displacement Current density, Maxwell’s Equations
indifferent Final Forms and Word
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND
TRANSMISSION LINES
 Statements, Conditions at a boundary Surface: Dielectric-dielectric, dielectric-conductor
Interfaces, Illustrative Problems.

Unit-III
EM Wave Characteristics-I: Wave Equations for conducting and Perfect Dielectric Media,
Uniform Plane Waves-Definition, All Relations between E and H, Sinusoidal Variations,
Wave Propagation in Lossless and Conducting Media, Conductors and Dielectrics-
Characterization, Wave Propagation in good conductors and Good Dielectrics, Polarization,
Illustrative Problems.
EM Wave Characteristics-II: Reflection and Refraction of Plane waves-Normal and
Oblique Incidences for Perfect Dielectric, Brewster angle, Critical Angle, Total Internal
Reflection, Surface Impedance, Poynting Vector Poynting Theorem-Applications, Power
Loss in Plane Conductor, Illustrative Problems.

Unit-IV
Transmission Lines-I: Types, Parameters, Transmission line Equations, Primary and
Secondary Constants, Expressions for Characteristic Impedance, Propagation Constant,
Phase and Group Velocities, Infinite Line Concepts, Losslessness/Low Loss
Characterization, Distortion-Condition for Distortionlessness and Minimum Attenuation,
Loading- Types of loading, Illustrative Problems.

Unit-V
Transmission Lines-II: Input Impedance Relations, SC and OC Lines, Reflection
Coefficient, VSWR, UHF Lines as Circuit Elements, λ/4, λ/2 and λ/8 Lines- Impedance
Transformations, Significance of Zmin and Zmax , Smith Chart-Configuration and
Applications, Single and Double Stub Matching, Illustrative Problems
Text Books:
1. Elements of Electromagnetic- Matthew N.o. Sadiku, 4thEd. Oxford Univ. Press.
2. Electromagnetic waves and Radiating Systems- E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain,
2ndEd., 2000, PHI.
3. Transmission lines and Networks- Umesh Sinha, Satya Prakashan, 2001, (Tech,
India Publications), New Delhi.

Reference Books:
1. Engineering Electromagnetic- Nathan Ida, 2ndEd., 2005, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
2. Engineering electromagnetic- William H. Hayt Jr. and John A. Buck, 7thEd., 2006,
TMH.
3. Electromagnetic Field theory and Transmission
Lines- G. Sashibushana Rao, Wiley India, 2013.
4. Networks, Lines and Fields- John D. Ryder, 2nd Ed., 1999, PHI.

XII. Course Plan

Lectur
Learning Objectives Topics to Be Covered Reference
e No
To understand basics of vector
Introduction to vector
1. analysis like addition, subtraction T1, R1
analysis
and product of vectors
Review of conversion
of a vector from one To understand the conversion of
2. coordinate system to Coordinate systems from one to T1, R1
another coordinate another system
system

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
 Introduction to line,
Introduce the different form of
3. Surface and Volume T1, R1
integrals with examples
Integrals
4. Coulomb’s law To Understand the Coulomb’s law T1, R1
Static Fields -
Definition of Electric
To Understand the basics in
5. Field Intensity (EFI) T1, R1
Electrostatic fields
EFI due to a line and a
surface
Electrical field due to To understand the EFI for n point
6. T1, R1
point charges charges
Gauss’s law -
Applications of Gauss’s Ability to understand the Gauss’s
7. T1, R1
Law Maxwell’s first law
law, div D=rv
Absolute Electric
To understand the potential
8. potential, potential T1, R1
difference between two charges
difference
Calculation of potential Ability to understand potential
9. differences for different difference for different T1, R1
configurations configurations
Ability to apply the concepts for
10. Simple problems T1, R1
the Practical applications
Electric dipole – Dipole
moment Potential due
to electrical dipole- To Know about the concept of
11 T1, R1
Torque on an Electric Electric Dipole
dipole in an electric
field
Electrostatic Energy To understand the concept of
.12. T1, R1
and Energy density electrostatic energy
To understand the concept of
13. Problems T1, R1
above topic
To understand the practical
14. Electro Magnetic Pump application of Electromagnetic Internet
fields
15. EMF Detector To Detect the EMF Internet
Behavior of conductors
in an electric field – To Understand the Behavior of
16. T1, R1
Conductors and conductors in an electric field
Insulators
Electric Current-
Current density
To Understand the concept of
17. conduction and T1, R1
Electric Current-Current density
Convection current
densities
Ohm’s law in point To Understand the concept of
18. T1, R1
form OHM’s law related to field theory
19. Continuity Equation Know the Equation of continuity T1, R1
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND
TRANSMISSION LINES
 To understand the Boundary
Boundary conditions
20. conditions for electric fields T1, R1
for electric fields
between Dielectric- Dielectric
To understand the Boundary
Boundary conditions
21. conditions for electric fields T1, R1
for electric fields
between dielectric-conductor
To understand the Boundary
Boundary conditions
22. conditions for electric fields T1, R1
for electric fields
between Free space – conductor
Capacitance -
Ability to calculate the
Capacitance of parallel
23. capacitance for different forms of T1, R1
plate, spherical and co-
capacitances like parallel plate
axial capacitors
Ability to calculate the
co-axial capacitors with
24. capacitance for different forms of T1, R1
composite dielectrics
capacitances like parallel plate
To Understand the Laplace’s and
Laplace’s and Poison’s
25. Poison’s equations and their T1, R1
equations
derivations
Solution of Laplace’s
To derive the solutions for
26. equation in one T1, R1
Laplace and Poisson’s equation
variable
To understand the above the
27. Problems concepts T1, R1
Static Magnetic Fields: To Understand the basics in static
28. Biot- Savart’s law in magnetic fields and Biot-savart’s T1, R1
vector form law
Magnetic Field
Ability to calculate MFI for
Intensity (MFI) due to a
29. different applications like wire T1, R1
finite and infinite wire
carrying current for a finite length
carrying a current I
Magnetic Field
Ability to calculate MFI for
Intensity (MFI) due to a
30 different applications like wire T1, R1
finite and infinite wire
carrying current for a finite length
carrying a current I
MFI due to circular and Ability to calculate MFI for
.31. rectangular loop different applications like wire T1, R1
carrying a current I carrying current for a finite length
Relation between
magnetic flux,
magnetic flux density Understand how to obtain the
32. T1, R1
and MFI- Maxwell’s Maxwell’s second Equation
second Equation,
div(B)=0
To Understand the Ampere’s
33. Ampere’s circuital law T1, R1
circuital law
Ampere’s circuital law
Ability to calculate MFI for
and its applications viz.
different applications like an
34. MFI due to an infinite T1, R1
infinite sheet of current by
sheet of current and a
Ampere’s law
long current
35. MFI due to a long Ability to calculate MFI for T1, R1
current carrying different applications like long

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
 current carrying filament by
filament
Ampere’s law
Point form of Ampere’s To understand the Maxwell’s
36. T2, R1
circuital law Equation
Simple problems on Ability to apply the concepts to
37. T1, R1
above topic solve the problems
Ability to apply the concepts for
38. Simple problems T1, R1
the Practical applications
Understand the concept of
39. Magnetic forces T2, R1
Magnetic force
Scalar and vector To understand the concept of
40. T1, R1
Magnetic potentials magnetic potentials
Magnetic force - Understand the concept of
41. Moving charges in a Moving charges in a Magnetic T2, R1
Magnetic field field
Understand the concept of
.42. Lorentz force equation T2, R1
Lorentz force equation
Force on a current
Know the equation for Magnetic
43. element in a magnetic T2, R1
force
field
Force on a straight and
Know the equation for Magnetic
a long current carrying
44. force on a straight and a long T2, R2
conductor in a
current carrying conductor
magnetic field
Force between two Know the equation for Magnetic
straight long and force between two straight long
45. T2, R2
parallel current and parallel current carrying
carrying conductors conductors
Magnetic boundary To understand Magnetic boundary
46. T1, R1
conditions conditions
Magnetic Circuits, Self Ability to calculate the Inductance
47. T1, R1
and Mutual inductance
Understand the Neumann’s
48. Neumann’s formulae T2, R1
formulae
Determination of self-
Ability to calculate the Inductance
49. inductance of a T2, R1
for a solenoid
solenoid
Determination of self- Ability to calculate the Inductance
50. T2, R1
inductance of a Toroid for a solenoid
Mutual inductance
between a straight long Ability to calculate the Mutual
51. T2, R1
wire and a square loop Inductance
wire in the same plane
To understand the practical
52. Magnetic spectrometer Internet
application of Magnetic fields
Introduce the Time Varying
53 Time varying fields T1, R1
Fields
Faraday’s law for
To understand the Faraday’s laws
54. Electromagnetic T1, R1
of electromagnetic induction
induction
The concept of Displacement
55. Displacement current T1, R1
current
56. Point form of To Understand the Maxwell’s T1, R1
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND
TRANSMISSION LINES
 Maxwell’s equation Equations for time varying fields
Integral form of To Understand the Maxwell’s
57. T1, R1
Maxwell’s equations Equations for time varying fields
Motional Electromotive To know the concept of motional
58. T1, R1
forces electromotive forces
Simple problems To Improve the Numerical skills
59. T1, R1
towards the time varying Fields
To understand the practical
60. Faraday’s Guitar Internet
applications of Faraday’s Laws
Derivation of Wave
61. To derive the wave equation T1, R1
Equation
To understand the propagation of
62. Uniform Plane Waves T1, R1
EM waves
Maxwell’s equation in To understand Maxwell’s
63 T1, R1
Phasor form equation in phasor form
Wave equation in To derive wave equation in phasor
64 T2, R2
Phasor form form
Plane wave in free To know the concept of plane
65 T1, R1
space waves in free space
Plane wave in a To understand the behavior of
66 homogenous plane wave in a homogenous T2, R1
Material material
Wave equation for a To derive wave equation for a
67 T1, R1
conducting medium conducting medium
Plane waves in lossy To know the concept of plane
68 T1, R1
dielectrics waves in lossy dielectrics
Propagation in To know the concept of good
69 T1, R1
good conductors. conductors.
70 Poynting theorem To Know the Pointing theorem T1, R1
To Understand the concept of
71 Poynting vector T1, R1
Pointing Vector
Improve the Numerical Skills
72 Simple problems T1, R1
based on above topics
Target Tracking using To understand the practical
73 Maxwell’s Equations applications of Maxwell’s Internet
equations

T1: M. N. O. Sadiku, “Elements of Electromagnetics”, Oxford University Publication, 2014.

T2: W. Hayt, “Engineering Electromagnetics”, McGraw Hill Education, 2012.
R1: A. Pramanik, “Electromagnetism-Problems with solution”, Prentice Hall India, 2012.
R2: G. W. Carter, “The electromagnetic field in its engineering aspects”, Longmans, 1954.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
XIII. Mapping Course Objectives Leading to The Achievement of Program Outcomes
and Program Specific Outcomes
1 – None 2– Supportive 3-Highly Related
Course Program Out Comes Program Specific
Objectives Outcomes

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO PSO

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3

I 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

II 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

III 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1

IV 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

V 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 3 2

XIV. Mapping Course Outcomes Leading to The Achievement of Program Outcomes

and Program Specific Outcomes

Course PROGRAM OUTCOMES Program Specific

Outcomes
PS
Outcomes PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO O PSO PSO

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3

1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 1

6 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1

7 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1

8 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 3 2

1=Less supportive 2 = Supportive 3 = Highly Related

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
Prepared by: Dr.C.Elavarasi Hod Signature

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

4. Session Planner / Syllabus

Coverage& UNIT
COMPLETION DATES

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Near Kompally Secunderabad- 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department: ECE Year: III semester: I Course name: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
Faculty name: Dr. C. ELAVARASI A.Y.:2018-19
SESSION PLANNER
UNIT Completion date:-UNIT-I : UNIT-2 : UNIT-3 : UNIT-4: UNIT-5:

FIRST MID EXAM DATE: SECOND MID EXAM DATE:

Date
Session Week Text Teaching Date
Topic Session objectives conducte Remarks
No. planned book methodology planned
d
Unit I
Vector Algebra Understand the Need for
Chalk & Talk
1 Vector algebra - Revision
ICT

Electrostatics: Coulomb’s To Explain Electrostatics:

Law, Electric Field Coulomb’s Law, Electric Chalk & Talk
2 T1, R1
Intensity Field Intensity ICT

Fields due to Different Exposure to Fields due to

3 Charge Distributions, Different Charge T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Distributions,
Electric Flux Density To Explain Electric Flux
4 Density T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

Gauss Law and To Understand Gauss Law

Applications-Point and Applications-Point Seminar
5 charge, Line Charge and charge, Line Charge and T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
problems problems

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 Gauss Law and To Understand Gauss Law
Applications-Point and Applications-Point
6 charge, Line Charge and charge, Line Charge and T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
problems problems seminar
Infinite Sheet, Uniform To Understand Infinite
7 Sphere Sheet, Uniform Sphere T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

Electric Potential To Understand Electric

8 Potential T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

Relations Between E and To Understand Relations

V, Maxwell’s Two Between E and V,
9 Equations for Electrostatic Maxwell’s Two Equations T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Fields for Electrostatic Fields

10 Energy Density Exposure to Energy Density T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

Convection and To, Understand Convection Chalk & Talk
11 Conduction Currents and Conduction Currents -
ICT
Dielectric Constant, To Analyze Dielectric
12 Isotropic and Constant, Isotropic and T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Homogeneous Dielectrics Homogeneous Dielectrics
Continuity Equation, To know the concept of
13 Relaxation Time Continuity Equation, T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Relaxation Time
Poisson’s and Laplace’s Poisson’s and Laplace’s
14 Equations, Capacitance – Equations, Capacitance – T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Parallel Plate Parallel Plate
Coaxial, Spherical Exposure to Coaxial,
15 Capacitors Spherical Capacitors T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

16 Illustrative Problems. Illustrative Problems. T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

Unit II

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 Magneto statics: Biot- Exposure to Magneto
17 Savart’s Law statics: Biot-Savart’s Law T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

Ampere’s Circuital Law Exposure to Ampere’s

18 and Applications Circuital Law and T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Applications
Magnetic Flux Density, To Provide knowledge on
Maxwell’s Two Equations Magnetic Flux Density,
for Magneto static Fields Maxwell’s Two Equations
19 T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
for Magneto static Fields

Magnetic Scalar and Exposure to Magnetic

20 Vector Potentials Scalar and Vector Potentials T1, R1 Chalk & Talk seminar

Forces due to Magnetic Exposure to Forces due to

Fields Magnetic Fields
21 T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

22 Ampere’s Force Law Ampere’s Force Law T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Inductances and Magnetic Inductances and Magnetic Assignment
23 Energy Energy T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
i issued
Maxwell’s Equations Generation of Maxwell’s
(Time Varying Equations (Time Varying
24 Fields):Faraday’s Law Fields):Faraday’s Law and T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
and Transformer emf Transformer emf
Inconsistency of Exposure to Inconsistency
Ampere’s Law and of Ampere’s Law and
25 Displacement Current Displacement Current T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Density Density

26 Maxwell’s Equations in Maxwell’s Equations in T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 Different Final Forms and Different Final Forms and
Word Statements Word Statements
Conditions at a Boundary Exposure to Conditions at a
Surface : Dielectric- Boundary Surface : Seminar
27 Dielectric Dielectric-Dielectric T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

Dielectric-Conductor To know Dielectric-

28 Interfaces Conductor Interfaces T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

Illustrative Problems Exposure to Illustrative

29 Problems T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

Unit III
EM Wave Exposure to EM Wave
Characteristics–I:Wave Characteristics–I:Wave
Equations for Conducting Equations for Conducting T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
and Perfect Dielectric and Perfect Dielectric
30 Media Media
EM Wave EM Wave Characteristics–
Characteristics–I:Wave I:Wave Equations for
Equations for Conducting Conducting and Perfect T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
and Perfect Dielectric Dielectric Media
31 Media
Uniform Plane Waves – Uniform Plane Waves –
Definition, All Relations Definition, All Relations
Between E & H. Between E & H. Sinusoidal T1, R1 Chalk & Talk seminar
32 Sinusoidal Variations Variations
Uniform Plane Waves – Uniform Plane Waves –
Definition, All Relations Definition, All Relations
Between E & H. Between E & H. Sinusoidal T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
33 Sinusoidal Variations Variations
34 Wave Propagation in Exposure to Wave T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 Lossless and Conducting Propagation in Lossless and
Media Conducting Media
Wave Propagation in Exposure to Wave
Lossless and Conducting Propagation in Lossless and
Media Conducting Media T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
35
Wave Propagation in Wave Propagation in Good
Good Conductors and Conductors and Good T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
36 Good Dielectrics Dielectrics
Wave Propagation in To Understand the Wave
Good Conductors and Propagation in Good
Good Dielectrics Conductors and Good T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
37 Dielectrics
38 Polarization-Types Polarization-Types T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
39 Illustrative Problems Illustrative Problems T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
EM Wave Characteristics To Understand EM Wave
– II :Reflection of Plane Characteristics – II
Waves – Normal :Reflection of Plane Waves T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
40 Incidences – Normal Incidences
. EM Wave EM Wave Characteristics –
Characteristics – II II :Reflection of Plane
:Reflection of Plane Waves – Normal Incidences T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Waves – Normal
41 Incidences
Reflection of Plane Exposure to Reflection of
Waves – Oblique Plane Waves – Oblique
Incidences, for both Incidences, for both Perfect T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Perfect Conductor and Conductor and Perfect
42 Perfect Dielectrics Dielectrics

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 Reflection of Plane Exposure to Reflection of
Waves – Oblique Plane Waves – Oblique
Incidences, for both Incidences, for both Perfect T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Perfect Conductor and Conductor and Perfect
43 Perfect Dielectrics Dielectrics
Refraction of Plane Exposure to Refraction of
Waves – Normal Plane Waves – Normal T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
44 Incidences Incidences
Refraction of Plane Exposure to Refraction of
Waves – Oblique Plane Waves – Oblique T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
45 Incidences Incidences
Brewster Angle, Critical Introduction to Brewster
Angle and Total Internal Angle, Critical Angle and
Reflection, Surface Total Internal Reflection, T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
46 Impedance Surface Impedance
Poynting Vector and Exposure to Poynting
Poynting Theorem – Vector and Poynting T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
47 Applications Theorem – Applications
Power Loss in a Plane Introduction to Power Loss
48 Conductor in a Plane Conductor T1, R1 Chalk & Talk Seminar

Illustrative Problems Exposure to Illustrative

Problems T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
49
Illustrative Problems Exposure to Illustrative
50 Problems T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

Unit IV
51 Transmission Lines – Introduction to T1, R1 Chalk & Talk Seminar
I:Transmission Line Transmission Lines –
Types, Parameters I:Transmission Line Types,

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 Parameters
Transmission Line Introduction to
Equations Transmission Line T1, R1 Chalk & Talk Seminar
52 Equations
Primary & Secondary Exposure to Primary &
53 Constants Secondary Constants T1, R1 Chalk & Talk

Expressions for Design of Expressions for

Characteristic Impedance, Characteristic Impedance,
Propagation Constant, Propagation Constant, Phase
Phase and Group and Group Velocities, T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Velocities, Infinite Line Infinite Line Concepts
54 Concepts
Expressions for Expressions for
Characteristic Impedance, Characteristic Impedance,
Propagation Constant, Propagation Constant, Phase
Phase and Group and Group Velocities, T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Velocities, Infinite Line Infinite Line Concepts
55 Concepts
Losslessness/Low Loss Design of
Characterization, Losslessness/Low Loss
Distortion – Condition for Characterization, Distortion
Distortionlessness and – Condition for T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Minimum Attenuation Distortionlessness and
56 Minimum Attenuation
Loading - Types of
Loading - Types of Loading T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
57 Loading
58 Illustrative Problems Illustrative Problems T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
59 Illustrative Problems Illustrative Problems T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
UNIT V

