Iso 16852-2016 PDF

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16852
Second edition
2016-10-15
Flame arresters — Performance

requirements, test methods and
limits for use
Arrête-flammes — Exigences de performance, méthodes d’essai et
limites d’utilisation
Reference number
ISO 16852:2016(E)
© ISO 2016
ISO 16852:2016(E)
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ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... v
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vii
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Abbreviated terms and symbols .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
5 Hazards and flame arrester classifications .............................................................................................................................. 6
5 .1 Flame trans mis s io n: deflagratio n, s tab le and uns tab le deto natio n .......................................................... 6
5.2 Flame transmission: stabilized burning............................................................................................................................ 7
6 General requirements ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.1 Measuring instruments ................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.2 Construction .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
6.3 Housings ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.4 Joints ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
6.5 Pressure test.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
6.6 Leak test........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
6.7 Flow measurement (air) ................................................................................................................................................................. 8
6.8 Flame transmission test .................................................................................................................................................................. 8
6.8.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.8.2 Test mixtures ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9
6.9 S ummary o f tes ts to b e co nducted ...................................................................................................................................... 10
7 Specific requirements for static flame arresters ............................................................................................................. 11
7.1 Construction ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
7.2 Design series .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
7.3 Flame transmission test ............................................................................................................................................................... 12
7.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
7.3 .2 D eflagratio n tes t ............................................................................................................................................................ 12
7.3.3 Detonation test ............................................................................................................................................................... 16
7.3.4 Short time burning test ........................................................................................................................................... 21
7.3.5 Endurance burning test .......................................................................................................................................... 23
7.4 Limits for use ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
7.4.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
7 . 4. 2 I n- line flame arres ter ................................................................................................................................................ 26
7 . 4. 3 Pre- vo lume flame arres ter ................................................................................................................................... 26
7 . 4. 4 D eto natio n flame arres ter .................................................................................................................................... 26
7 . 4. 5 S ho rt time b urn flame arres ters ...................................................................................................................... 26
8 Specific requirements for liquid product detonation flame arresters ...................................................... 27
8.1 Liquid seals ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 27
8.2 Foot valves ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
8.4 Limits for use ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
9 Specific requirements for dynamic flame arresters (high velocity vent valves) ............................. 29
9.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
9.2 Flame transmission tests ............................................................................................................................................................ 30
9.2 .1 Lo w flo w flame trans mis s io n tes t .................................................................................................................. 30
9.2 .2 Flame trans mis s io n tes t by o p ening and clo s ing .............................................................................. 31
9.2 .3 D eflagratio n tes t ............................................................................................................................................................ 32
9.2.4 Endurance burning test .......................................................................................................................................... 32
9.3 Limits for use ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
10 Specific requirements for hydraulic flame arresters .................................................................................................. 33
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii

ISO 16852:2016(E)
10.1 Equipment................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33
10.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
10.2.2 Short time burning test ........................................................................................................................................... 33
1 0.2 .3 ............................................................................................................................................................ 34
D eflagratio n tes t
10.2.4 Detonation test ............................................................................................................................................................... 34

10.3 Limits for use ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
f .............................................. 37
11.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 37
1 1 Te s t o fl a m e a r r e s te r s i n s ta l l e d o n o r w i th i n ga s c o nve yi n g e q u i p m e n t

11.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
1 1 .2 .2 f Tes t p ro cedure o r gas co nveying equip ment with inlet p res s ure > 6 0 0 hPa ........... 39
1 1 .2 .3 f Tes t p ro cedure o r gas co nveying equip ment with inlet p res s ure ≤ 6 0 0 hPa ........... 39
12 Information for use ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
12.1 Instructions for use .......................................................................................................................................................................... 40
12.2 Marking ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
12.2.1 Flame arrester................................................................................................................................................................. 41
12.2.2 Flame arrester element........................................................................................................................................... 43
Annex A (normative) Flow measurement .................................................................................................................................................... 44
Annex B (informative) f f I n o r m a ti o n o r s e ...................................................................................... 48
l e c ti n g fl a m e a r r e s te r s
Annex C (informative) Best practice .................................................................................................................................................................. 49