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 Transmission Lines – II Exposure to Transmission
:Input Impedance Lines – II :Input Impedance
60 T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Relations, SC and OC Relations, SC and OC Lines
Lines
Reflection Coefficient, Exposure to Reflection
61 VSWR. UHF Lines as Coefficient, VSWR. UHF T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Circuit Elements Lines as Circuit Elements
Reflection Coefficient, Exposure to Reflection
VSWR. UHF Lines as Coefficient, VSWR. UHF
62 T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Circuit Elements Lines as Circuit Elements

λ/4, λ/2, λ/8 Lines – Exposure to λ/4, λ/2, λ/8

63 Impedance Lines – Impedance T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Transformations Transformations
λ/4, λ/2, λ/8 Lines – Exposure to λ/4, λ/2, λ/8
64 Impedance Lines – Impedance T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Transformations Transformations
Significance of Zmin and Exposure to Significance of
65 T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Zmax, Smith Chart Zmin and Zmax, Smith Chart
Significance of Zmin and Exposure to Significance of
66 T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Zmax, Smith Chart Zmin and Zmax, Smith Chart
Single stub Matching Need for Single stub Seminar&
67 T1, R1 Chalk & Talk
Matching
Need for Double Stub
68 Double-Stub Matching T1, R1 Chalk & Talk Seminar
Matching
Revision,
69 Illustrative Problems Illustrative Problems T1, R1 Chalk & Talk Assignment
ii issued
70 Revision Revision

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 Content
71 Electromagnetic Pump Content beyond syllabus Chalk & Talk beyond
syllabus

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Principles of Electromagnetics – Matthew N.O. sadiku and S.V. Kulkarni, 6th Ed.,
Oxford University Press, Aisan Edition, 2015.
2. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems – E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, 2nd
Ed. 2000, PHI.
3. Transmission Lines and Networks – Umesh Sinha, Satya Prakashan, 2001, (Tech.
India Publications), New Delhi.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Engineering Electromagnetics – Nathan Ida, 2nd Ed., 2005, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

2. Networks, Lines and Fields – John D. Ryder, 2nd Ed., 1999, PHI.
3. Engineering Electromagnetics – William H. Hayt Jr. and John A. Buck, 7th Ed., 2006,
MC GRAW HILL EDUCATION.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

5. Time Table OF
CLASS & SELF

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND
TRANSMISSION LINES
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

SELF-TIME TABLE

 HOU (11.50
R L
(9.20 - (10.10 - (11.00 - AM - (1.20 - (2.10 - ( 3.00 -
U
10.10 AM) 11.00 AM) 11.50 AM) 12.40 2.10 PM) 3.00 PM) 3.50 PM)
N
PM)
DAY C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
H
MON
TUE B
WED R
E
THU
A
FRI K
SAT

Total Load:

HOD, ECE Signature of the Faculty

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CLASS-TIME TABLE

HOU
9:20 AM
R 10:10 AM 11:00 AM 11:50 AM 1:20 PM 2:10 PM 3.00 PM
to
to to to to to to
10:10
11:00 AM 11:50 AM 12:40 PM 2:10 PM 3:00 PM 3.50 PM
AM

DAY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
L
MON U
N
C
H
TUE
B
R
WED
E
A
K
THU

FRI

SAT

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND

TRANSMISSION LINES
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

6. Student list, parent and

student communication
details (Mobile No.,
Address & E-Mail ID of
parents& Students)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Near Kompally Secunderabad- 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
STUDENT LIST, PARENT AND STUDENT COMMUNICATION DETAILS (MOBILE NO., ADDRESS & E-
MAIL ID OF PARENTS & STUDENTS)
S.N Roll. Name Of The Father Student Parent Gmail Address Permanent
o Number Student Name Phone Phone Address Door
Number Number Number

1 17K81A04J1 Akkireddy Devi Sree A.Kalidas 8498833380 7849883380 [email protected] A.KALIDAS

G/PLAT NO-12
MYTHRINAGAR
KUKATPALLY
MEDCHAL
Telangana
2 17K81A04J2 Allibilli Anil Kumar 9573736022 9676400423 [email protected] A.YADAGIRI
HO-82
SBI COLONY
HYDERABAD
HYDERABAD
A.Yadagiri Telangana
3 17K81A04J3 Balla Sai Santosh 7337420416 8688107985 [email protected] V.LAXMANARAO
8-3-231/A/376/4
SRIKRISHNA NAGAR
HYDERABAD
V.Laxmana HYDERABAD
rao Telangana
4 17K81A04J4 Bathul Bharath Kumar 9949990115 7382976440 [email protected] B.RAMESH
1-10-1/213
VIDYANAGAR
SANGA REDDY
SANGA REDDY
B.Ramesh Telangana
5 17K81A04J5 Bharathapu Harish 8096419477 9177604028 [email protected] B.PEDDIRAJU
2-5/5
THIPPANNAPET
JAGITYALA
JAGITYALA
B.Peddiraju Telangana
6 17K81A04J6 Budumuru Shireesha 9700665113 9908189589 [email protected] B.HARINADHARAO
26-11/56/2
VENKANPET
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

7a. CLASS NOTES

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

 Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
UNIT-1
STATIC ELECTRIC FIELD
Vectors, Matrices and Coordinate Transformations
By using vectors and defining appropriate operations between them, physical laws can often be
written in a simple form. Since we will be making extensive use of vectors in Dynamics, we will
summarize some of their important properties.

Vectors
A vector is a mathematical representation of a physical entity which has both magnitude and
direction in a 3D space.Vectors are usually typed in boldface and scalar quantities appear in
lightface italic type, e.g. the vector quantity A has magnitude, or modulus, A = |A|. In
handwritten text, vectors are often expressed using the arrow, or under bar notation, e.g. −A, A.

Vector Algebra

Multiplication by a scalar
We multiply a vector A by a scalar α, the result is a vector B = αA, which has magnitude B = |α|
A. The vector B is parallel to A and points in the same direction if α > 0. For α < 0, the vector B
is parallel to A but points in the opposite direction (anti parallel).

If we multiply an arbitrary vector, A, by the inverse of its magnitude, (1/A), we obtain a unit
vector which is parallel to A. There exist several common notations to denote a unit vector, e.g.
A, eA, etc. Thus, we have that Aˆ= A/A = A/||, and A = A ˆ |A| = 1.

Vector Addition
Vector addition has a very simple geometrical interpretation. To add vector B to vector A, we
simply place the tail of B at the head of A. The sum is a vector C from the tail of A to the head of
B. Thus, we write C = A + B. The same result is obtained if the roles of A are reversed B. That
is, C = A + B = B + A. This commutative property is illustrated below with the parallelogram
construction.

Since the result of adding two vectors is also a vector, we can consider the sum of multiple
vectors. It can easily be verified that vector sum has the property of association, that is,
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C).

Vector subtraction
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
Since A − B = A + (−B), in order to subtract B from A, we simply multiply B by −1 and then add.

Scalar product (“Dot” product)

This product involves two vectors and results in a scalar quantity. The scalar product between
two vectors A and B, is denoted by A B, and is defined as
A B = AB cos θ.
Here θ, is the angle between the vectors A and B when they are drawn with a common origin.

We note that, since cos θ = cos ( −θ), it makes no difference which vector is considered first when
measuring
the angle θ. Hence, A B = B A. If A B = 0, then either A = 0 and/or B = 0, or, A and B are
orthogonal, that is, cos θ = 0. We also note that A A = A 2. If one of the vectors is a unit vector,
say B = 1, then A B ˆ= A cos θ, is the projection of vector A along the direction of B ˆ.

Vector product (“Cross” product)

This product operation involves two vectors A and B, and results in a new vector C = A ×B. The
magnitude of C is given by,
C = AB sin θ,
Where θ is the angle between the vectors A and B. To eliminate ambiguity, between the two
possible choices, θ is always taken as the angle smaller than π. We can easily show that C is
equal to the area enclosed by the parallelogram defined by A and B. The vector C is orthogonal
to both A and B, i.e. it is orthogonal to the plane defined by A and B. The direction of C is
determined by the right-hand rule as shown.

From this definition, it follows that

B × A = −A × B,
which indicates that vector multiplication is not commutative (but anti commutative). We also
note that if A × B = 0, then, either A and/or B are zero, or, A and B are parallel, although not
necessarily pointing in the same direction. Thus, we also have A × A = 0.
Having defined vector multiplication, it would appear natural to define vector division. In
particular, we could say that “A divided by B”, is a vector C such that A = B × C. We see
immediately that there are a few difficulties with this definition. In particular, if A is not
perpendicular to B, the vector C does not exist. Moreover, if A is perpendicular to B then, there

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

are an infinite number of vectors that satisfy A = B × C. To see that, let us assume that C satisfies,
A = B × C. Then, any vector D = C + βB, for any scalar β, also satisfies A = B ×D, since B×D =
B×(C+βB) = B×C = A. We conclude therefore, that vector division is not a well-defined
operation.

Triple product
Given three vectors A, B, and C, the triple product is a scalar given by A (B × C). Geometrically,
the triple product can be interpreted as the volume of the three-dimensional parallelepiped
defined by the three vectors A, B and C.

It can be easily verified that A (B × C) = B (C × A) = C (A × B).

Double vector product

The double vector product results from repetition of the cross-product operation. A useful
identity here is,
A × (B × C) = (A C) B − (A B) C.
Using this identity, we can easily verify that the double cross product is not associative, that is,
A × (B × C) = (A × B) × C.

Coordinate Systems

Cartesian Co-ordinates
The spherical coordinates of a point in the ISO convention (i.e. for
physics: radius r, inclination θ, azimuth φ) can be obtained from its Cartesian
coordinates (x, y, z) by the formulae,

The inverse tangent denoted in φ = arc tan y/x must be suitably defined, taking into account the
correct quadrant of (x,y).
Alternatively, the conversion can be considered as two sequential rectangular to polar
conversions: the first in the Cartesian xy-plane from (x,y) to (R,φ), where R is the projection
of r onto the xy-plane, and the second in the Cartesian zR-plane from (z,R) to (r,θ). The correct
quadrants for φ and θ are implied by the correctness of the planar rectangular to polar
conversions.
These formulae assume that the two systems have the same origin, that the spherical reference
plane is the Cartesian xy-plane, that θ is inclination from the z direction, and that the azimuth
angles are measured from the Cartesian x-axis (so that the y-axis has φ = +90°). If θ measures
elevation from the reference plane instead of inclination from the zenith the arc cos above
becomes an arc sin, and the cos θ and sin θ below become switched.
Conversely, the Cartesian coordinates may be retrieved from the spherical coordinates
(radius r, inclination θ, azimuth φ), where r ∈ [0, ∞), θ ∈ [0, π], φ ∈ [0, 2π), by:

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

Cylindrical coordinates
Cylindrical coordinates (radius ρ, azimuth φ, elevation z) may be converted into spherical
coordinates (radius r, inclination θ, azimuth φ), by the formulas

Conversely, the spherical coordinates may be converted into cylindrical coordinates by the
formulae

These formulae assume that the two systems have the same origin and same reference plane,
measure the azimuth angle φ in the same senses from the same axis, and that the spherical
angle θ is inclination from the cylindrical z-axis.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

INTRODUCTION
The most known particles are photons, electrons and neutrons with different masses. Their
masses are me = 9.10x 10-31 kilograms
mp = 1.67x 10-27 kilograms
These masses lead to gravitational force between them, given as
F = G me *mp / r2
The force between two opposite charges placed 1cm apart likely to be 5.5x10- 67 and force
between two like charges placed 1cm apart likely to be 2.3x10- 24 this force between them is
called as electric force.
Electric force is larger than gravitational force.
 Gravitational force is due to their masses.
 Electric force is due to their properties.
 Neutron has only mass but no electric force.

ELECTROSTATICS
Electrostatics is the study of charge at rest. The study of electric and magnetic field can be done
using MAXWELL’S equations. Electrostatic field is developed between static charges.
Electrostatics got wide variety applications like X-rays, lightning protectionsetc. Let us study the
behavior of electric field using COLOUMB’s and GAUSS laws.

Point Charge
A charge with smallest dimensions on the body compare to other charges is called as point
charge. A group of charges concentrated on any pin head may be also called as point charge.

Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb stated that the force between two-point charges is
 Directly proportional to product of charges.
 Inversely Proportional Square of distance between the charges.
F α Q1Q2 / r2
F = K Q1Q2 / r2, where K is the proportionality constant. K =1/4πε, where ε is the permittivity
of the medium.
Ε =ε0εr, ε0 = absolute permittivity =8.854x10-12
εr = relative permittivity
Most common medium is air or vacuum whose relative permittivity is 1, hence permittivity of air
or vacuum is ε = 9x109 m/F

Force between Two Point Charges Using Vector Analysis

Let us consider two point charges separated by some distance given as 𝑅⃗.
Q1----------------𝑅⃗-------------- Q2
According to coulomb’s law force between them is given as
F = (K Q1*Q2 / r2)x𝑎̂ , where 𝑎̂ is the unit vector direction of force.
Let F2 is the force experienced by Q2 due to Q1 and F1 is force experienced by Q1 due to Q2.
The direction of forces opposes each other, hence we can write in vector from forces as
F́ 1 = - F́ 2
Hence unit vector can bea^1ora^2,from the vector analysis we can write
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
 a^12= R´12 / R12 = Ŕ/ R and

a^21= R´21 / R21 = Ŕ/ R

Therefore the magnitude of force between them can be written as

F1 = F2 = (K Q1Q2 / R3) x Ŕ

Electric Field
It is the region around the point and group charges in which another charge experiences force is
called as electric field.
The force between two charges can be studied in terms of electric field as:
 A charge can develop field surrounding it in spaceonly.
 The field of one charge leads to force on the other charge.

Electric Field Intensity:

If an point charge q experiences the force F , then the electric field intensity of charge is defines
as
E = F/q
Here charge q is called as test charge because the force experienced by it is due field of other
charge. The units of electric field intensity are N/C or V/mt.
Q1----------------𝑅⃗-------------- Q2

The force experienced by q2 because of field of q1 is vector, F2 = (K q1q2 / r2) x 𝑎̂

Therefore, electric filed intensity on q2 charge is Vector, E = F2/q2 = (K q1 / r2) x 𝑎̂
The force experienced by q1 because of field of q2 is vector, F1 = (K q1q2 / r2) x 𝑎̂
Therefore, electric filed intensity on q2 charge is Vector, E = F1/q1 = (K q2/ r2) x 𝑎̂

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

Electric Field Intensity Due To n Point Charges

q1 q2

q3

qn
Let the point charges q2, q3--------------qn are placed at a distanceof r2, r3 rn from q1.
Hence total electric field intensity on q1 due remaining point charges is
Force duetoq2onq1,F2=(Kq1q2/ r2) x𝑎̂ 2
Force duetoq3onq1,F3=(Kq1q3/ r2) x𝑎̂ 3
--------
---------
Force due to qn on q1,Fn=(Kq1qn/ r2) x𝑎̂ 𝑛
Therefore total electric field intensity is,𝐸⃗=(F2+F3------- Fn) /q1

=(Kq2/r2) x𝑎̂ 2+(Kq3/r2) x𝑎̂ 3----+(Kqn/r2) x𝑎̂ 𝑛

Charge Distribution
Charge distribution is of three types- line charge, surface and volume charge distribution.

Line Charge: Here charge is distributed throughout some length. The total charge distributed
through a wire of length l is
Q = ∫ 𝜌𝑙dl
Where,𝜌𝑙 =line charge density
Hence electric field intensity due to line charge is,

E = ʃ (K ∫ 𝜌dl/
𝑙 r2) x 𝑎̂

Surface Charge: Here charge is distributed through given area. The total charge distributed in
an surface area is
Q = ∫ 𝜌𝑠ds
Where, 𝜌𝑠= surface charge density
Hence electric field intensity due to surface charge is,

E = ʃ (K ∫ 𝜌ds/
𝑠
r2) x 𝑎̂

Volume Charge: Here charge is distributed through given volume. The total charge distributed
in a volume is
Q = ∫ 𝜌𝑣dv
Where, 𝜌𝑣=volume charge density
Hence electric field intensity due to volume charge is,
E = ʃ (K ∫ 𝜌dv/
𝑣 r2) x 𝑎̂

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Electric Filed Intensity due Line Charge
Let us consider a straight wire of length l is symmetrically placed in X-Y axis as shown in below
figure

For a small length of dl on y-axis the charge is dq, the electric field intensity due dq at test point
p is
dE = Kdq/(y2+a2)

Then, dEx=Kdq.cosƟ/(y2+a2) (1)

cosƟ =a/√𝑦 2+𝑎2 (2)

We can write charge per unit length as dq/dl = Q/l,

dq =Q.dl/l ( dl = dy)

dq =Q.dy/l (3)

Substituting equation 2 and 3 in 1

dEx = KQ dy.a / l.(y2+a2)3/2

Integrating on both sides with limits –l/2 and l/2,

Ex = ʃKQ dy.a /l.(y2+a2)3/2 and

When l tendsto0, Ex = KQ /a2.

Electric filed intensity due surface charge

Let us consider an infinite sheet placed uniformly in xyz plane as shown in figure.

ɸ P

Let us consider a small area ds in xy plane, ds = ρ.dρ.dɸ.

Which is located at distance of ρ from origin making and angle of ɸ. P be the point on z axis
given as (0, 0, h).
Distance from P to ds is 𝑅⃗.
𝑅⃗= - ρaρ+haz R = √(ρ2+h2)

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 aR = (- ρaρ+haz) / √(ρ2+h2)

Hence the electric field intensity at ds is given as,

𝐸⃗= ʃ ρs ds. aR / 4πε.R2

𝐸⃗= ʃ ρs ρ.dρ.dɸ. (- ρaρ+haz) / √(ρ2+h2). 4πε.R2

The limits of ρ from 0 to ∞ and ɸ from 0 to 2π.

𝐸⃗= ʃ ʃ ρs ρ.dρ.dɸ. (- ρaρ+haz) / √(ρ2+h2). 4πε.R2

By simplifying above equation, the electric field intensity

` 𝐸⃗= ρs az / 2ε.

Work done in moving point charge

Let us consider a charge q is placed in the existing electric field . The charge q experiences force
F.
𝐸⃗
------------------------------
a--------------------------b
------------------------------
Here charge q is made to move from a to b of length l through electric field intensity 𝐸⃗.
dw=-𝐹dl=-q𝐸⃗dl
Integrating on both sides, w = -qʃ 𝐸⃗dl with limits a to b.

Electric Potential
From the above discussion work done to move point charge through the existing electric field is
w = -qʃ 𝐸⃗dl
but we know that electric potential is defined work done to move unit charge V = w/q
Therefore, V = w/q = -ʃ 𝐸⃗dl with limits a tob

V = -𝐸⃗l with limits a to b

Hence, electric potential V = Va - Vb

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Electric potential due to point charge

P (point charge)

𝐸⃗
------------------------------
a----------------------------b
------------------------------

Let the charge q is moved from a to b and at point charge is Q from ra and rb, We know that
electric potential, V = q/(4πεr)

Electric field intensity at point p due to charge at a is, Va = Q/(4πεra)

Electric field intensity at point p due to charge at a is, Vb = Q/(4πεrb)
Hence potential difference or electric potential from a to b is,
Vab = Va - Vb
Vab = Q/(4πεra) - Q/(4πεrb) Vab = Q(rb - ra)/(4πεrarb).

Electric Flux
Michael faraday has conducted experiment on two concentric spheres, inner layer is positively
charges and outer layer negatively charge, then he observe that their some sort of displacement
from inner layer to outer layer , this displacement is pronounced as electric flux between spheres.

Electric Flux Density

We know that electric field intensity is , E = (K q / r2)

= q/ (4πε r2)

D=ε E = q/ (4π r2)—electric flux density

Electric flux density is defined as charge per unit area.

Potential gradient
Potential gradient is defined as electric change in electric potential due to change in the distance
or length.
E = - ▼V

Properties of Potential
 Potential is the energy acquired by the charge.
 When charge travel from one end to other end in any element there is potential change
from high to low.
 Potential acquired by point charge leads to electric field.

Gauss Law
Gauss law states that the total flux in the given surface is equal to charge enclosed in it. ɸ = Q.
the total flux enlaced in given surface is

ɸ = ʃ E ds

= ʃ Q / (4πε r2)ds

= Q / (4πε r2). ʃds

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 = Q4π r2 / (4πε r2).

= Q / ε.
Applications of Gauss law
 To apply gauss law first assume Gaussian surface.
 The electric field intensity must be normal to the Gaussian surface.
 Gaussian surface must be symmetry.

Maxwell First Equation

We know that electric flux passing through the surface is equal to 1/ ε times the net charge
enclosed.

ɸ = ʃs E ds = Q/ ε

ɸ = ʃs ε E ds = Q ε / ε

ɸ = ʃs D ds = Q
From the strokes theorem we can say that surface integral function is volume integral of
divergence of same function.
Q= ʃs Dds = ʃv (▼.D)dv (4)

From the gauss law we can write, Q= ʃvρvdv (5)

by comparing equation 4 and 5

(▼. D)=ρv (6)

Equation 4 and 6 are said to be Maxwell’s first and second equation.

Poisson and Laplace Equations

From the Maxwell’s equation we know that,
(▼. D)=ρv (7)

D=εE (8)
Equation 8 in 7,

▼ εE =ρv
but we know that, E = -▼V

▼ ε (-▼V) = ρv

▼2V = - ρv/ε (9)

Equation 9 is called Poisson’s equation.

In the uniform Gaussian surface, ρv = 0

Then equation 9 can be rewrite as,

▼2V=0 (10)

Equation 10 is called as Laplace equation.

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Electric Dipole and DipoleMoment
Two opposite charges +q and –q separated by some distance d forms the electric dipole.

+q----------------d--------------q
The distance travelled by the point charge is defined as dipole moment (or) the product of charge
and distance travelled by it is called as electric dipole.
P= qd (1)

Here, P = electric dipole moment

d = distance between opposite charges
the line between two charges is called as axis of dipole Potential.

Electric Dipole Potential

Let us assume two charges separated by distance d as shown in the figure

+q----------------d--------------q
Here, O =center of the axis between charges
P be the test point where potential is required.
OP= with length of r.
AA1 = perpendicular from A to OP.
BB1 =perpendicular from A to OP.
∟POB = Ɵ
r >>> d

The line AP = A1P = OP+ OA1 (2)

from the right angletriangleAA1O, OA1= OA cosƟ

hence equation 2 can be written as,
AP = A1P = r + OA cos Ɵ

but, OA =d/2

AP = A1P = r + d/2 cos Ɵ

Hence the potential at P due negative charge at A is,

VA = -Kq/ AP = -Kq/ r + d/2 cos Ɵ

Similarly from the right angle triangle BB1O,

BP = B1P = r - d/2 cos Ɵ

Hence the potential at P due negative charge at A is,

VB = Kq/ BP = Kq/ r - d/2 cos Ɵ

Therefore the total potential acting on Pis, V = VA +VB

V = Kq[ (1/ r - d/2 cos Ɵ) - (1// r + d/2 cos Ɵ) ]

= Kqd.cos Ɵ/ (r2 – d2/4 cos2 Ɵ)

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But we know that, r >>>d

V = Kqd.cos Ɵ/ r2

V = KP.cos Ɵ/ r2 , (P=qd) (3)

Electric Field Intensity due to Dipole

We know that electric field intensity in terms of electric potential is given as ,
E = - ▼V
From equation 3 we can say that potential due dipole is in spherical co-ordinates, therefore find
electric field intensity we shall use spherical co-ordinates.

▼V = -[ dv/dr + (1/r)dv/dƟ ]

Simplifying, dv/dr = -2KP.cos Ɵ/r3

(1/r)dv/dƟ = -KP.sin Ɵ/ r3

Substituting above two equations in E,

E = -[ (-2KP.cos Ɵ/ r3) + (- KP.sin Ɵ/ r3)]

= [ (2KP.cos Ɵ/ r3) + ( KP.sin Ɵ/ r3) ]

= KP/ r3 [ (2cos Ɵ) + (sinƟ)] (4)

Torque due to Electric Dipole

Let us consider two opposite charges are placed in the uniform electric field with their line of
axis of 2r.

+q
------------------------------
---------------Ɵ-------------E
------------------------------
------------------------------
-q

The experienced by +qis, F1 =E.q

The experienced by -qis, F2= -E.q

The total experienced by the dipoleis,

F = F1 +F2
F=0
But the due to force experienced by +q it tends to oscillate in the direction of E and –q in the
direction opposite to E, which leads torque of dipole.
T = magnitude of F x perpendicular distance between their line of action

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 T = E.q x 2r sinƟ

T =PE.sinƟ. ( q.2r=P) (5)

Polarization
If a piece if dielectric or insulator placed between the charges plates of condenser, then center of
gravity of negative charges is concentrated towards positive plate and center of gravity of
positives charges concentrated towards negative plate, this process of separation opposite
charges is called a polarization.

Polarization is also defined as electric dipole moment per unit volume.

Let A be the area of cross section of dielectric,

l be the distance by with opposite charges are separated,
q Total charge in the volume of dielectric
Then polarization, P = dipole moment /volume
= q.l / A.l
= q/A (6)
i.e the polarization numerically equal to surface charge density.

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 UNIT-II
CONDUCTORS, DIELECTRICS AND CAPACITANCE
Electrostatics with Conductors
In a steady state there is no electric field inside a conductor. Because electric charges move
freely through a conductor, they quickly reposition themselves to cancel any electric field there.
According to Gauss's law, if the electric field, E, inside a conductor is zero, then the charge, Q,
enclosed by any surface, A, inside the conductor is also zero:
εo ∫E⋅dA = Q = 0
As a result, any excess charge must reside on the surface of the conductor. Therefore, the
surface of a conductor is an equipotential, and the electric potential, V, must be uniform.
Because the electric field is perpendicular to a Gaussian surface, the magnitude of the electric
flux through the surface is the product of the magnitude of the electric field, E, and the area of
the surface, A:
E⋅dA = Q ε o ∫ = EA
If the surface charge density is σ, then the magnitude of the electric field is given by:
E = Q /Aε o = σ ε o

Dielectric Constant and ElectricSusceptibility

Dielectric constant is defined as ratio capacitance of capacitor with dielectric to the capacitance
of capacitor without dielectric.
Capacitance of capacitor with dielectric has low potential (Vd) than the capacitance of capacitor
without dielectric (V) .
K = V/Vd (1)
The polarization is directly proportional to the electric field intensity created between charges.
P α E P = Ke E
Ke = P / E =electric susceptibility (2)

Capacitor and its Capacitance

The basic capacitor element is formed by separated two parallel plates with some dielectric
medium. When some voltage is applied to such an element charge is formed between the plates,
their by capacitance of capacitor is defined as charge Q developed between the plates when
voltage V is applied.
C = Q/V (3)
The units of capacitance are Farads (F).

Capacitance of the Isolated Sphere

-q +q
∞ -----x—

Let us consider an isolated sphere which is positively charges with radius x and negatively
charges plate placed at infinite distance.

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The electric flux density due to positive charge, D = Kq / x2
Electric field intensity due to positive charge, εE = Kq / x2

E = Kq /. x2

Workdone, w = - q ʃ Edl.

W = -q ʃ E dx with limits ∞ to x

V = - ʃ E dx with limits ∞ to x

V = - ʃ Kq /. x2 dx with limits ∞ to x

= -K.q / (-. x) with limits ∞ to x

= K.q / (. x)

But the capacitance is given charge per voltage, C = q / V

C = ( x )/K (4)
Capacitance of the spherical Sphere

-q

+ +q
a

b
B

Let us consider an isolated sphere which is positively charges with radius a and negatively
charges plate placed at b distance.
The electric flux density due to positive charge, D = Kq / x2
Electric field intensity due to positive charge, εE = Kq / x2
E = Kq /. x2

Workdone, w = - q ʃ Edl.

W = -q ʃ E dx with limits b to a

V = - ʃ E dx with limits b to a

V = - ʃ Kq /. x2 dx with limits b to a

= -K.q / (-. x ) with limits b to a

=𝐾𝑞. [ (1/a) – (1/b) ]

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 𝐾𝑞 (𝑏−𝑎)/ ab
=
But the capacitance is given charge per voltage, C = q /V

C = ab/K (b-a) (5)

Capacitance of the Parallel Plates

+q -q

----d---

Let potential applied to these parallel plates is V their by forming charge q between them.

Electric flux density between plates, D = q / Aε

E = q /A

E = q / ε.A,

V =E.d

V = q d / ε.A

But the capacitance is given charge per voltage, C = q /V

C = ε.A/d (6)

Capacitance of the Parallel Plates with two dielectric mediums:

+q d1 d2 -q

---- d-----
Let potential applied to first part is V1 their by forming charge q between them.

Electric flux density between plates, D=q/Aε

E1 = q /A

E1 = q / ε1.A,

V1 =E.d1

V1= q d1 / ε1.A

But the capacitance is given charge per voltage, C = q /V

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 C1 = ε1.A/d1 (7)

Let potential applied to first part is V2 their by forming charge q between them.

Electric flux density between plates, D=q/Aε

E2 = q /A

E2 = q / ε2.A,

V2 =E.d2

V2= q d2 / ε21.A

But the capacitance is given charge per voltage, C = q /V

C2 = ε2.A/d2 (8)

Hence total capacitance between plates with multiple dielectric mediums is,

C = C 1 + C2

= (ε1.A / d1) + (ε2.A / d2)

` = A / [ (d1/ ε1) +(d2/ε2) (9)

Capacitance of the Co-axial Cable:

Let us consider co-axial cable two isolated sphere with radius a and b from center of axis
the length of cable is , then line charge distribution ρl = q / l

the electric flux density generally in cable is , D = ρl /2πr

therefore electric filed intensity, E = ρl /2πrε

the electric potential of the cable is , V = -ʃ Edr , with limits b toa

= -ʃ (ρl / 2πrε) dr

= -(ρl / 2πε) ʃdr/r

= -(ρl / 2πε).ln(r)

By applying limits, V = -(ρl / 2πε) .[ln(a) –ln(b)]

V = (ρl / 2πε) .ln(b/a)

The capacitance ofco-axial cable, C = ρl /V
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 C = 2πε /ln(b/a) (10)

Energy Stored in the Capacitor:

+q -q

---V---

By the definition capacitance between plates is, C = q/V

Electric potential, V = dw / dq

dw = Vdq

dw = (q / C) dq

integrating on both sides, w = ʃ (q / C)dq

w = q2 /2C (or) (11)

w = (CV) 2 / 2C
w = CV2/2 (or) (12)

w = q2 / 2C

w = Vq/2 (13)

Energy Density in the Static ElectricField:

Energy density of capacitor is defined energy stored per unit volume.

Wd = energy stored / volume

Wd = CV2 / 2/ Ad

Wd = εA V2/d / 2. Ad

Wd = ε V2/2d2 Wd = εE2/ 2

Wd =DE/2 (14)

From equation 14 we can write,

dW / dV = DE/ 2

dW = (DE/ 2) dV

integrating on both sides, energystored W = ʃv(DE/2)dV (15)

Current:
The flow of electrons from one end to other end constitutes current. The rate of change of Charge
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is also defined as current.

i= q / t = dq/dt
the units of current is ampere.

Current Density:
If charge is distributed in the given area, then current density is defined as current constituted. In
given area.

J = i /A (A/mt2) (16)

J = di / ds di = J .ds

integrating onbothsides, i = ʃ J.ds

Convection Current Density:

Let us consider a material with volume of charges (ρV) moving with drift velocity (Vd) , then
Convection Current density is defined as product volume of charges moving with drift velocity.

J = ρVxVd (17)

Equation ofContinuity:
Let us an surface area through charges are moving in and out as shown in the figure

S
I I

Let the charge q is moving through an area of S.

According law of conservationof charge, [I]s = - dq /dt

But current passing through areais, [I]s = ʃ J ds

Total charge in the givenvolume is, q = ʃv ρv ds

From above three equations we canwrite,

ʃ J ds = -(d/dt). ʃvρvdv (18)

from the stokes theorem we can write,

ʃ J ds = ʃv▼Jdv (19)

by comparing equation 18and 19,

ʃ v▼J dv = -(d/dt). ʃv ρv dv

ʃ v▼J dv + (d/dt). ʃv ρv dv = 0

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 ʃ v [▼J + dρv / dt] dv=0 (20)

equation 20 is called as equation of continuity or Maxwell’s fifth equation.

Boundary conditions of conductors and dielectric materials:

There are two ways to solve electromagnetic problems:
1. Find out charge and current distributions everywhere in space and solve Maxwell’s Equations
everywhere.
2. Solve Maxwell’s Equations in a limited region of interest, subject to “boundary conditions” on
the boundaries defining this region. Boundary condition means the value of the fields just at the
boundary surface.
The second method is used most often. It is especially useful when the boundaries are
conductors. Boundary conditions at perfect conductors are fairly simple.

General Boundary Conditions are

Maxwell FirstEquation
We know that electric flux passing through the surface is equal to 1/ ε times the net charge
enclosed.

ɸ = ʃs E ds = Q/ ε (1)

ɸ = ʃs ε E ds = Q ε / ε (2)

ɸ = ʃs D ds = Q (3)
From the strokes theorem we can say that surface integral function is volume integral of
divergence of same function.
Q= ʃs Dds = ʃv (▼.D)dv (4)

From the gauss law we can write, Q= ʃvρvdv (5)

by comparing equation 4 and 5

(▼. D)=ρv (6)

Equation 4 and 6 are said to be Maxwell’s first and second equation.

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Poission and LaplaceEquations:
From the Maxwell’s equation we know that,
(▼. D)=ρv (7)

D=εE (8)
Equation 8 in 7,

▼ εE =ρv
but weknowthat, E = -▼V

▼ ε (-▼V) = ρv

▼2V = - ρv/ε (9)

Equation 9 is called poission’s equation.

In the uniform Gaussian surface, ρv = 0

Then equation 9 can be rewrite as,

▼2V=0 (10)

Equation 10 is called as Laplace equation.

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 UNIT-III
STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS AND MAGNETIC FORCES

Introduction
Magneto-statics is the study of magnetic field developed by the constant current
through the coil Or due to permanent magnets.
The behavior of constant magnetic field is studied by using two basic laws, they are
 Bi-Savart’s law
 Ampere’s circuital law.

Magnetic Field

Let us consider a constant current I is passing through coil shown above which
develops constant Flux surrounding the coil their by forming north and south poles.
This formation magnetic from North pole to south pole ia called as magnetic field.
The direction of magnetic flux in an coil is Given by right hand thumb rule.
Right hand thumb rule says that if four fingers of hand folded such that they show
direction of winding then thumb indicates direction of flux.

Definitions of Magnetic Field

Magnetic flux density

S S

ɸ
Magnetic flux density is defined as flux per unit area, B = d ɸ / d s (Wb/mt2 or Tesla).
ɸ=Bds
by integrating on both sides we can determine total magnetic flux in area,
ɸ =ʃ B d s (1)

Magnetic Field Intensity

The force experienced by coil when some current passes through it is magnetic field
Intensity. Mathematically magnetic field intensity is givens as,
H = magnetic force / length Magnetic force = NI
Length = l

Therefore magnetic field intensity, H = NI /l(AT/mt)

(2)

Magnetic Permeability
Permeability is the inherent property of core which helps in sustaining flux in
the core. Mathematically permeability is given as,
µ =B/H (3)
From equation 3 the relation between flux density and intensity is,
B =µH (4)
Where µ = µ0µr

µ0 = absolute permeability = 4πx10-7 H/mt

µr = relative permeability varies from core to core
Intensity of Magnetization:
When a magnetic substance is placed in a magnetic field it experiences magnetic
momentum.
The magnetic momentum per unit volume of substance is intensity of magnetization.

I=M/V

M=m.l ( m- pole strength of bar, l –length)

V = A.l

Intensity of magnetization, I = m.l /A.l

I=m/A
Magnetic Susceptibility:
The ratio intensity of magnetization to the magnetic field intensity is called as
Magnetic Susceptibility.
K = I / H.
Total flux density, B = B due to magnetic field + B due to intensity of
magnetization of bar B = µ0 H + I

But we know that, µ = B / H

= ( µ0 H + I ) / H

= µ0.+ (I/H)

µ0 µr = µ0.+ K

µr = 1 + K/ µ0 (5)
µr > 1, paramagnetic materials
µr < 1, diamagnetic materials
µr = 0, non-magnetic materials
Biot-Savart’s Law:
Bio and savart are two scientists who conducted experiments on current carrying
conductor To determine magnetic flux density (B) at any point surrounding that
conductor. Their Conclusion is named as “Biot-Savart’s Law”.

B
Idl
I
Let us consider an conductor carrying current I, which develops magnetic flux density B
surrounding It. Here Idl is called as current element. To find total electric field intensity
conductor is divided into Number of current elements.
The magnetic field intensity due to current element I dl is d H at point P. According Bio-
Savart’s law
 d H α I dl (current element)
 d H α sin Ɵ (angle between current element and length joining point)
 d H α 1 / r2 (square of distance between current element and point)
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By combining above three,
d H α Id l . Sin Ɵ / r2

By removing proportionality,
d H = Id l. sin Ɵ /
4πr2

Total magnetic field intensity at point P,

H = ʃ I d l. sin Ɵ / 4πr2

Therefore, total flux density at point P, B = µ H

B = µ ʃ I d l. SinƟ/4πr2 (6)

Magnetic Field Intensity due to a finite length of current carrying filament:

P
d

ɸ
l R
ldl
Ɵ

Let us consider a straight conductor of length l, a test point P at which electric field
intensity is to be Determined at a distance of d from conductor. Assume current element
with a distance of R to P.
From Bio-Savart’s law magnetic field intensity at test point P due to current element ldl is ,

d H=I dl. SinƟ.𝑎̂/4πR2 (7)

From above right angle triangle, Ɵ + ɸ=900 (8)

Using equation 6and 7, d H=I dl. Cos ɸ.𝑎̂ /4πR2 (9)

The unit vector.𝑎̂, indica test the direction H at point P.

.𝑎̂ =.𝑅̂ /R (10)

From above rightangletriangle, R = √ l2+d2 (11)

Cos ɸ = d / √ l2+d2
Tanɸ = l/d
l = d. tanɸ
d l = dsec2ɸdɸ (12)

Substituting d, e, f in 9,

d H=Id l.cosɸ .d.𝑅̂ /4π(l2 +d2)2

Integrating on both sides

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 H=ʃ I d l.cosɸ .d.𝑅̂ /4π(l2 +d2)3/2

For straight line of infinite length, ɸ varies between –π /2 to π /2

Substituting above limits in equation
H=l/2πd

Magnetic Field Intensity due to a circular current carrying filament

Let us consider circular conductor with radius r,

r
p
Magnetic field intensity at the center of circular
r
conductor is, from above figure we can say
0
that idl and center are at 90
Using Bio-Savart’s law magnetic field intensity at center point P due to current element ldl is,

dH = idl sin90 /
4πr2dH = idl /4πr2
Integrating on both sides, H = ʃ idl /4πr2

H = i ʃ dl/4πr2
(ʃ dl = 2πr) H = i 2πr /4πr2
H = i/2r
Magnetic field intensity at the center of circular conductor with N number of turns is,

H = Ni/2r

Magnetic Field Intensity due to a Square current carrying filament

From the above figure we can say that each side AB, BC ,CD,DA has magnetic field
intensity at the center Of square conductor.
In every right angle triangle angle between current element and center is 450.
The total magnetic field intensity at the center of square due to all corners using
Bio-Savart’s law Because of any one side, H = (I / 4πa) x[ sin450 + sin450]
Using all sides, H = 4(I / 4πa) x[ sin450 + sin450]

H = (I / πa) x[ 2 / √2 ]
H = (√2.I/πa)

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Magnetic Field Intensity due to a Solenoid current carrying filament
The construction of solenoid is same as coil wounded on a cylinder, let us take take cylinder
As reference and derive expression for H due to solenoid. The solenoid with length l,
number of turns N allowing an current of I is shown in below figure,

dx

Assume a small length d x, with total turns n d x in it , let us derive what is the magnetic
field intensity Due to d x on P, their by total H at P.

Total number of turns = N

Total length =l
Number of turns per unit length,n = N / l x be the distance of the point,
The magnetic field intensity due to length d x on P is ,

d H = (Ia2 / 2r3) n d x

From figure, r = √a2 + x2,

Substituting r in d H. d H = (Ia2 / 2 (a2 + x2)3/2)n d x

From above right angle triangles, d Ɵ<<<Ɵ, hence sin d Ɵ = d Ɵ sin Ɵ = r d Ɵ / dx sin Ɵ =
a/r

Substituting above deduction in d H,

D H = (Ia2 r. d Ɵ/ sin Ɵ / 2r3) n

D H = I .n. sin Ɵ. D Ɵ/2

if seen from end points of solenoid the magnetic field intensity at P is

Here from one end to other end angle varies from 0 to 2π, substituting above and integrating
equation a
ʃ dH = ʃ I.n. sin Ɵ. dƟ / 2

H = - I.n.cos Ɵ. / 2, substitutingabovelimits

H = -(I.n/2) [cos2π – cos 0]

H = I.n = NI/l
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
 r
p
r
If seen from end point of solenoid the magnetic field intensity at P at same end point,
Then the limits varies between 0 to π/2 substituting above limits in b
H = -(I.n/2) [cosπ/2 – cos 0]
H = n.I/2 =N.I/2l

Maxwell’s Second Equation

From the Guass law we can write magnetic flux in the given surface is surface
integral of Magnetic flux density.
Ψ = ʃ B.ds

But total flux density in closed surface is always zero,

Ψ = ʃ B.ds
= 0 By applying divergence theorem we can
write,

ʃ B.ds = ʃv▼ B. dv = 0

Hence we can write, ▼ B = 0, is Maxwell’s second equation

Ampere Circuital Law

The ampere circuital law states line integral magnetic filed intensity around any
closed path Is equal to total current enclosed in that path.

ʃ H dl=I
Ampere’s law is analogous to gauss law electro-statics.

Applications of Ampere’s law :

 The magnetic field intensity in the surrounding closed path is always
at tangential at Each and every point on it.
 At each every point on the closed path magnetic field intensity has the same value.

Maxwell’s Third Equation

From the ampere circuital law we know that,
ʃ H dl =I
But current can be written as, ʃ J d s =I

Equating above two equations, ʃ H dl = ʃ J d s-----------------------a

From stokes theorem, ʃ H dl = ʃ ▼x H d s-----------------b

By combining equation a and b, ʃ ▼x H d s = ʃ J d s

By comparing on both sides, ▼x H =J, ▼x H = curl of H

This equation is called as differential, integral or point form of ampere’s law and also called
as Maxwell’s Third Equation.

Magnetic field intensity due to long straight conductor using ampere’s law
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
Let us consider a straight conductor as shown in figure with closed path of magnetic
field Intensity surrounding it with radius of r.

From ampere’s circuital law we can write magnetic field intensity in closed path,

ʃ H dl=I-----------------------------------a

But we can write, ʃ H dl = H ʃd l

=H2πr-----------------------------b

Equating a and b, H 2πr =I

H = I/2πr

Magnetic field intensity due to infinite sheet conductor using ampere’s law

d
d d

let us consider a square sheet as shown above with surrounding current path of
side d. according to Ampere’s law ,
ʃ H dl = I

Where ʃ dl indicates the mean length closed path,

ʃ dl = 4d

There by, H ʃ dl =I

H.4d = I
H=I/4d

Force In Magnetic Field And Magnetic Potential:

Force on moving charge:
When an charge Q is with velocity 𝑉⃗is placed in the magnetic field of density 𝐵⃗, then it
Experiences force called as magnetic force.

⃗𝐹⃗𝑚⃗=Q(𝑉⃗𝑋𝐵⃗

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 =QVB sin Ɵ af

𝑉⃗is parallel to 𝐵⃗then Ɵ= 0, therefore sin Ɵ = 0, hence always velocity direction and flux
density Direction must be normal to each other.

Moving charges in the magnetic field:

The limitations of moving charge in the existing magnetic field,
 If the velocity of charge in the magnetic field is zero then force experienced also zero.
 If the velocity direction and magnetic field direction are parallel to each other then
force Experienced is zero.
 To say that moving charge in the magnetic field experiences force velocity and field
must be normal to each other.

From the above discussion the force experienced by moving charge is ,

Fm = QVB.

Similarly we can also write force experienced by moving charge due to its mass is ,
Fm = ma

r
Q(V)

r is the radius made by path travelled by charge when it experiences force.

Fm =mV2/r

By equating both forces, QVB =mV2/r

r = mV / QB

Time taken to complete one revolution in field is ,

T = 2πr / V = 2πm / QB

Hence frequency of charge in field is, F = 1/ T

= QB / 2πm, as this expression of frequency is
independent Of velocity it is called as cyclotron.

Lorentz force equation

We know that the force acquire by point charge when kept in the static electric field is,
⃗𝐹⃗⃗
⃗𝑒= Q 𝐸⃗
The force experienced by moving charge in the magnetic field is ,
⃗ ⃗𝑚⃗=Q(𝑉⃗𝑋𝐵⃗)
𝐹
The total force on the charge in the presence of both field is,
𝐹=⃗𝐹⃗𝑒+𝐹⃗𝑚⃗
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 =Q𝐸⃗+Q(𝑉⃗𝑋 𝐵⃗)
=Q(𝐸⃗+(𝑉⃗𝑋𝐵⃗))
This equation is called as Lorentz force equation.

Force on current element due to magnetic Field

Let us a long conductor of length l which is partitioned into number parts allowing current
Of I. each part of conductor is of length dl, therefore individual part is represented with I
dl called as current element.

Force due to current element at any point

We know that convection current density is,
𝐽=ρv𝑉⃗
The current elements are ,
𝐽dv = 𝐾ds = 𝐼dl
Using above two equations,
𝐼dl= ρv𝑉⃗dv=Q𝑉⃗Also
current element, 𝐼dl = (d Q/dt).dl
=d Q.𝑉⃗

The force experienced by moving charge we know as ,

⃗𝑑⃗𝐹⃗𝑚⃗
⃗=Q(𝑉⃗𝑋 𝐵⃗)

= 𝐼dl X 𝐵⃗
Integrating on both sides we can determine force due current
element,

𝐹𝑚⃗ ⃗=ʃ𝐼d l X𝐵⃗

⃗𝐹⃗𝑚⃗=ʃs𝐾⃗d s X𝐵⃗

𝐹⃗𝑚⃗=ʃv𝐽d v X𝐵⃗

Force on a straight long current carrying conductor placed in the magnetic field

Let us consider a straight conductor placed in the magnetic field as shown in the figure, Of
length l, allowing current of I, hence current element if I dl, The velocity of charges in the
given length of conductor is𝑉⃗.

The force experienced by current element is ,

𝑑⃗𝐹⃗𝑚⃗ =d Q(𝑉⃗𝑋 𝐵⃗)
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
 =d Q(dl/dt𝑋𝐵⃗)=I(𝑑⃗𝑙𝑋𝐵⃗)

Their by integrating on both sides, 𝐹⃗𝑚⃗=I(𝑙𝑋𝐵⃗)

Fm =BIl sinƟ

Force on a straight parallel long current carrying conductors placed in the magnetic
field
P Q

I1 d I2

Let us consider two straight parallel current carrying conductors of length l separated by
distance d As shown above,
The magnetic field intensity due conductor P on Q is,
H = I1 / 2Πd
The magnetic flux density due conductor P on Q is,
B = µ0 I1 / 2Πd
Hence forced experienced by conductor Q due to field of P is,
F1 = B I2 l
= µ0 I1 I2 l / 2Πd
Similarly force experienced by P due to conductor Q is ,
F2 = µ0 I1 I2 l / 2Πd
Hence force per unit length of conductor is ,
(F / l) = µ0 I1 I2/2Πd

Magnetic dipole and dipole moment

Magnetic dipole is formed when two opposite magnetic charges are separated by distance l.
-Qm--------------l-----------+Qm
The line joining two charges is termed as axis of dipole. Direction magnetic dipole is from
-Qm to +Qm
In other words a bar magnet with pole strength Qm and l has , magnetic dipole moment,
m =Qm l .
I A

-Q m

Let us consider a bar conductor allowing current I their forming loop of area A, magnet
poles formed As shown in the figure.
Magnetic dipole moment , m=
IA
Numerically both dipole moment must be same, Qm l = IA

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Magnetization
If their exist an conductor consisting of number of dipoles in its volume , then magnet
dipole Moment per unit volume is called as magnetization.
M=m/V
= Qm .l / A.l
= Qm / A
Magnetic susceptibility
When the magnetic field is applied to an material the , Total magnetic field intensity is ,
⃗𝐵⃗=µ0⃗𝐻⃗+µ0⃗𝑀⃗
= µ0 µr H

Therefore, µ 0µr⃗𝐻⃗=µ0⃗𝐻⃗+
µ0⃗𝑀⃗
⃗
⃗ ⃗=(µr–1)⃗𝐻⃗
𝑀
⃗𝑀⃗
⃗=Xm⃗𝐻⃗
Xm = (µr – 1), is called as magnetic
susceptibility

Torque due to Magneticdipole

Let us a sheet of side abcd placed in the magnetic field , the side ab experiences the force
into The page and side cd out of the page. Angles made by sheet with magnetic field are α
and β.
the total torque experienced by sheet due to dipole is ,
T = 2 x torque on each side
= 2 x force x distance from axis of rotation
= 2 x F x d/2
= 2 x BIl cos β x d/2
= BIA cos β
= mB cos β or mB sin α

Thereforetorquevector, 𝑇⃗= 𝑚⃗⃗x 𝐵⃗

Scalar magneticpotential
Form the electro-statics we know that,
E = -▼V Similarly in the magneto-statics ,
H = -▼Vm Vm – vector magnetic potential
Applying curl on both sides of H, ▼x H = -▼x(▼Vm)
But curl of divergence of any vector is zero, ▼x H = 0
We can also write, ▼x H = J
From the above two equations we can write, J = 0. This is possible only in the case constant
magnetic field. from the electro-statics we know that, ʃE dl = V
Similarly, in the magneto-statics, ʃH dl = Vm

Ampere circuital law says that, ʃH dl = I

Comparing last two equations, Vm = I

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

Hence the units of scalar magnetic potential is Amperes.

Vector magneticpotential
We know that divergence magnetic flux density over uniform closed surface is always zero.
▼B = 0
Also, divergence of curl of vector is always zero.

▼.(▼x
A) =0
By comparing above two equations,
B = ▼xA
µH = ▼xA
H = (▼x A) / µ

Applying curl on both sides,

▼x H = ▼x (▼x A) / µ = J
But, ▼x (▼x A) = ▼. (▼. A) - ▼2 A =µJ
For time invariant fields divergence of vector is zero, hence above can be written as
- ▼2 A = µJ
▼2 A = - µJ
Form the electro-statics weknowthat, dv = dq/ 4πε

Similarly in themagneto-statics , dA= µidl/4πr

Integrating onbothsides, A = ʃ µidl/ 4πr, A- vectormagneticpotential

Self inductance of asolenoid:

d

let us consider a solenoid as shown in figure with length l allowing an current of i A.

N – total turns of solenoid coil
N – number of turns per unit length
Magnetic filed density inside solenoidis , B = µ0 n.i.
Total flux linking withcoil is ɸ=NBA
= µ0 n l.i.A .n
= µ0 n2.i.A .l

Self inductance is the property of coil which is responsible for emf induced in it,

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 L=Nɸ/i
= µ0 n2.i.A .l / i
= µ0 N2A /lH
Self-inductance of aToroid:

Let us a toroid on which a coil N turns is wounded allowing an current of i A.

Let r be the mean radius of the toroid.
Magnetic flux density in the toroid, B = µ0 Ni / l
Where , l = 2πr
B = µ0 Ni / 2πr
Total flux linkage with toroid is , ɸ = NBA

= (N µ0 Ni / 2πr ) . A
2
But, area A = πR
ɸ = ( N µ 0 Ni / 2πr). πR2

= ( N2 µ 0 i R2/ 2r).

Therefore self inductance of toroidis, L = ɸ /i

= ( N2 µ 0 R2/2r).H

Neumann’s formulae

C1 C2
r i2

let us consider two circular coils brought as near as possible allowing i1 and i2 currents, with
separation of r, of an areas S1 and S2 .
the magnetic flux density due to current i1 is ,
B1 = ▼ x A1.
Vector magnetic potential , A1 = ʃ µi1dl1/ 4πr
Hence flux with second coil due to i1,
ɸ21 = B1 dS2
hence total flux linking with second coil is ,
Ψ21 = ʃ B1 dS2
= ʃ (▼ x A1) dS2
From stokes theorem, ʃ (▼ x A1) dS2 = ʃ A1 dl2
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
Substituting this inn above equation ,
Ψ21 = ʃ A1 dl2
= ʃ ʃ µi1dl1 dl2/ 4πr
Therefore mutual inductance between two coils is ,
M21 = Ψ21 / i1
Mutual inductance is the imaginary concept which says that there is flux linkage with second
Coil because of current flowing through first coil.
M21 = ʃ ʃ µi1dl1 dl2/ 4πr / i1
M21 = ʃ ʃ µdl1 dl2/ 4πr
This M21 is called as Neumann’s formulae.

Energy stored in the magnetic field:

Let the work done to increase the current by di is dw, by law of conservation of energy Work
done is equal to energy stored .
dw = vi dt
= L.idi. dt/dt
dw = Lidi

integrating on both sides ,ʃ dw = ʃ Lidi w = Li2 / 2

but we know that, L = Nɸ / i = Ψ / i
using above expressions, we can write energy stored in the magnetic field also as,
w=Ψi/2
= Ψ2 / 2 L

Mutual inductance between straight long and square conductors

Let us consider a straight and square conductor placed in the xy plane as shown.

ds
ix b

a d+a
here straight conductor is placed on y-axis and square loop as shown is xy plane. The
magnetic flux density due to straight wire o square loop is ,
B = µ0.i/ 2πx
The flux linking with square loop because current in straight wire is,
M=Ψ/I
From the gauss law we know that,
Ψ = ʃs B ds

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 = ʃ ʃ (µ0.i/ 2πx) dxdy, with limts

x = d to d+a, y = o to b
= ʃ (µ0.i/ 2πx).y dx

Substituting limitsofy, = ʃ (µ0.i/ 2πx).b dx

Then, = (µ0.i b /2π).ln(x)

Substituting limitsofx, = (µ0.i b ln(d+a)/2πln(d)).

Therefore mutual inductance between two conductors is,M = Ψ / i

= (µ0. B. ln(d+a)/2πln(d))

Characteristics and applications of permanent magnets Characteristics :

 Permanent magnets are the one which readily available in nature in the form of Bar
and horse shoe shapes etc.

 Permanent magnets irrespective of supply always exhibits magnetic properties.

 Permanent magnets always develops a constant magnetic field.

 The strength of the permanent magnets measured in terms of their cohesive force.

 An permanent magnet with high cohesive force will have long life.

 Permanent magnet got the disadvantage of ageing effect i.e in long run they may get
rusted.

Applications:
 Permanent magnets are used in the applications where ever it is required to develop
Constant magnetic field . Eg- Dc generator, Dc motor.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 

Horseshoemagnet Barmagnet

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 UNIT-IV
TRANSMISSION LINES-I
Introduction:
Time varying fields are produced due to accelerated charges or time varying currents. Here
we shall study how time varying current affects electric and magnet fields.
Faraday’s law of electro-magnetic induction
Michael faraday has stated two laws
 If any coil experiences change in flux or variable flux then emf is induced
in it.
 The emf induced in the coil is directly proportional to rate of change of flux
linking ith the coil.
E α - dɸ / dt E- electro-motive force.
-Sign indicates that magnetic flux developed in coil opposes the current through it.
From Lenz law.
For an coil with N turns emf induced in it ,
E = - N.dɸ / dt
Maxwell’s Fourth equation or vector form of faraday’slaw We know from the
gausslaw,
ɸ = ʃs B ds hence emf induced due to above
flux is e= - dɸ /dt

= -d(ʃs Bds)/dt
Electric potential is given as ,
e = ʃEdl
equating above two equations,
ʃ E dl = - (ʃs dBds) /dt

by applying stokes theorem,

ʃ E dl = ʃs (▼xE) ds

substituting above equation in c,

ʃs (▼xE) ds = - (ʃs dB ds) /dt

comparing on both sides,

▼xE=-dB/dt

This is called as Maxwell’s fourth equation of vector form of faraday’s law.

Types of induced emf

The emf induced in the coil according faraday’s law is mainly of two types. They are

i) Dynamically induced emf

ii) Statically induced emf.

Dynamically induced emf

V
Let us consider a straight conductor with charge velocity of v moving against the existing
Magnetic field. Force experienced by conductor is ,

𝐹 = Q ((𝑉⃗𝑋𝐵⃗)

⃗𝐹⃗/⃗Q⃗ = ((𝑉⃗𝑋𝐵⃗)
𝐸⃗ = (𝑉⃗𝑋𝐵⃗)
Hence electric potential induced in the conductor is ,
e = ʃ 𝐸⃗dl

= ʃ (𝑉⃗𝑋𝐵⃗) dl

therefore potential induced can be written as, e = BVl sinƟ

the maximum value of potential induced is, e = BVl

Statically induced emf

If an conductor experiences variable flux then emf induced in it is called as statically induced
Emf.
e = ʃ 𝐸⃗dl = -Ndɸ / dt
since the flux is alternating,
ɸ = ɸm sinwt
then the emf induced is ,

e = -Nd (ɸm sinwt ) / dt

= N ɸm wcoswt

Displacement current
Let us consider a capacitor is connected to Ac source as shown in figure where V is the

voltage applied across the capacitor.

VQ, C

The current flowing through capacitor is ,

iC = C dV / dt
the capacitance of capacitor,
C=εA/d
Then,
iC = (ε A / d). dV / dt

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 iC / A = ε dE / dt Jc = dD / dt

The figure of actual capacitor with internal resistance,

Then the total current is ,
i = ir + ic
where ,I – total current

ir – current through resistance

ic – current through capacitance dividing above KCL on both sides by area A,

i / A = ir / A + ic / A J = Jr + Jc

Jr – conducting current
Jc – displacement current

Maxwell’s equations in time varying fields

In the time varying fields we can write,

E = Eo coswt

= Eo ejwt

Similarly, D = Do ejwt

d D / dt = Do wJ ejwt = Jw Do

likely, dB / dt = Jw B

we know that, ▼xE = - dB / dt

= Jw B

Also, ▼xE = -JwµH

▼x H= J+ dD/dt

= σE+ Jw Do

= σE+ Jw εE

= E (σ+ Jw ε)

Integral form, ʃ D ds = ʃ ρvdv ʃ B ds = 0

ʃ E dl = - Jw ʃ B ds

ʃ H dl = (σ+ Jw ε) ʃ E ds

Numerical methods.
There are various numerical methods to calculate the electric filed intensity on a uniform and
non-uniform fields. They are
a) Finite difference method
b) Finite element method
c) Boundary element method
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
 d) Charge simulation method.

Let us check short discussion of each method to calculate electric field intensity.
a) Finite difference method

2
1 p 3
4
h

Here let us consider an Uniform field whose electric field intensity is to be determined
The test area is portioned into number meshes as shown in the figure.
 Each mesh is of step size h.
 Each mesh can be studied with the knowledge of their four nodes.
 With the knowledge of mesh field we can determine any unknown potential in the
given field.
 If P is the test point at field is to be determined , then the field function at P depends
on Fields at neighboring nodes.

b) Finite element method

1 2

3 4

This method is applicable to both uniform and non-uniform test fields.

Let us consider a non-uniform field whose total field is to be determined.
 Here total area of field is portioned into number known shapes like triangle,
trapezoidal etc.
 Each shape is pronounced as element.
 Each element is described with corner nodes.
 If the all node voltages of individual element is known then total potential of element
Can be determined.
Their by with all the element voltages we can calculate total electric field
intensity of given Medium.

C) Charge simulationmethod

Interface between electrode

and dielectric
1 X 4 5

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 2 X Dielectric-1

X X
3X
X 6
Dielectric -2

In this method we can find field due to point charges.

Here1,2,3--------------------6 are the pointcharges. The x marks indicates counter points at

which field is to be calculated.

Let us consider counter point 1 between electrode and dielectric -1 , hence the total potential
 At this counter point is due to fields of point charges 1,2,4,5.
 Similarly, we can field at each counter point, there by total potential of interface is
sum of all counter point field.
 This method has good accuracy and speed.
 Cannot be applicable for electrodes of irregular shapes
 Accuracy in 2D is 1% and in 3D is 2%.
 As point to point field is calculated, this can be easily simulated in the PC.
 This method can be used for unbounded fields.

Point form of Maxwell’s Equation:

Maxwell's Equations are commonly written in a few different ways:

The above equations are known as "point form" because each equality is true at every
point in space. However, if we integrate the point form over a volume, we obtain
the integral form. There is also Time-Harmonic Form, and Maxwell's Equations
written only with E and H. 

Integral Form of Maxwell's Equations

If the point form of Maxwell's Equations are true at every point, then we can integrate them
over any volume (V) or through any surface and they will still be true. There are a couple of
Vector Calculus.

For Gauss’ law and Gauss’ law for magnetism, we’ve actually already done this. First, we
write them in differential form:

We pick any region   we want and integrate both sides of each equation over that region:
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
On the left-hand sides we can use the divergence theorem, while the right sides can simply be
evaluated:

where   is the total charge contained within the region  . Gauss’ law tells us that the
flux of the electric field out through a closed surface is (basically) equal to the charge
contained inside the surface, while Gauss’ law for magnetism tells us that there is no such
thing as a magnetic charge.
Faraday’s law was basically given to us in integral form, but we can get it back from the
differential form:

We pick any surface   and integrate the flux of both sides through it:

On the left we can use Stokes’ theorem, while on the right we can pull the derivative outside
the integral:

where   is the flux of the magnetic field   through the surface  . Faraday’s law tells us
that a changing magnetic field induces a current around a circuit.
A similar analysis helps with Ampère’s law:

We pick a surface and integrate:

Then we simplify each side.

where   is the flux of the electric field   through the surface  , and   is the total
current flowing through the surface  . Ampère’s law tells us that a flowing current induces a
magnetic field around the current, and Maxwell’s correction tells us that a changing electric
field behaves just like a current made of moving charges. We collect these together into the
integral form of Maxwell’s equations:

Motional Electromotive Force
An emf induced by the motion of the conductor across the magnetic field is a
motional electromotive force. The equation is given by E = -vLB.  This equation is true as
long as the velocity, field, and length are mutually perpendicular. The minus sign associated
with the Lenz’s law.

To understand the motional electromotive force, let us make a particular setup. Let us
take a rectangular coil, a metal rod of length L, moving with velocity V, through a magnetic
field B. There is a magnetic field at some location.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 Length, velocity and magnetic field should always be at a right angle with each other.
The direction of the magnetic field is going inside. Assume the metal rod is frictionless that
means there is no loss of energy due to friction and we apply a uniform magnetic field. The
conductor rod is moved with a constant velocity and placed in the magnetic field.

ΦB = Blx
But ‘x’ changes with time,
E = – dΦBdt = – ddt (Blx) = -Bl dxdt

E = Blv
The induced emf Blv is motion electromotive force. So we produce
emf by moving a conductor inside the uniform magnetic field.
The power required to move a conductor rod in a magnetic field is,
P =  B²l²v²R
Where,
 B is the magnetic field,
 l is the length of the conductor
 v is the velocity of the conductor
 R is the resistance
The magnetic flux associated with the coil is given by Φ = BA cos θ. We know that cos θ = 0,
so Φ = BA. The motion of electromotive force can be further explained by Lorentz force
which acts on free charge carriers. The Lorentz force on charge is:

F = qVB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 UNIT-V
TRANSMISSION LINES-II
In our study of static fields so far, we have observed that static electric fields are produced by
electric charges, static magnetic fields are produced by charges in motion or by steady
current. Further, static electric field is a conservative field and has no curl, the static magnetic
field is continuous and its divergence is zero. The fundamental relationships for static electric
fields among the field quantities can be summarized as:

(1)

(2)

For a linear and isotropic medium,

(3)

Similarly for the magneto static case

(4)

(5)

(6)

It can be seen that for static case, the electric field vectors and and magnetic field
vectors and form separate pairs.

In this chapter we will consider the time varying scenario. In the time varying case we will
observe that a changing magnetic field will produce a changing electric field and vice
versa.

We begin our discussion with Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction and then
present the Maxwell's equations which form the foundation for the electromagnetic
theory.

Faraday's Law of electromagnetic Induction

Michael Faraday, in 1831 discovered experimentally that a current was induced in a
conducting loop when the magnetic flux linking the loop changed. In terms of fields, we can
say that a time varying magnetic field produces an electromotive force (emf) which causes a
current in a closed circuit. The quantitative relation between the induced emf (the voltage
that arises from conductors moving in a magnetic field or from changing magnetic fields)
and the rate of change of flux linkage developed based on experimental observation is
known as Faraday's law. Mathematically, the induced emf can be written as

Emf = Volts (7)

where is the flux linkage over the closed path.

A non zero may result due to any of the following:

(a) time changing flux linkage a stationary closed path.

(b) relative motion between a steady flux a closed path.

(c) a combination of the above two cases.

The negative sign in equation (7) was introduced by Lenz in order to comply with the polarity
of the induced emf. The negative sign implies that the induced emf will cause a current flow
in the closed loop in such a direction so as to oppose the change in the linking magnetic flux
which produces it. (It may be noted that as far as the induced emf is concerned, the closed
path forming a loop does not necessarily have to be conductive).

If the closed path is in the form of N tightly wound turns of a coil, the change in the
magnetic flux linking the coil induces an emf in each turn of the coil and total emf is the
sum of the induced emfs of the individual turns, i.e.,

Emf = Volts (8)

By defining the total flux linkage as

(9)

The emf can be written as

Emf = (10)

Where is the induced electric field on the conductor to sustain the current. Further, total
flux enclosed by the contour 'C ' is given by

(11)

Where S is the surface for which 'C' is the contour.

From 10 and using 11 in 7 we can write

(12)
By applying stokes theorem
(13)

Therefore, we can write

Which is the Faraday's law in the point form

We have said that non zero can be produced in a several ways. One particular case is
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
when a time varying flux linking a stationary closed path induces an emf. The emf induced in
a stationary closed path by a time varying magnetic field is called a transformer emf .

Motional EMF:
Let us consider a conductor moving in a steady magnetic field as shown in the fig.

If a charge Q moves in a magnetic field , it experiences a force

This force will cause the electrons in the conductor to drift towards one end and leave the
other end positively charged, thus creating a field and charge separation continuous until
electric and magnetic forces balance and an equilibrium is reached very quickly, the net force
on the moving conductor is zero.

Can be interpreted as an induced electric field which is called the motional

electric field

If the moving conductor is a part of the closed circuit C, the generated emf around the
circuit is . This emf is called the motional emf.

Maxwell's Equation
From these equations, the relationship among the field quantities is the static field. For
time varying case, the relationship among the field vectors written as

In addition, from the principle of conservation of charges we get the equation of continuity

T
We observe that

is zero for any vector .

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

Thus applies only for the static case i.e., for the scenario when .A
classic example for this is given below .

Suppose we are in the process of charging up a capacitor as shown in fig

Let us apply the Ampere's Law for the Amperian loop shown in fig Ienc= I is the total current
passing through the loop. But if we draw a baloon shaped surface as in fig, no current passes
through this surface and hence Ienc = 0. But for non steady currents such as this one, the
concept of current enclosed by a loop is ill-defined since it depends on what surface you use.
In fact Ampere's Law should also hold true for time varying case as well, then comes the idea
of displacement current which will be introduced in the next few slides.

We can write for time varying case,

This equation is valid for static as well as for time varying case and indicates that a time
varying electric field will give rise to a magnetic

field even in the absence of . The term has a dimension of current densities
and is called the displacement current density.

Introduction of in equation is one of the major contributions of Jame's Clerk

Maxwell. The modified set of equations

is known as the Maxwell's equation and this set of equations apply in the time varying

scenario, static fields are being a particular case .

In the integral form

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

The modification of Ampere's law by Maxwell has led to the development of a unified
electromagnetic field theory. By introducing the displacement current term, Maxwell could
predict the propagation of EM waves. Existence of EM waves was later demonstrated by
Hertz experimentally which led to the new era of radio communication.

Boundary Conditions for Electromagnetic fields

The differential forms of Maxwell's equations are used to solve for the field vectors provided
the field quantities are single valued, bounded and continuous. At the media boundaries, the
field vectors are discontinuous and their behaviors across the boundaries are governed by
boundary conditions. The integral equations are assumed to hold for regions containing
discontinuous media. Boundary conditions can be derived by applying the Maxwell's
equations in the integral form to small regions at the interface of the two media.
With reference to fig

Equation says that tangential component of electric field is continuous across the interface
while from we note that tangential component of the magnetic field is discontinuous by an
amount equal to the surface current density. Similarly states that normal component of
electric flux density vector is discontinuous across the interface by an amount equal to the
surface current density while normal component of the magnetic flux density is continuous.

If one side of the interface, as shown in fig ,is a perfect electric conductor, say region 2, a
surface current can exist even though is zero as .

Thus eqn reduces to

Wave equation and their solution:

Maxwell's equations in the differential form as

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

Let us consider a source free uniform medium having dielectric constant , magnetic
permeability and conductivity . The above set of equations can be written as

Using the vector identity ,

We can write

or

Substituting

But in source free medium

In the same manner

Since we can write

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

These two equations

are known as wave equations.

It may be noted that the field components are functions of both space and time. For example,
if we consider a Cartesian co ordinate system, essentially represents and
. For simplicity, we consider propagation in free space , i.e. , and

The wave eqn in equations reduces to

Further simplifications can be made if we consider in Cartesian co ordinate system a special

case where are considered to be independent in two dimensions, say are
assumed to be independent of y and z. Such waves are called plane waves.

we can write

The vector wave equation is equivalent to the three scalar equations

Since we have ,

As we have assumed that the field components are independent of y and z the above equation
reduces to

i.e. there is no variation of Ex in the x direction.

Further, we find that implies which requires any three of the conditions to
be satisfied: (i) Ex=0, (ii)Ex = constant, (iii)Ex increasing uniformly with time.

A field component satisfying either of the last two conditions (i .e (ii) and (iii))is not a part
of a plane wave motion and hence Ex is taken to be equal to zero. Therefore, a uniform plane
wave propagating in x direction does not have a field component (E or H) acting along x.
Without loss of generality let us now consider a plane wave having Ey component only
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
(Identical results can be obtained for Ez component) .

The equation involving such wave propagation is given by

Where

Thus equation satisfies wave can be verified by substitution.

Corresponds to the wave traveling in the + x direction while
Corresponds to a wave traveling in the -x direction ,then general solution of the wave eqn
thus consists of two waves, one traveling away from the source and other traveling back
towards the source. In the absence of any reflection, the second form of the above eqn) is
zero and the solution can be written as
\

Such a wave motion is graphically shown in fig at two instances of time t1 and t2.
Let us now consider the relationship between E and H components for the forward traveling
wave.

Since and there is no variation along y and z.

Since only z component of exists, from

and from with , only Hz component of magnetic field being present

Substituting Ey

The constant of integration means that a field independent of x may also exist. However,
this field will not be a part of the wave motion.

Hence

which relates the E and H components of the traveling wave.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

is called the characteristic or intrinsic impedance of the free space
Time Harmonic Fields:
So far, in discussing time varying electromagnetic fields, we have considered arbitrary time
dependence. The time dependence of the field quantities depends on the source functions.
One of the most important case of time varying electromagnetic field is the time harmonic
(sinusoidal or co sinusoidal) time variation where the excitation of the source varies
sinusoidal in time with a single frequency. For time-harmonic fields, phasors analysis can be
applied to obtain single frequency steady state response. Since Maxwell's equations are linear
differential equations, for source functions with arbitrary time dependence, electromagnetic
fields can be determined by superposition. Periodic time functions can be expanded into
Fourier series of harmonic sinusoidal components while transient non-periodic functions can
be expressed as Fourier integrals. Field vectors that vary with space coordinates and are
sinusoidal function of time can be represented in terms of vector phasors that depend on the
space coordinates but not on time. For time harmonic case, the general time variation is
and for a cosine reference, the instantaneous fields can be written as:
where is a vector phasors that contain the information on direction, magnitude and
phase. The phasors in general are complex quantities. All time harmonic filed components
can be written in this manner

The time rate of change of can be written as:

Thus we find that if the electric field vector is represented in the phasor form

as , then can be represented by the phasor . The

integral can be represented by the phasor . In the same manner, higher order
derivatives and integrals with respect to t can be represented by
multiplication and division of the phasor by higher power of . Considering
the field phasors and source phasors in a simple linear isotropic medium, we
can write the Maxwell's equations for time harmonic case in the phasor form as:

Similarly, the wave equations described in equation can be written as:

or
and in the same manner, for the magnetic field

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

where is called the wave number .
In the previous chapter we introduced the equations pertaining to wave propagation and
discussed how the wave equations are modified for time harmonic case. In this chapter we
discuss in detail a particular form of electromagnetic wave propagation called 'plane waves'.

The Helmhotz Equation:

In source free linear isotropic medium, Maxwell equations in phasor form are

or,

or,

or, where

An identical equation can be derived for .

i.e.,

These equations

are called homogeneous vector Helmholtz's equation.

is called the wave number or propagation constant of the medium.

Plane waves in Lossless medium:

In a lossless medium, are real numbers, so k is real.

In Cartesian coordinates each of the equations are equivalent to three scalar Helmholtz's
equations, one each in the components Ex, Ey and Ez or Hx , Hy, Hz.
For example if we consider Ex component we can write

A uniform plane wave is a particular solution of Maxwell's equation assuming electric field
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
(and magnetic field) has same magnitude and phase in infinite planes perpendicular to the
direction of propagation. It may be noted that in the strict sense a uniform plane wave doesn't
exist in practice as creation of such waves are possible with sources of infinite extent.
However, at large distances from the source, the wavefront or the surface of the constant
phase becomes almost spherical and a small portion of this large sphere can be considered to
plane. The characteristics of plane waves are simple and useful for studying many practical
scenarios.

Let us consider a plane wave which has only Ex component and propagating along z .
Since the plane wave will have no variation along the plane perpendicular to z i.e., xy

plane, .

The Helmholtz's equation reduces to,

The solution to this equation can be written as

are the amplitude constants (can be determined from boundary conditions).

In the time domain,

assuming are real constants.

Here, represents the forward traveling wave. The plot of

for several values of t is shown in the Figure.

Figure: Plane wave traveling in the + z direction

As can be seen from the figure, at successive times, the wave travels in the +z direction.
If we fix our attention on a particular point or phase on the wave (as shown by the dot) i.e. ,
= constant
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
Then we see that as t is increased to , z also should increase to so that

Or,

Or,

When ,

we write = phase velocity .

If the medium in which the wave is propagating is free space i.e.,

Then

Where 'C' is the speed of light. That is plane EM wave travels in free space with the
speed of light.

The wavelength is defined as the distance between two successive maxima (or
minima or any other reference points).

i.e.,

or, or,

Substituting ,

or,

Thus wavelength also represents the distance covered in one oscillation of the wave.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES
Similarly, represents a plane wave traveling in the -z direction.

The associated magnetic field can be found as follows:

Where, it is the intrinsic impedance of the medium.

When the wave travels in free space

is the intrinsic impedance of the free space.

In the time domain,

Which represents the magnetic field of the wave traveling in the +z direction.

For the negative traveling wave,

For the plane waves described, both the E & H fields are perpendicular to the direction of
propagation, and these waves are called TEM (transverse electromagnetic) waves.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

7b.Application of Bloom’s
Taxonomy

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
 BLOOM’S TAXANOMY
These verbs can also be used while framing questions for Mid Term Examinations.
ILLUSTRATIVE VERBS FOR STATING GENERAL OBJECTIVES

Know Understand Analyze Generate

Comprehend Apply Design Evaluate

A. Cognitive Domain
1 2 3 4 5 6
Knowled Comprehensi Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluatio
ge on n
of of Whole Combination of
Understandin
Knowledge & w.r.t its ideas/constitue judgment
g
Comprehensi constituen nts
on ts

Define Convert Change Breakdown Categorize Appraise

Identify Defend Compute Differentiate Combine Compare

Label Describe (a Demonstrate Discriminate Compile Conclude

Procedure) Deduce Distinguish Compose Contrast
List
Distinguish Manipulate Separate Create Criticize
Match
Modify Subdivide Devise Justify
Estimate
Reproduce Predict Design Interpret
Explain
Select Prepare Generate Support
why/how
State Relate Organize
Extend
Show Plan
Generalize
Solve Rearrange
Give examples
Reconstruct
Illustrate Reorganize
Infer Revise

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 BLOOM’S TAXANOMY

DEPARTMENT OF ECE EC501PC-ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

7c.twenty objective bits with

answers

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

TWENTY OBJECTIVE BITS WITH ANSWERS

Unit-I:Static Electric Field
1. Electric field intensity (E) at any point in an electric field is equal to [a]
(a) Potential gradient.
(b) (Potential gradient) 2
(c) (Potential gradient )1/2
(d) (Potential gradient )1/3
2. The lines of force due to charged particles are [b]
(a) Always straight.
(b) Always curved.
(c) Sometimes curved.
(d) None of above.

3. The ability of charged bodies to exert force on one another is attributed to the existence of
[a]
(a) Electrons.
(b) Protons.
(c) Neutrons.
(d) Electric field.

4. An electric field line and an equipotential surface are [b]

(a) Always 90°.
(b) Always parallel.
(c) Inclined at any angle
(d) None of above.

5. Which of following is not a vector? [a]

(a) Electric field.
(b) Electric potential.
(c) Angular momentum.
(d) Linear momentum.

6. The ratio of electric flux density to electric field intensity is called ......... of medium. [b]
(a) Permeability.
(b) Permittivity.
(c) Reluctance.
(d) Capacitance.
7. The value of E within the field due to a point charge can be found with help of [d]
(a) Faraday's law.
(b) Kirchhoff's law.
(c) Lenz's law.
(d) Coulomb's law.

8. To prevent the generation of static charges on rubber or flat leather [b]

(a) Surface is moistened.
(b) Conductive dressing is done.
(c) Oil compound dressing is done.
(d) Talcum powder is sprayed on the surface.

9. The electric field at a point situated at a distance d from straight charged conductor is [a]
(a) Proportional to d.
(b) Inversely proportional to d.
(c) Inversely proportional to d2.
(d) None of above.

10. The presence of an uncharged conductor near a charged one increases the [b]
(a) Charge of the charged conductor.
(b) Capacity of the charged conductor.
(c) Potential of the charged conductor.
(d) all of the above

11. Permittivity is expressed in [a]

(a) Farad / m.
(b) Farad / sq-m.
(c) Weber / m.
(d) Weber / sq-m.

12. Which field is associated with the capacitor? [b]

(a) Magnetic.
(b) Electric.
(c) Both of (a) and (b).
(d) None of above.

13. The electrostatic force between two charges of one coulomb each and placed at a distance of
0.5 m will be [d]
6
(a) 36 × 10  N.
(b) 36 × 107 N.
(c) 36 × 108 N.
(d) 36 × 109 N.

14. The potential gradient across the material of low permittivity is ______________ than across
the material of high permittivity. [a]
(a) Greater.
(b) Smaller.
(c) Both of (a) and (b).
(d) None of above.

15. Which of the following expression is correct for electric field strength? [d]
(a) E = πD2.
(b) E = πD.
(c) E = D2 / ε.
(d) E = D / ε.

16. An equipotential surface is one which has all points at _____________ potential. [c]
(a) Zero.
(b) Different.
(c) Same.
(d) None of above.

17. XEROX machine is working on [c]

(a) Magnetic effect.
(b) Electrostatic effect.
(c) Heating effect of current.
(d) None of above.

18. The number of Faraday tubes of flux passing through a surface in an electric field is called
[c]
(a) Electric charge density.
(b) Electric field intensity.
(c) Electric flux.
(d) Magnetic flux density.

19. Electric intensity at any point in an electric field is equal to the ___________ at that point.
[b]
(a) Electric charge density.
(b) Potential gradient.
(c) Electric flux.
(d) Magnetic flux density.

20. The unit of electric field intensity is [a]

(a) N / C.
(b) N / Ampere.
(c) F / m.
(d) F/ m2.
 Unit-II: Static Magnetic Fields
1. The materials having low retentivity are suitable for making [b]
(a) weak magnets
(b) Temporary magnets
(c) Permanent magnets
(d) None of the above

2. Ferrites are materials of _______________ [c]

(a) Paramagnetic
(b) Diamagnetic
(c) Ferromagnetic
(d) None of the above

3. The ratio of intensity of magnetization to the magnetization force is known as [b]

(a) Flux density
(b) Susceptibility
(c) Relative permeability
(d) None of the above

4. A conductor of length L has current I passing through it, when it is placed parallel to a [a]
magnetic field. The force experienced by the conductor will be
(a) Zero
(b) BLI
(c) B2LI
(d) BLI2

5. The force between two long parallel conductors is inversely proportional to [d]
(a) radius of conductors
(b) current in one conductor
(c) product of current in two conductors
(d) distance between the conductors

6. The working of a meter is based on the use of a permanent magnet. In order to protect [b]
the meter functioning from stray magnetic fields
(a) meter is surrounded by strong magnetic fields
(b) a soft iron shielding is used
(c) a plastic shielding is provided
(d) a shielding of anon-magnetic material is used

7. Reciprocal of permeability is [a]

(a) reluctivity
(b) susceptibility
(c) permittivity
(d) conductance

8. Two long parallel conductors carry 100 A. If the conductors are separated by 20 mm, [d]
the force per metre of length of each conductor will be
(a) 100 N
(b) 10 N
(c) 1 N
(d) 0.1 N

9. The Biot-savart's law is a general modification of [c]

(a) Kirchhoffs law
(b) Lenz's law
(c) Ampere's law
(d) Faraday's laws

10. The most effective and quickest may of making a magnet from soft iron is by [a]
(a) placing it inside a coil carrying current
(b) induction
(c) the use of permanent magnet
(d) rubbing with another magnet

11. The commonly used material for shielding or screening magnetism is [c]
(a) copper
(b) aluminium
(c) soft iron
(d) brass

12. A permanent magnet [a]

(a) attracts some substances and repels others
(b) attracts all paramagnetic substances and repels others
(c) attracts only ferromagnetic substances
(d) attracts ferromagnetic substances and repels all others

13. The retentivity (a property) of material is useful for the construction of [a]
(a) permanent magnets
(b) transformers
(c) non-magnetic substances
(d) electromagnets

14. Hysteresis loop in case of magnetically hard materials is more in shape as compared [c]
tomagnetically soft materials.
(a) circular
(b) triangular
(c) rectangular
(d) none of the above

15. The uniform magnetic field is [c]

(a) the field of a set of parallel conductors
(b) the field of a single conductor
(c) the field in which all lines of magnetic flux are parallel and equidistant
(d) none of the above

16. The magneto-motive force is [c]

(a) the voltage across the two ends of exciting coil
(b) the flow of an electric current
(c) the sum of all currents embraced by one line of magnetic field
(d) the passage of magnetic field through an exciting coil

17. Magnetism of a magnet can be destroyed by [d]

(a) heating
(b) hammering
(c) by inductive action of another magnet
(d) by all above methods

18. Hard steel is suitable for making permanent magnets because [a]
(a) it has good residual magnetism
(b) its hysteresis loop has large area
(c) its mechanical strength is high
(d) its mechanical strength is low

19. Conductance is analogous to [a]

(a) permeance
(b) reluctance
(c) flux
(d) inductance

20. The unit of retentivity is [b]

(a) weber
(b) weber/sq. m
(c) ampere turn/metre
(d) ampere turn

Unit III: EM Wave Characteristics

1. In conductors, which condition will be true? [a]
a) σ/ωε > 1
b) σωε > 1
c) σ/ωε < 1
d) σωε < 1

2. In conductors, which two parameters are same? [b]

a) Wavelength and phase constant
b) Phase and attenuation constant
c) Attenuation constant and skin depth
d) Skin depth and wavelength

3. The expression for phase constant is given by [c]

a) Phase constant β = ωμε
b) Phase constant ω = με
c) Phase constant β = ω√(με)
d) Phase constant β = 1/ωμε

4.In waveguides, which of the following conditions will be true? [a]

a) V > c
b) V < c
c) V = c
d) V >> c

5. The attenuation constant in lossless dielectrics will be [a]

a) 0
b) 1
c) -1
d) ∞

6. In free space, which parameter will be unity? [c]

a) Permittivity
b) Absolute permittivity
c) Relative permittivity
d) Permeability

7. In free space, the condition that holds good is [b]

a) Minimum attenuation and propagation
b) Minimum attenuation and maximum propagation
c) Maximum attenuation and minimum propagation
d) Maximum attenuation and propagation

8. The vectors of the electromagnetic wave propagation can be expressed in [b]

a) Dot product
b) Cross product
c) Unit vector
d) Perpendicular vector

9. The loss tangent of a perfect dielectric will be [d]

a) Zero
b) Unity
c) Maximum
d) Minimum
10.The permeability of a dielectric material in air medium will be [a]
a) Absolute permeability
b) Relative permeability
c) Product of absolute and relative permeability
d) Unity

11. The relation between the speed of light, permeability and permittivity is [a]
a) C = 1/√(με)
b) C = με
c) C = μ/ε
d) C = 1/με

12. .The expression for intrinsic impedance is given by [a]

a) √(με)
b) (με)
c) √(μ/ε)
d) (μ/ε)

13. The electric and magnetic fields vary with time in which of the following fields? [b]
a) DC
b) AC
c) Static
d) It does not vary with time

14. The Poynting vector is the power component that is calculated by the [d]
a) Product of E and H
b) Ratio of E and H
c) Dot product of E and H
d) Cross product of E and H

15. The maximum power transceived by the antenna is in the region of [b]
a) Aperture
b) Effective aperture
c) Maxima lobe
d) Minima lobe

16. The phenomenon employed in the waveguide operation is [c]

a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Total internal reflection
d) Adsorption

17. Which of the following two parameter models cannot be used to represent a transmission
line? [a]
a) H parameter model
b) T parameter model
c) ABCD parameter model
d) S parameter model

18. The loss tangent refers to the [a]

a) Power due to propagation in conductor to that in dielectric
b) Power loss
c) Current loss
d) Charge loss

19. The loss tangent is also referred to as [c]

a) Attenuation
b) Propagation
c) Dissipation factor
d) Polarization

20.The expression for the loss tangent is given by [a]

a) σ/ωε
b) ωε/σ
c) σ/ω
d) ω/ε
UNIT-IV
1. Which of the following parameters is not a primary parameter (B)
a) Resistance
b) Attenuation constant
c) Capacitance
d) Conductance

2. The networks in which the R, L, C parameters are individually concentrated or lumped at

discrete points in the circuit are called (A)
a) Lumped
b) Distributed
c) Parallel
d) Paired

3. The lines having R, L, C distributed along the circuit are called (B)
a) Lumped
b) Distributed
c) Parallel
d) Paired

4. Which primary parameter is uniformly distributed along the length of the conductor (B)
a) G
b) C
c) L
d) R
5. The primary parameter that is associated with the electric charges is (C)
a) G
b) R
c) C
d) L

6. The propagation constant of a transmission line with impedance and admittance of 9 and 16
respectively is (C)
a) 25
b) 144
c) 12
d) 7

7. When a transmission line has a load impedance same as that of the characteristic impedance,
the line is said to be (D)
a) Parallel
b) Perpendicular
c) Polarized
d) Matched

8. The best transmission length for effective transmission of power is (B)

a) L = λ/4
b) L = λ/8
c) L = λ/2
d) L = ∞

9. When the length of the transmission line is same as that of the wavelength, then which
condition holds good (D)
a) Zin = Zo
b) Z = Zo
c) ZL = Zo
d) Zin = ZL

10. The input impedance of a half wave transmission line with a load impedance of 12.5 ohm is
(D)
a) 25
b) 50
c) 6.25
d) 12.5

11. Find the load impedance in a quarter line transformer with characteristic impedance of 75
ohm and input impedance of 200 ohm. (A)
a) 28.125
b) 12.285
c) 52.185
d) 85.128
12. Which transmission line is called as one to one transformer (B)
a) L = λ
b) L = λ/2
c) L = λ/4
d) L = λ/8

13. The cut off wavelength and the guided wavelength are given by 0.5 and 2 units respectively.
Find the wavelength of the wave. (A)
a) 0.48
b) 0.32
c) 0.45
d) 0.54

14. The guided wavelength and the phase constant are related by (A)
a) 2π/βg = λg
b) 1/βg = λg
c) 1/2πβg = λg
d) βg = λg

15. The phase and group velocities does not depend on which of the following (D)
a) Frequency
b) Wavelength
c) Phase constant
d) Attenuation constant

16. The standing wave ratio in short and open circuit transmission lines will be (D)
a) 0
b) -1
c) 1
d) ∞

17. The short circuit impedance is given by 18 ohm and the characteristic impedance is 50 ohm.
Find the open circuit impedance (A)
a) 138.8
b) 188.3
c) 388.1
d) 838.1

18. The reflection coefficient of a wave travelling through two media having permittivity’s 4 and
9 respectively is (D)
a) 0
b) 0.5
c) 0.25
d) 0.2

19. Calculate the transmission coefficient, when the incident and transmitted amplitudes are 10
and 7 respectively. (D)
a) 17
b) 3
c) 10/7
d) 0.7

20. Consider a transmission line of characteristic impedance 50 ohm. Let it be terminated at one
end by +j50 ohm. The VSWR produced by it in the transmission line will be (C)
a) 1
b) 0
c) Infinity
d) +j

UNIT-5

1. The Smith chart is a polar chart which plots (B)

a) R vs Z
b) R vs Znorm
c) T vs Z
d) T vs Znorm

2. The Smith chart is graphical technique used in the scenario of transmission lines. State
true/false. (A)
a) True
b) False

3. The centre of the point having a normalized resistance of 1.2 ohm and reactance of 1.5 ohm is
(A)
a) (0.54,0)
b) (0.45,0)
c) (0.36,0)
d) (0.78,0)

4. The best stub selection for the transmission line will be (B)
a) Series open
b) Series short
c) Shunt open
d) Shunt short

5. The centre and radius of a line with normalized load impedance of 1 + 0.5j is (A)
a) (1,2) and 2
b) (2,1) and 2
c) (1,2) and 1
d) (2,1) and 1

6. The tangential component of an electric field will be continuous in which boundary?

a) Conductor-Conductor
b) Conductor-Dielectric
c) Dielectric-Dielectric
d) Any boundary

7. Which parameters cannot be computed from the Smith chart (D)

a) Impedance
b) Admittance
c) Reflection coefficient and VSWR
d) Intrinsic impedance

8. A transmission line whose characteristic impedance is a pure resistance (D)

a) Must be a lossless line
b) Must be a distortion less line
c) May not be a lossless line
d) May be a lossless and may not be a distortion less line

9. Which one of the following field patterns represents a TEM wave travelling in the positive x
direction (B)
a) E = +8y, H = -4z
b) E = -2y, H = -3z
c) E = +2z, H = +2y
d) E = -3y, H = +4z

10. Consider a lossless antenna with a directive gain of +6 decibel. If 1 milliwatt of power is fed
to it, the total power radiated by the antenna will be (in mill watt) (B)
a) 4
b) 1
c) 7
d) ¼

11. In an impedance Smith chart , a clockwise movement along a constant resistance circle gives
rise to (B)
a) Decrease in reactance
b) Increase in reactance
c) No change in reactance
d) No change in impedance

12. The best stub selection for the transmission line will be (D)
a) Series open
b) Series short
c) Shunt open
d) Shunt short

13. The Smith chart consists of the (C)

a) Constant R and variable X circles
b) Variable R and constant X circles
c) Constant R and constant X circles
d) Variable R and variable X circles
14. Find the standing wave ratio, when a load impedance of 250 ohm is connected to a 75 ohm
line. (D)
a) 0.3
b) 75
c) 250
d) 3.33

15. The range of the standing wave ratio is (C)

a) 0 < S < 1
b) -1 < S < 1
c) 1 < S < ∞
d) 0 < S < ∞

16. For matched line, the standing wave ratio will be (D)
a) 0
b) ∞
c) -1
d) 1

17. The real part of the propagation constant is the (A)

a) Attenuation constant
b) Phase constant
c) Permittivity
d) Permeability

18. The cut off frequency of the TE01 mode will be (D)

a) mc/2a
b) mc/2b
c) nc/2a
d) nc/2b

19. The cut off wavelength of the TE10 mode having a broad wall dimension of 5cm is (A)
a) 0.1
b) 1
c) 10
d) 0.01

20. Is the transmission of a frequency 5 GHz possible in waveguides (Y)

a) Yes
b) No
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

7D. Two Assignment Questions

per unit along with sample
assignments
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

ASSIGNMENT QUESTION BANK

UNIT-I
1. Define the potential difference and absolute potential. Give the relation between
electric potential and field intensity.
(a) Derive the expression for the electric field intensity due to a line charge.
(b)Derive an expression for potential due to infinite uniformly charged line and also
derive potential due to electric dipole.
2. State ‘Coulomb’s law’ in electrostatics and write its Applications.
3. Obtain an equation for force on a point charge ‘Q’ due to ‘N’ point charges in the field.
4. Derive an expression for electric field intensity due to infinite line charge located along z-
axis from -∞ to ∞.
5. Obtain an expression for electric field intensity due to infinite surface charge sheet.

UNIT-II
1. State Ampere’s circuital law and explain any two applications of Ampere’sCircuital law.
2. Derive an expression for the magnetic field strength at the centre of a square loop of side
‘a’ m and N turns.
3. In the region 0< ρ <0.5 m in cylindrical coordinates the current density is 4.5 e−2ρ az
A/m2 And J = 0 elsewhere. Use Ampere’s Law to find ‘H’
4. A long straight conductor with radius ’a’ has a magnetic field strength H =(Ir/2πa2) aφ
with in the conductor (r < a) and H = (I/2πr) aφ outside the conductor (r > a). Find the
current density J in both the regions (r <a and r > a)
5. State Maxwell’s equations in their general deferential form and derive their form for
harmonically varying field.
UNIT-III
1. Derive the Maxwell’s four equations for time varying fields.
2. Write the Maxwell’s equations in point and integral form for time varying fields?
3. State and explain the Poynting theorem?
4. Derive the wave equation for a conducting medium?
1. Explain about
a) Brewster angle
b) Critical angle
c) Total internal reflection
5. Define and distinguish between the terms perpendicular polarization, parallel
polarization, for the case of reflection by a perfect conductor under oblique
UNIT-IV
1. A lossless transmission line operating 4.5GHz has L=2. 4µH/m and Z0=85Ω .Calculate
the phase constant and the phase velocity
2. Discuss the Maxwell’s equations for electrostatic fields .Obtain the expression of Gauss’s
Law for infinite surface charge. Also state any two limitations of Gauss’s Law.
3. Derive the relation between E and H in a Uniform plane wave .What is the wave
equations for a lossless medium and a conducting medium for sinusoidal variations?
4. What are the applications of Smith Chart .One end of a lossless transmission line having
the characteristic impedance of 75 Ω and length of 1 cm is short circuited. At 3 GHz,
What is the input impedance at the other end of the transmission line?
5. Derive the expression for voltage and current at any point on the transmission line in
terms of characteristics impedance. Discuss the parameters that characterize a lossless
and low loss transmission line.

UNIT-V
1. List any four types of transmission lines.
2. How does group velocity vary when compared to phase velocity?
3. What are the two families of circles that constitute the Smith Chart?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a Single Stub?
5. Calculate the characteristic impedance, attenuation constant and phase constant of a
transmission line if the following measurements have been made on the line Zoc = 550 Ω
and Zsc = 560 Ω
6.
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
III B.TECH I SEM
ASSIGNMENT - I
ELECTROMAGNETICS AND TRANSMISSION LINES

Date of Issue :
Date of Submission :
1. Define the potential difference and absolute potential. Give the relation between
electric potential and field intensity.
(a) Derive the expression for the electric field intensity due to a line charge.
(b)Derive an expression for potential due to infinite uniformly charged line and also
derive potential due to electric dipole.
2. State ‘Coulomb’s law’ in electrostatics and write its Applications.
3. State Ampere’s circuital law and explain any two applications of Ampere’s Circuital law.
Derive an expression for the magnetic field strength at the centre of a square loop of side
‘a’ m and N turns.
4. In the region 0< ρ <0.5 m in cylindrical coordinates the current density is 4.5 e−2ρ az
A/m2 And J = 0 elsewhere. Use Ampere’s Law to find ‘H’
5. Derive the wave equation for a conducting medium?
2. Explain about
a) Brewster angle
b) Critical angle
c) Total internal reflection
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
III B.TECH I SEM
ASSIGNMENT - II
ELECTROMAGNETICS AND TRANSMISSION LINES

Date of Issue :
Date of Submission :
1. Define and distinguish between the terms perpendicular polarization, parallel
polarization, for the case of reflection by a perfect conductor under oblique
2. What are the applications of Smith Chart .One end of a lossless transmission line having
the characteristic impedance of 75 Ω and length of 1 cm is short circuited. At 3 GHz,
What is the input impedance at the other end of the transmission line?
3. Derive the expression for voltage and current at any point on the transmission line in
terms of characteristics impedance. Discuss the parameters that characterize a lossless
and low loss transmission line.
4. List any four types of transmission lines. How does group velocity vary when compared
to phase velocity?
5. What are the two families of circles that constitute the Smith Chart?
Calculate the characteristic impedance, attenuation constant and phase constant of a
transmission line if the following measurements have been made on the line Zoc = 550 Ω
and Zsc = 560 Ω
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

7E. Three Tutorial questions per

unit with answers

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
 TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
UNIT-I
1. Define Electric field intensity and derive it for n point charges?
Ans: ElectricField:
It is the region around the point and group charges in which another charge experiences
force is called as electric field.
The force between two charges can be studied in terms of electric field as:
 A charge can develop field surrounding it in spaceonly.
 The field of one charge leads to force on the other charge.

Electric Field Intensity Due To n PointCharges:

q1 q2

q3

qn
Let the point charges q2, q3--------------qn are placed at a distanceof r2, r3 rn from q1.
Hence total electric field intensity on q1 due remaining point charges is
Force duetoq2onq1,F2=(Kq1q2/ r2) x𝑎̂ 2
Force duetoq3onq1,F3=(Kq1q3/ r2) x𝑎̂ 3
--------
---------
Force duetoqnonq1,Fn=(Kq1qn/ r2) x𝑎̂ 𝑛
Therefore, total electric field intensity is,𝐸⃗=(F2+F3------- Fn) /q1

=(Kq2/r2) x𝑎̂ 2+(Kq3/r2) x𝑎̂ 3----+(Kqn/r2) x𝑎̂ 𝑛

ChargeDistribution:
Charge distribution is of three types- line charge, surface and volume charge distribution.

Line Charge: Here charge is distributed throughout some length. The total charge distributed
through a wire of length l is
Q = ∫ 𝜌𝑙dl
Where,𝜌𝑙 =line chargedensity
Hence electric field intensity due to line charge is,

E = ʃ (K ∫ 𝜌dl/
𝑙 r2) x 𝑎̂

Surface Charge: Here charge is distributed through given area. The total charge distributed in
an surface area is
Q = ∫ 𝜌𝑠ds
 Where, 𝜌𝑠= surface charge density
Hence electric field intensity due to surface charge is,

E = ʃ (K ∫ 𝜌ds/
𝑠
r2) x 𝑎̂

Volume Charge: Here charge is distributed through given volume. The total charge distributed
in a volume is
Q = ∫ 𝜌𝑣dv
Where, 𝜌𝑣=volume charge density
Hence electric field intensity due to volume charge is,
E = ʃ (K ∫ 𝜌dv/
𝑣 r2) x 𝑎̂

2. Define electric dipole and derive the electric dipole potential?

Ans:Electric Dipole and DipoleMoment:
Two opposite charges +q and –q separated by some distance d forms the electric dipole.

+q----------------d--------------q
The distance travelled by the point charge is defined as dipole moment (or) the product of charge
and distance travelled by it is called as electric dipole.
P= qd (1)

Here, P = electric dipole moment

d = distance between opposite charges
the line between two charges is called as axis of dipole Potential.

Electric DipolePotential:
Let us assume two charges separated by distance d as shown in the figure

+q----------------d--------------q
Here, O =center of the axis between charges
P be the test point where potential is required.
OP= with length of r.
AA1 = perpendicular from A to OP.
BB1 =perpendicular from A to OP.
∟POB = Ɵ
r >>> d

theline AP = A1P = OP+ OA1 (2)

from the right-angletriangleAA1O, OA1= OA cosƟ

hence equation 2 can bewrittenas,
AP = A1P = r + OA cos Ɵ

but, OA =d/2

AP = A1P = r + d/2 cos Ɵ

Hence the potential at P due negative charge at A is,

VA = -Kq/ AP = -Kq/ r + d/2 cos Ɵ

Similarly, from the right-angle triangle BB1O,

BP = B1P = r - d/2 cosƟ

Hence the potential at P due negative charge at A is,

VB = Kq/ BP = Kq/ r - d/2 cos Ɵ

Therefore, the total potential acting on Pis, V = VA +VB

V = Kq[ (1/ r - d/2 cos Ɵ) - (1// r + d/2 cos Ɵ) ]

= Kqd.cos Ɵ/ (r2 – d2/4 cos2 Ɵ)

But weknowthat, r >>>d

V = Kqd.cos Ɵ/ r2

V = KP.cos Ɵ/ r2, (P=qd) (3)

3. Derive Maxwell’s First equation?

Ans: Maxwell FirstEquation
We know that electric flux passing through the surface is equal to 1/ ε times the net
charge enclosed.
ɸ = ʃs E ds = Q/ ε

ɸ = ʃs ε E ds = Q ε / ε

ɸ = ʃs D ds = Q
From the strokes theorem we can say that surface integral function is volume integral of
divergence of same function.
Q= ʃs Dds = ʃv (▼.D)dv (4)

From the gauss law we can write, Q= ʃvρvdv (5)

by comparing equation 4 and 5

(▼. D)=ρv (6)

Equation 4 and 6 are said to be Maxwell’s first and second equation.

 UNIT-II

1. Derive Magnetic Field Intensity due to a circular current carrying filament?

Ans: Magnetic Field Intensity due to a circular current carrying filament:
Let us consider circular conductor with radius r,

r
p
r

magnetic field intensity at the center of circular conductor is, from above figure we can say that
idl and center are at 900
Using Bio-Savart’s law magnetic field intensity at center point P due to current element ldl is,

dH = idl sin90 /
4πr2dH = idl /4πr2
Integrating on both sides, H = ʃ idl /4πr2

H = i ʃ dl/4πr2
(ʃ dl = 2πr) H = i 2πr /4πr2
H = i/2r
Magnetic field intensity at the center of circular conductor with N number of turns is,
H = Ni/2r

2. Derive Lorentz force on a straight long current carrying conductor placed in the
magnetic field?
Ans: Force on a straight long current carrying conductor placed in the magnetic field:

Let us consider a straight conductor placed in the magnetic field as shown in the figure, Of
length l, allowing current of I, hence current element if Idl, The velocity of charges in the
given length of conductor is 𝑉⃗.

The force experienced by current element is,

⃗ ⃗𝑚
𝑑𝐹
⃗ dQ(𝑉𝑋
= ⃗ 𝐵⃗)
=dQ(dl/dt𝑋𝐵⃗)
 =I(𝑑⃗𝑙𝑋𝐵⃗)

Their by integrating on both sides, 𝐹⃗𝑚⃗=I(𝑙𝑋𝐵⃗)

Fm =BIl sinƟ

3. Derive Self -inductance of a solenoid and Toroid?

Ans: Self -inductance of a solenoid:

let us consider a solenoid as shown in figure with length l allowing an current of i A.

N – total turns of solenoid coil
N – number of turns per unit length
Magnetic field density inside solenoid is, B = µ0 n.i.
Total flux linking with coil is ɸ=NBA
= µ0 n l.i.A .n
= µ0 n2.i.A. l

Self- inductance is the property of coil, which is responsible for emf induced in it,

L=Nɸ/i
= µ0 n2.i.A .l / i
= µ0 N2A /lH
Self-inductance of a Toroid:

Let us a Toroid on which a coil N turns is wounded allowing an current of i A.

Let r be the mean radius of the Toroid.
Magnetic flux density in the Toroid, B = µ0 Ni / l
Where,l = 2πr
B = µ0 Ni / 2πr
Total flux linkage with Toroid is , ɸ = NBA
 = (N µ0 Ni / 2πr ) . A
2
But, area A = πR
ɸ = ( N µ 0 Ni / 2πr). πR2

= ( N2 µ 0 i R2/ 2r).

Therefore self- inductance of Toroid is, L = ɸ /i

= ( N2 µ 0 R2/2r).H

UNIT-III

1. Derive Maxwell’s equations in time varying fields?

Ans: Maxwell’s equations in time varying fields
In the time varying fields we can write,

E = Eo coswt

= Eo ejwt

Similarly, D = Do ejwt

d D / dt = Do wJ ejwt = Jw Do

Likely, dB / dt = Jw B

We know that, ▼xE = - dB / dt

= Jw B

Also, ▼xE = -JwµH

▼x H= J+ dD/dt

= σE+ Jw Do

= σE+ Jw εE

= E (σ+ Jw ε)

Integral form, ʃ D ds = ʃ ρvdv ʃ B ds = 0

 ʃ E dl = - Jw ʃ B ds

ʃ H dl = (σ+ Jw ε) ʃ E ds

2. Derive Maxwell’s fourth equation?

Ans: Maxwell’s Fourth equation or vector form of faraday’slaw:
We know from the gausslaw,
ɸ = ʃs B ds hence emf induced due to above flux is
e= - dɸ /dt

= -d(ʃs Bds)/dt
Electric potential is given as ,
e = ʃEdl
Equating above two equations,
ʃ E dl = - (ʃs dBds) /dt

By applying stokes theorem,

ʃ E dl = ʃs (▼xE) ds

Substituting above equation in c,

ʃs (▼xE) ds = - (ʃs dB ds) /dt

Comparing on both sides,

▼xE=-dB/dt

This is called as Maxwell’s fourth equation of vector form of faraday’s law.

3. Derive displacement current?

Ans: Displacement current
Let us consider a capacitor is connected to Ac source as shown in figure where V is the
voltage applied across the capacitor.

VQ, C

The current flowing through capacitor is ,

iC = C dV / dt
The capacitance of capacitor,
C=εA/d
Then,
iC = (ε A / d). dV / dt

iC / A = ε dE / dt Jc = dD / dt

The figure of actual capacitor with internal resistance,

Then the total current is ,
i = ir + ic
Where,I – total current

ir – current through resistance

ic – current through capacitance dividing above KCL on both sides by area A,

i / A = ir / A + ic / A J = Jr + Jc

Jr – conducting current
Jc – displacement current
 UNIT-4
TRANSMISSION LINES-1

1 .For an infinite transmission line, the characteristic impedance is given by 50 ohm. Find
the input impedance
A: From the transmission line equation, the infinite line will have an input impedance same as
that of the characteristic impedance.
Thus Zin = Zo for l->∞. T
his shows that the line will be matched.
The input impedance for the given case is 50 ohm.

2 .The input impedance of a half wave transmission line with a load impedance of 12.5
ohm is
A: For a half wave transmission line L = λ/2, the input and the load impedances will be the same.
Thus for the given data, the input impedance will be 12.5 ohm.

3. The incident wave amplitude is 24 units. Find the reflected wave amplitude if the
reflection coefficient is 0.6.
A: The reflection coefficient is the ratio of the reflected amplitude to the incident amplitude.
Thus R = Er/Ei. On substituting for Ei = 24 and R = 0.6, we get Er = R Ei = 0.6 X 24 = 14.4
units.
4. The centre of the point having a normalised resistance of 1.2 ohm and reactance of 1.5
ohm is
A: The centre of a point in Smith chart is given by C = (r/1+r, 0). On substituting for r = 1.2, we
get centre as (1.2/1+1.2,0) = (0.54,0).
UNIT-5
TRANSMISSION LINES-2
1 .For maximum power transfer, a lossless transmission line 50 ohm is to be matched to a
resistive load impedance of 100 ohm. The characteristic impedance of the wavelength/4
transformer is
A: For maximum power transfer, Zin = Z02/ZL. On substituting for the given values, we get the
characteristic impedance as 70.7 ohm.

2. A lossless line having 50 ohm characteristic impedance and length wavelength/4 is short
circuited at one end connected to an ideal voltage source of 1V at the other end. The
current drawn from the voltage sources is
A: For a quarter wave transformer, the input impedance is given by Zin = Z02/ZL.
The load impedance will be zero in case of short circuit.
Thus the input impedance will be infinite. The current drawn is I = V/ZL = 1/∞ = 0.

3. Consider a transmission line of characteristic impedance 50 ohm. Let it be terminated at

one end by +j50 ohm. The VSWR produced by it in the transmission line will be
A: The reflection coefficient is given by
R = j50 – 50/j50 + 50 = j – 1/j + 1.
Thus the reflection coefficient is given by 1.
The VSWR = 1 + R/1 – R = 2/0 = infinity.
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

7F. Exam questions

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
 NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

UNIT-I

1. State ‘Coulomb’s law’ in electrostatics and write its Applications.

2. Obtain an equation for force on a point charge ‘Q’ due to ‘N’ point charges in the field.
3. Define different charge distributions.
4. Write any five applications of electrostatics.
5. Define electric field strength.
6. Derive an expression for electric field intensity due to infinite line charge located along z-
axis from - ∞ to ∞.
7. Obtain an expression for electric field intensity due to infinite surface charge sheet.
8. An infinite charge sheet in XY-plane extending from -∞ to ∞ in both directions has a
uniform charge density 10nC/m².find electric field at z=1cm.A sphere of volume 0.1m³
has a charge density of 8pC/m³.find electric field intensity at (2,0,0) if centre of sphere is
at (0,0,0).
9. State ‘Coulomb’s law’.
10. Point charges Q1 and Q2 are respectively located at (4,0,-3) and (2,0,1).if Q1=4nc find
another point charge when
i. Electric field intensity on a charge at a point (5, 0, 6) has no z-component.
ii. Force on a charge at a point (5, 0, 6) has no x-component.

UNIT-II

1. (a) State Biot-Savart law?

2. Derive an expression for H of infinitely long straight conductor with line current placed
along z-axis?
3. State and prove Amperes circuit law?
4. Derive an expression for H in case of Solenoid and Toroid using Amperes circuit law?
5. Derive an expression for H in case of infinitely long co-axial transmission line using
Amperes circuit law?
6. Define following i) Magnetic field Intensity ii) Magnetic flux density
7. Define different current distributions?
8. Derive two Maxwell’s equations for static magnetic field?

UNIT-III

1. Explain the different types of polarization of uniform plane wave

2. The conductivity of silver is σ = 3 X 107 ʊ/m at microwave frequencies .Find the skin
depth at 10 GHz
 3. Calculate the frequency at which skin depth in sea water is one meter
4. State and prove poynting theorem
5. Explain the wave propagation characteristics in good conductors
6. A medium like copper conductor which is characterized by the parameters σ = 5.8 X
107 ʊ/m, εr =1, μr =1 supports a uniform plane wave of frequency 60 Hz. Find
attenuation constant, Propagation constant, intrinsic impedance, wavelength and phase
velocity of wave.
7. Derive expression for attenuation constant of EM wave

UNIT-IV

1. Derive the general Transmission Line equations for parallel wire type lines.
2. Explain about line distortions and derive the condition for distortion-less line.
3. Derive the expression for attenuation constant, Phase shift constant and phase velocity of
wave propagating in a distortion less transmission line
4. A loss less line has characteristic impedance of 70 Ω & Phase constant of 3 rad/m at 100
MHz Calculate the inductance & capacitance per meter of the line.
5. Show that a finite length transmission line terminated by its characteristic impedance is
equivalent to infinite

UNIT-V

1. Draw the equivalent circuits of a transmission lines when

2. length of the transmission line, L < λ/4 , with shorted load
3. when L < λ/4 , with open end
4. When L = λ/4 with open end
5. A low transmission line of 100 Ω characteristic impedance is connected to a load of 400
Ω. Calculate the reflection coefficient and standing wave ratio. Derive the Relationships
used.
6. Define the reflection coefficient and derive the expression for the i/p impedance in terms
of reflection coefficient.
7. Explain about the properties of smith chart.
8. Calculate the characteristic impedance, attenuation constant and phase constant of a
transmission line if the following measurements have been made on the line Zoc = 550 Ω
and Zsc = 560 Ω

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
 8. Student seminar topics

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

SEMINAR TOPICS
Unit I
1. Electrical field due to point charges
2. Gauss law and its applications

Unit II
1. Scalar and Vector Magnetic potentials
2. Magnetic boundary conditions
Unit III
1. Plane wave in free space and in a homogenous material
2. Plane waves in lossy dielectrics

Unit IV
1. Different Types of Transmission Lines
2. Uniform Plane Wave Propagation

Unit V
1. Single stub matching and double stub matching
2. Applications of Smith Chart

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
 9. Massive Open Online
Courses (MOOC’s)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSES

S.No Name of the

Website MOOCs
. Topic
Electricity and
https://www.classcentral.com/course/edx-
Magnetism:
1 edX electricity-and-magnetism-magnetic-fields-and-
Magnetic Fields
forces-10280
and Forces
Electrodynamics:
https://www.classcentral.com/course/coursera-
2 Electric and Coursera
electrodynamics-electric-and-magnetic-fields-12510
Magnetic Fields
Electrodynamics:
https://www.classcentral.com/course/coursera-
In-depth Solutions
3 Coursera electrodynamics-in-depth-solutions-for-maxwell-s-
for Maxwell’s
equations-13657
Equations
Electromagnetic https://www.classcentral.com/course/nptel-
4. theory NPTEL
electromagnetic-theory-5223
Transmission lines
5. NPTEL https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117101056
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

10. MICRO/MINI
Projects

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
 LIST OF MINI PROJECTS

1. Design And Realization Of Unequal Power Divider

2. Faraday’s Guitar

DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF UNEQUAL POWER DIVIDER

1. Introduction
Power dividers and combiners are passive devices. They split or couple part of the
transmission power in a transmission line by a known amount through another port. These
are used in microwave systems for combining power of signals from several inputs or
distributing the power of an input signal into several outputs..

2. Existing System
In 1965 a power divider with two in-phase isolated outputs with arbitrary constant power
division was designed but it is fixed to only two outputs. The power division ratios are
obtained initially from Dolph Tschebyscheff distribution where the side lobe level was
maintained at a constant level due which the power will be wasted

3. Proposed System
In this dissertation, an efficient 8 port power divider was designed with equal and unequal
power distribution using the quarter wave transmission lines which was simulated and
explained in detail . So Taylor distribution was introduced where the side lobes will be
reduced monotonically.

4. Important Algorithms Proposed to be Automated in the Proposed System

Important concepts of mathematical models we are using
1. Taylor line source
2. Dolph Tschebyscheff distribution

5. System Software Orientation/Domain

 AWR design environment
 CST studio suite
6. Software Modules in the proposed System
In the design process our desired objective was to design a power divider with power
division ratio similar to Taylor’s distribution so that they can be used in feeding power to
the array of antennas. Thus it helps in increasing the directivity of the array antennas

Hence the power distribution is assumed as below in figure 1,figure 2, where the centre
ports receive maximum power and the power delivered to the ports on both sides decreases
step wise.
fig.1 Power division ratios obtained using Taylor line source one parameter.
 Fig.2 . Design of 8 way unequl power divider using CST studio suite.

7. S/W Requirement:
 AWR design environment
 CST studio suite

8. Features:
 The power divider can be easily manufactured with low cost substrate
.
2. Faraday’s Guitar

Introduction
Experimenting with the fundamentals of electrical and electronics is always interesting.
Presented here is an electronic circuit that demonstrates Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction and gives musical output. The law talks about electromagnetic induction and
production of electromotive force (EMF) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying
magnetic field.
To experience this, place a stretched copper wire near a magnet. When you pluck the wire and it
vibrates, EMF is produced in the copper wire and it produces musical notes.

Figure 1: Guitar construction and circuit

You can make an amateur guitar with a copper string and magnet as shown in Fig. 1. While
strumming the string, a small voltage is produced due to Faraday’s law. When this voltage is
amplified, you can hear a pleasant sound from the speaker connected to the power amplifier.

Prototype

Figure 2: Prototype of faraday’s guitar

Circuit Diagram

Figure 3: Faraday’s Guitar Circuit

Circuit diagram of Faraday’s guitar is shown in Fig. 3. It is built around transistors BC549 (T1
and T2), low-power audio amplifier LM386(IC1), a speaker (LS1) and a few other components.
The circuit is powered by 12V battery. An on/off toggle switch (S1) is used to switch on the
circuit.

The two-stage preamplifier is designed with BC549 transistors to amplify the low signal
produced by guitar string. Voltage produced by the string will be in the range of ~3mV and the
preamplifier amplifies the signal further to ~20mV. Resistors R1, R2 and R4 form the biasing
circuit to the transistors. Capacitors C1 and C3 are bypass capacitors that allow sound signals
and block DC components. Resistor R5 and capacitor C5 form an RC filter for the power supply
of the preamplifier circuit.

LM386 (IC1) is a low-voltage audio power amplifier, which is suitable for battery-powered
devices for hobby projects. Capacitor C8 between pin 1 and pin 8 decides the gain of the
amplifier, and here it is set to 200.

Volume control VR1 is connected between output of the preamplifier and input of the power
amplifier. For testing, connect the string to the preamplifier circuit and power up by closing
switch S1. If you strum the string, you will hear guitar notes from the speaker. Ensure there is
right tension on the strings so that the longer tone notes are achieved. You can have different
string lengths so that distinct tones could be heard from each string.

Construction &Testing
A single side PCB for Faraday’s guitar circuit is shown in Fig. 4 and its component layout in Fig.
Enclose the PCB in a suitable box and place it near the guitar.
For construction of the guitar, take a wooden plank measuring approximately 10cm×30cm and
put four nails on either side as shown in Fig. 1. Tie a copper wire (string) between the nails with
correct tension. The copper wire can be taken out from any transformer with 500mA secondary
rating.

Figure 4: Component layout of the PCB

Ensure that a single string is passed between all the nails without joints or breaks. Place a magnet
on the wooden plank roughly below the middle of the string and ensure the gap is small between
the string and the magnet. The produced EMF depends on the air gap between the magnet and
the string. If the magnet touches the string, it may obstruct the vibration of the string and the
produced EMF would be low. If the gap is too much then, due to weak magnetic linkage, EMF
will be lower. Therefore, keep the magnet as close as possible to get higher EMF.

Expected Output
For testing, connect the string to the preamplifier circuit and power up by closing switch S1. If
you strum the string, you will hear guitar notes from the speaker. Ensure there is right tension on
the strings so that the longer tone notes are achieved. You can have different string lengths so
that distinct tones could be heard from each string.

2. EMF Detector Circuit Working and Its Applications

Introduction
EMF detector is a test and measurement apparatus that is used in different industrial applications
for detecting problems in electrical wiring and power lines. The EMF meter gives information
about the workflow in the electromagnetic field by the measuring electromagnetic radiation flux
density (DC). Moreover, this instrument can track the changes in the electromagnetic field that
occur over a confident period of the time (AC fields).

Working Principle of EMF Detector

The EMF meters detect issues in the electromagnetic field by the measurable changes in the
quantity of electric or magnetic energy that flows in the field that is being precise. This is
complete with the highly sensitive components which are part of the arrangement of this test and
measurement device. According to the fluctuations in the quantity of electric or magnetic energy
(if there are any), the EMF meter can specify existent issues in the work of the electrical wiring
and power lines. These method bigger problems can be prevented and proper workflow in the
manufacturing sites is ensured.

EMF Circuit Design

An electromagnetic field probe intended to identify changing electric and magnetic fields. The
probe has a meter output and headphone socket as well. This tester is designed to position stray
electromagnetic (EM) fields. It will simply detect both audio and RF signal up to the frequencies
of approximately 100 kHz. Note, however, that this circuit is NOT a metal detector, but will
detect metal wiring if it conducts AC current. The frequency response is from 50Hz to regarding
10 kHz gains being rolled off by the 150p capacitor, the gain of the op-amp and input
capacitance of the probe cable.

EMF Detector Circuit

Stereo headphones may be used to at monitor audio frequencies at the socket, SK1. We used a
radial type of an inductor with 50cm of screened cable threaded during a pen tube. The cable
may be used with a plug and socket if preferred.The output signal from the op-amp is an AC
voltage at the frequency of the electro-magnetic field. This voltage is additional amplified by the
BC109C transistor, prior to being full wave rectified and fed to the meter circuit. The meter is a
small dc panel meter with a FSD of 250uA. Rectification takes place via  diodes, meter and
capacitor.

Testing
If you include access to an audio signal producer you can apply an audio signal to the windings
of a little transformer. This will set up an electromagnetic field which will be simply detected by
the probe. Without a signal generator, just place the probe near to a power supply, mains wiring
or other electrical tool. There will be a deflection on the meter and sound in the headphones if
the frequency is below 15 KHz.

Figure 1: EMF Detector Circuit

Expected output:

For output place the probe near to a power supply, mains wiring or other electrical tool. There
will be a deflection on the meter and sound in the headphones if the frequency is below 15 KHz.
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

11. Mid-Term Test Question Papers,

Quality and Evaluation along with
marks

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

HALL TICKET NUMBER SET - I

St. MARTIN’s ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad
III B.TECH I SEM MID-I EXAMINATION-NOV-2018
(Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines)
 (Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering)

Time: 1 Hour Exam Date: 05/09/2018(FN) Max Marks: 10

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Answer any two questions

All questions carry equal marks

S.N Question Marks CO S.No

o
1 a) State and explain coulombs law .Obtain an expression in 2 1 1
vector form?
b)Find the force on the charge q1=-30µC located at (0, 0, 2).
due to charge q2=200µC located at (2, 1, 0)and also find
electric field on Q1 3 1
2 a)If the flux flowing through closed surface is 3nC what is 2 1 2
total charge enclosed by the surface?
b)Derive an expression for electric flux density D́ due to 2 1
infinite sheet of charge placed in Z=0 plane using gauss's law
c) If D́ = 10 xy 2aá x+15 x 2y á y+20 x 2 y 2zá z find ρv at (1, 1, 1) 1 1
3 a)Explain Biot-Savarts law 2 1 3
b) Determine Magnetic field intensity at the center of
equilateral triangle formed by a wire of length L 3 1
4 a)Write Maxwell's equations in an integral and word form 1.5 1 4
b)Derive an expression for attenuation constant of EM waves 2 2
c) Give an expression for intrinsic impudence in phasor form 1.5 2
what are its magnitude phase components?
 HALL TICKET NUMBER SET - II

St. MARTIN’s ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad
III B.TECH I SEM MID-I EXAMINATION-NOV -2018
(Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines)
(Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering)

Time: 1 Hour Exam Date: 05/09/2018(FN) Max Marks: 10

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Answer any two questions

All questions carry equal marks

S.N Question Marks CO S.No

o
1 a)Give an expression for convection current density. Also state the 2 1 1
point form of Ohm’s Law
b)Derive the relation between electric field, E and Scalar potential, 3 1
V. Find the electric field at (2,3,1) if the potential distribution is of
the form 3 x 2 y + y 2 z +3 z
2 a)Derive the boundary conditions for the tangential and normal 3 1 2
components of electrostatic fields at the boundary between two
perfect dielectric
b)A circular loop located on x 2+ y 2=9, z=0 carries a direct current of 2 1
10A along aф. Determine H at (0,0,4)

3 a)Write a wave equation in a lossy, charge free medium based on 2 2 3

Maxwell’s Equation
b)Derive the relationship between E and H in a loss less medium 3 2
4 a) State Maxwell's four laws in derivative form 2 1 4
b) Discuss skin effect and find the skin depth at 1 GHz for
copper having conductivity 5.7×107 mho/m. 2 2
C) Define Polarization 1 3
HALL TICKET NUMBER SET - I

St. MARTIN’s ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad
III B.TECH I SEM MID-I EXAMINATION-SEP-2018
(Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines)
(Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering)

Time: 20 Min Exam Date: 05/09/2018(FN) Marks: 10

Objective Exam
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I Choose the correct alternative:

1. The field intensity due to a point charge Q at a distance, R, is E1. If charge is increased to
‘4Q’ and distance is increased to ‘2R’, the field intensity E2 becomes [ ]
(a)   E2 = E1 (b) E2 = 4E1 (c) E2 = 2E1 (d) E2 = E1/2
2. Electrostatic field being conservative doe s not mean [     ]
(a) Its circulation is identically zero (b) the work done in side a closed path inside the field is
zero
(c) The potential difference between any two point s is zero (d) it is the gradient of a scalar
potential
3. Units of Magnetic field intensity are [ ]
(a) Amperes/meter (b) Weber/meter (c) Amperes (d) Amperes/mt2
4. A charge Q is uniformly distributed in a sphere of radius a1 the charge density, if the same
charge Q is made to occupy a sphere of radius a2=a1/4 is [     ]
(a) 16 times more (b) 4 times more (c) 64 times more (d) 2 times more
5. Find the magnetic field of a finite current element with 2A current and height 1/2π is [ ]

a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.25

6.The Second Maxwell’s Equation is based on which law [

]
a) Ampere law (b) Faraday law (c) Lenz law (d) Faraday and Lenz law

7.The divergence of H will be [ ]

a) 1 (b) -1 (c) ∞ (d) 0
8.In conductors, which condition will be true [ ]
a) σ/ωε>>1 (b) σωε>>1 (c) σ/ωε<< 1 (d) σωε<< 1

9.In conductors, which two parameters are same [ ]

a) Wavelength and phase constant (b) Phase and attenuation constant
c) Attenuation constant and skin depth (d) Skin depth and wavelength

10.The skin depth of a wave with phase constant of 12 units inside a conductor [ ]
a) 12 (b) 1/12 (c) 24 (d) 1/24

II Fill in the blanks:

11. If the electric flux density, D and electric field intensity, E are not in the same direction, the
material is called as 

12. Value of permeability of free space is 

13. Exponential decay of charge density with time is based on the time constant T, as

14. The unit ofmagnetic susceptibility

15. Force on a moving charge due to electric and magnetic fields is given by
16. At a Conductor interface with surface charge density Normal component of D is
17. Capacitance of a Coaxial cable is
18. The loss tangent of the dielectric material can be expressed as
19. In Circular Polarization if EY leads E X by 900then the wave is called
20. In a Uniform Plane Wave
HALL TICKET NUMBER SET - I

St. MARTIN’s ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad
III B.TECH I SEM MID-II EXAMINATION-NOV-2018
(Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines)
(Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering)

Time: 1 Hour Exam Date: 13/11/2018(FN) Max Marks: 10

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Answer any two questions

All questions carry equal marks

S.N Question Marks CO BTL

o
1 a) Define “Poynting Vector” and “Power flow” 2 3 1
b) Derive the wave equation for ‘E’ and ‘H’ field from 3 3 2
Maxwell’s
equation
2 a) What are Primary and Secondary Parameters of a 2 4 1
Transmission
line 3 4 3
b) Given R = 10.4 Ω/mt
L = 0.00367 H/mt
G = 0.8 × 10-4 mhos/mt
C = 0.00835 µF/mt.
Calculate Z0 and γ at 1.0 KHz
3 a)Describe how UHF elements can be used as circuit elements 2.5 5 2
b)Explain about single stub matching in transmission line with 2.5 5 4
neat
sketch
4 a) Distinguish between normal incidence and oblique 2.5 3 4
incidence? 2.5 5 1
b) Write the applications of the smith chart?
 HALL TICKET NUMBER SET - II

St. MARTIN’s ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad
III B.TECH I SEM MID-II EXAMINATION-NOV -2018
(Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines)
(Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering)

Time: 1 Hour Exam Date: 13/11/2018(FN) Max Marks: 10

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Answer any two questions

All questions carry equal marks

S.N Question Marks CO BTL

o
1 (a) What is the distortion less condition in transmission lines 2.5 4 1
and what are the types of Distortions?
(b) A medium is characterized by σ = 0; and µ = 2µ0 and ε = 2.5 3 3
5ε0.
If H =2 cos (wt − 3y)zˆ A/m calculate E.

2 (a) Explain how UHF lines are used as circuit elements 3 4 4

(b) Define “Poynting Vector” and “Power flow”. 2 3 1

3 (a) What is stub matching in transmission lines and explain? 2.5 5 1

(b) Derive the expression for normalized impedance? 2.5 5 2

4 (a) Discuss the parameters that characterize a lossless and low 2.5 4 2
loss transmission line
(b) Establish the relations for Zoc and Zsc of RF lines and sketch 2.5 5 5
their
variation with βl
Code No: EC501PC
St. MARTIN’s ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE

Dhulapally,
Secunderabad
III B.TECH I SEM MID-II EXAMINATION-NOV -2018

(Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines)

(Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering)

Name: Hall Ticket No:

Answer All Questions. All Questions Carry Equal Marks. Time: 20

Min. Marks: 10. I Choose the correct alternative:

A) In case the characteristic impedance of the line is equal to the load impedance [ ]
B) all the energy will pass to the earth B) all the energy will be lost in transmission
losses
C) the system will resonate badly D) all the energy sent will be absorbed by the
load.
2. For a properly terminated line [ ]
A) ZR=ZO B) Z/R > ZO C) ZR < ZO D) ZR =Z0 = 0.

3. In case of open circuit transmission lines the reflection coefficient i [ ]

B) 0.5 C) -1 D) Zero.

4. The reflection coefficient for a short circuit line is [ ]

5. A) 1 B) Zero C) 0.5 D) - 1.

6. The wavelength of a wave with a propagation constant = 0.1π + j0.2π i [ ]

A) 10 m B) 20 m C) 30 m D) 25 m

7. Velocity of propagation of an EM wave [ ]

A) B) C) D)

8.A transmission line is distortion less i [ ]

A)RL= 1/GC B) RL = GC C) LG = RC D) RG = LC
 9.The magnitudes of the open-circuit and short-circuit input impedances of a transmission line
are 100Ω and 25Ω respectively. The characteristic impedance of the line is,

A) 25 Ω B) 50 Ω C) 75 Ω D) 100 Ω [ ]

10. The VSWR can have any value between [ ]

A) and 1 B)-1 and +1 C) 0 and  D) 1 and 
Code No:114C Set No. 1 II

Fill in the blanks:

10. Brewster angle is given by .

11. In perpendicular polarisation with oblique incidence on a dielectric,

there exists Brewster angle (YES/NO) ----------

12. E and H in good conductors are in time phase (YES/NO) ------------

13. When an EM wave is incident on a perfect conductor normally,-------------------are

produced.

14. According to Snell’s law, the angle of incidence and the------------------------are the
same.

15. The propagation constant  of transmission line is ------------

16. What is standing wave ratio ? -------------

17. A high frequency transmission line consists of a pair of open wires having a
distributed capacitance of
0.01 μF per Km and a distributed inductance of 3mH per Km. What is the
characteristic impedance at f=10MHz? -----------------

18. Snell’s law is given by--------------

19. Horizontal polarisation is said to be------------polarisation

 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

12. List of Weak students &

Remedial Actions

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
 LIST OF WEAK STUDENTS

C LANGUAUGE ENGG ENGG PHYS CHEM BACK

S.NO ROLL NO GRAPHICS PHYSICS M II M III LAB LAB C LAB LOGS
1 17K81A04K5 F F F F F B B A 5
2 17K81A04L0 C F C F F B+ B A+ 3
3 17K81A04L5 C B F F F A+ O A+ 3
4 17K81A04L8 F B F F F O O O 3
5 17K81A04M0 F C F F F A A A+ 3
6 17K81A04M1 F C F F F A+ A+ A+ 3
7 17K81A04M7 F F F F F B+ B A+ 5
8 17K81A04N2 F B F F F A+ O A+ 4
9 17K81A04N5 B B F F F O O O 3
10 17K81A04N6 F C F F C A+ A+ A+ 3
11 17K81A04P1 F F F F F A B A+ 5
12 17K81A04P8 F F C F C A A A 3
13 17K81A04P9 F F F F F A A A 5
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

Date:
To
The Principal
SMEC,
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100

Sub: Action plan to improve underperformed students.

Respected Sir,
I . Mr.T.Sudheer Kumar working as an Assistant Professor in the department of ECE,
teaching Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines for III Year I Semester students. I
want to implement the following plan of action for the students who got less percentage of
marks in Mid-1. I will conduct extra classes for tough topics.

Thank You Sir,

Yours Sincerely

Mr. T. Sudheer Kumar

 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

13. Target for University result

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 TARGET FOR UNIVERSITY RESULT

Date:
To
The Principal,
SMEC,
Secunderabad.

Sub: Target for university result-Reg.

I Dr.C.Elavarasi working as Assistant Professor in department of ECE. I will put all

my efforts with proper planning and execution to achieve good result. I am handling
Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines Subject for III Y EAR-ECE students.
My target result for this semester is expected to be above 90 %

Thanking you sir,

Yours sincerely,

Dr.C.Elavarasi
professor
ECE Department
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

14. Activity based learning

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

Mapping Magnetic Field Lines

In this activity, students will use compasses to trace out the magnetic field surrounding a coil.
To get a large enough magnetic field that can be easily traced, you will need to have a very
large coil of wire with a moderate-to-large voltage. If you have enough spools of wire, each
group should use an entire spool as their coil (See Figure 2). Also, you may need a more
steady voltage source than chemical batteries can provide. Over the time that it will takes
students to do the tracings the batteries’ voltages will fluctuate, which could make doing the
tracing very difficult as the shape of the magnetic field will also fluctuate. One possibility is
for you to connect the electrical circuit to an AC to DC adaptor which will then be plugged
into an AC electrical outlet in your classroom. Voltages produced by such adapters typically
range from around 3 volts to 12 volts. See Figure 1 on how to configure the circuit with an
AC to DC adapter as the power source.

Figure 1: Configurations for using an AC to DC adapter as a power source in the electrical circuit.
Configurations will vary depending on the type of adapter plug. For the adapter shown, positive and
negative terminals are on the outside of the plug separated by a plastic insulator .

If you are concerned about using the electrical outlets in your room for this experiment then
use at least 3 D-Cell batteries connected in series for the voltage source. Chemical batteries
may not put out a consistent voltage for long periods of time, but if the students conduct the
field tracing quickly they may not experience too much of a problem.

Also, note that the higher the voltage used, the quicker the coil of wire will become hot to the
touch. If you are using a full spool for each group, instruct the students to avoid touching the
spool. After about 10 minutes instruct the students to open the switch and let the coil cool. If
the students need more time for tracing they should take care not to move the coil or any of
the set-up until they close the switch again and continue with the tracing.

For the tracing it is useful to get the connection wires away from the table surface. Pictured in
Figure 2 is one possible way to accomplish this (using plastic cups and rulers). The coil
should also be taped down to the paper on the table. Taping the paper together and then down
to the table is also suggested.
Figure 2 Here the entire spool of wire is used as a coil in an electrical circuit. The glasses and ruler
are used to hold the wires off the table so that a tracing of the magnetic field around the coil can be
drawn on the paper beneath it.

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

 Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

15. Last five years university

question papers

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
 16. Student Attendance
Register

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
 17. Content beyond syllabus

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS

1. Electromagnetic Pump

An electromagnetic pump is a pump that moves liquid metal (or any electrically conductive

liquid) using electromagnetism. A magnetic field is set at right angles to the direction the
liquid moves in, and a current is passed through it. This causes an electromagnetic force that
moves the liquid.
Applications include pumping liquid metal through a cooling system.

Working Principle

Figure 1: Working principle of Electromagnetic Pump

A magnetic field (brc) always exists around the current (I) carrying conductor. When this
current carrying conductor is subjected to an external magnetic field (Bap), the conductor
experiences a force perpendicular to the direction of I and Bap. This is because the magnetic
field produced by the conductor and the applied magnetic field attempt to align with each
other. A similar effect can seen between two ordinary magnets.

This principle is used in an electromagnetic pump. The current is fed through a conducting
liquid. Two permanent magnets are arranged to produce a magnetic field Bap as shown in the
figure. The supplied current has a current density (J) and the magnetic field associated with
this current can be called as 'Reaction magnetic Field (brc)'. The two magnetic
fields Bap and brc attempt to align with each other. This causes mechanical motion of the fluid.
2. Magnetic spectrometer
When a fast charged particle (charge q, mass m) enters a constant magnetic field B at right
angles, it is deflected into a circular path of radius r, due to the Lorentz force. The
momentum p of the particle is then given by
P=mv=q B r
where m and v are mass and velocity of the particle. The focusing principle of the oldest and
simplest magnetic spectrometer, the semi-circular spectrometer, [3] invented by J. K. Danisz, is
shown on the left. A constant magnetic field is perpendicular to the page. Charged particles
of momentum pthat pass the slit are deflected into circular paths of radius r = p/qB. It turns
out that they all hit the horizontal line at nearly the same place, the focus; here a particle
counter should be placed. Varying B, this makes possible to measure the energy spectrum
of alpha particles in an alpha particle spectrometer, of beta particles in a beta particle
spectrometer, of particles (e.g., fast ions) in a particle spectrometer, or to measure the relative
content of the various masses in a mass spectrometer.

Since Danysz' time, many types of magnetic spectrometers more complicated than the semi-
circular type have been devised.

(a) (b)
Fig: (a) A positive charged particle moving in a circle under the influence of the Lorentz force F
(b) Focus of a magnetic semi-circular spectrometer
 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited

18. Eminent Professors

Blogs/Websites/MOOCs/NPT
EL/Journals &
E-Links

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
EMINENT PROFESSORS BLOGS/WEBSITES /MOOCs
/ NPTEL /Journals & E-Links

Prof. Hari Shankar Ramachandran,

Eminent
Professor, IIT Madras
Professo
r

1. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-forces-
List of and-magnetic-fields/magnetic-field-current-carrying-
Web wire/v/magnetism-6-magnetic-field-due-to-current
sites 2. https://www.electrical4u.com

1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108106073/
2. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108106073/7
NPTEL
3. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108106073/23
4. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108106073/38

Eminent
Professo Dr. Ratnajit Bhattacharjee, Professor, IIT Guwahati
r
List of 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGdr9WLto4A
Web
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZWK0tCrX6k
sites
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117103065/38
2. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117103065/39
NPTEL
3. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117103065/42
4. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117103065/43

St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
 19. List of Text Books used

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 St. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Dhulapally, Secunderabad – 500100
NBA & NAAC A+ Accredited
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

LIST OF TEXT BOOKS USED

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Principles of Electromagnetics – Matthew N.O. sadiku and S.V. Kulkarni, 6th Ed.,
Oxford University Press, Aisan Edition, 2015.
2. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems – E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, 2nd
Ed. 2000, PHI.
3. Transmission Lines and Networks – Umesh Sinha, Satya Prakashan, 2001, (Tech.
India Publications), New Delhi.