B i b l............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 50
i o g ra p h y
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work o f preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters o f
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
di fferent types o f ISO documents should be noted. This document was dra fted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o f the elements o f this document may be the subject o f
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identi fying any or all such patent rights. Details o f
any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is in formation given for the convenience o f users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning o f ISO specific terms and expressions related to con formity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 21, Equipment for fire protection and firefighting.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 16852:2008), which has been technically
revised with the following changes:
— Clause 1: information concerning existing standard from IMO (International Maritime Organization)
for maritime application added;
— 3.18 : definition of dynamic flame arrester revised;
— Clause 4: abbreviation for the time tPpeak added;
— 6.5 : production test procedure for flame arresters of welded construction and of cast components
revised;
— 6.7: flow measurement (air) revised;
— 7.3.3.2 and 7.3.3.4: in the flame transmission test for stable and unstable detonation without
restriction the deflagration tests with Lu/D = 5 deleted;
— 7.3.3.2: formula for the calculation of the average value p md added;
— Figure 1 and Figure 3 : figures for the test apparatus for deflagration tests of end-of-line flame
arrester and o f pre-volume flame arresters revised;
— Figure 6 and Figure 7: figures for the test apparatus for short time burning test and for endurance
burning test revised;
— 7.3.4: short time burning test for inline flame arresters revised;
— 7.3.5 : test pressure for the endurance burning test of inline flame arresters added;
— 7.4.5 : limits for use of short time burn flame arresters added;
— 8.3 : flame transmission test for liquid product detonation flame arresters revised;
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved v
ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
— Clause 9 : “Specific requirements for dynamic flame arresters (high velocity vent valves)” revised;
— Clause 11 : “Test of flame arresters installed on or within gas conveying equipment” added;
— 12.1 : “Instructions for use” revised;
— 12.2 : “Marking” revised;
— Figure A.1: pipe lengths revised;
— Annex C : “Best practice” revised;
— Annex D: “Use o f in-line stable detonation flame arresters” deleted;
— Bibliography: updated.
It also incorporates the Technical Corrigenda ISO 16852:2008/Cor 1:2008 and ISO 16852:2008/Cor 2:2009.
vi © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Introduction
F la me a rre s ters are s a fe ty device s fitte d to op en i ngs o f enclo s u re s or to pip e work and are i ntende d to
a l low flow but prevent fla me tra n s m i s s ion . T hey h ave widely b e en u s e d for de c ade s i n the chem ic a l a nd
oi l i ndu s tr y, and a varie ty o f nationa l s tandard s i s avai lable . T h i s I nternationa l Standa rd was prep a re d
b y an i nternationa l group o f e xp er ts , who s e a i m was to e s tabl i s h a n i nternationa l b a s i s b y harmon i z i ng
and incorporating recent national developments and standards as far as reasonable.

This International Standard addresses manufacturers (performance requirements) and test institutes
(test methods), as well as customers (limits for use).
O n ly relatively genera l p er forma nce re qu i rements are s p e ci fie d a nd the s e a re kep t to a s tric t m i n i mu m .
E xp erience h as shown th at e xce s s ively s p e ci fic re qu i rements in th i s field o ften cre ate unj u s ti fie d
restrictions and prevent innovative solutions.

T he ha z ard identi fic ation o f com mon appl ic ation s fou nd i n i ndu s tr y le ad s to the s p e c i fic ation o f the te s t
me tho d s . T he s e te s t me tho d s refle c t s tandard prac tic a l s ituation s and, a s s uch, form the he ar t o f th i s
I nternationa l Sta nda rd b e c au s e they a l s o a l low cla s s i fic ation o f the variou s typ e s o f flame arre s ters
and then determination of the limits of use.

A considerable number of test methods and test conditions had to be taken into account for two main
reasons.
a) D i fferent typ e s o f fl ame arre s ters are covere d with re s p e c t to the op erati ng pri nciple (s tatic,
hyd rau l ic, l iqu id , dyna m ic) a nd e ach typ e cle a rly ne e d s its s p e c i fic te s t s e t-up a nd te s t pro ce du re .
b) I t i s ne ce s s a r y to adap t fl ame arre s ters to the s p e ci a l cond ition s o f appl ic ation ( ga s , i n s ta l lation)
b e c au s e o f the con fl ic ti ng demand s o f h igh flame quench i ng cap abi l ity and low pre s s ure lo s s; th i s
s ituation i s comple tely d i fferent from the o ther wi s e s i m i la r pri nc iple o f pro te c tion by flamepro o f
enclo s u re (o f ele c tric a l e qu ipment) , where the i mp or ta nce o f pro ce s s gas flow th rough gap s i s
ne gl igible; i mp or ta nce b ei ng place d on the flame quench i ng e ffe c t o f the gap .
C on s e quently, i n th i s I nternationa l Standard, the te s ti ng a nd cl as s i fication rel ate d to the ga s group s
and the i n s ta l l ation cond ition s have b e en s ub d ivide d more than i s u s ua l ly the c a s e . I n p a r tic u l ar,
— explosion group IIA is subdivided into sub-groups IIA1 and IIA,

— explosion group IIB is subdivided into sub-groups IIB1, IIB2, IIB3 and IIB, and
— the typ e “de tonation arre s ter ” i s d i vide d i nto fou r s ub -typ e s , wh ich ta ke i nto accou nt s p e ci fic
installation situations.
The test conditions lead to the limits for use which are most important for the customer. This
I nternationa l Sta nda rd s p e c i fie s th i s s a fe ty relevant i n formation and its d i s s em i nation th rough the
manu fac tu rer ’s written i n s truc tion s for u s e a nd the ma rki ng o f the flame a rre s ters .
T he l i m its for u s e are a l s o a l i n k to more genera l (op erationa l) s a fe ty con s ideration s and regu lation s ,
wh ich remai n the re s p on s ibi l ity o f nationa l or cor p orate authoritie s . Annex B and Annex C offer some
gu idance i n th i s field .
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved vii

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16852:2016(E)
Flame arresters — Performance requirements, test

methods and limits for use
1 Scope
T hi s I nternational Standard s peci fies the requirements for flame arres ters that prevent flame
transmission when explosive gas-air or vapour-air mixtures are present. It establishes uniform principles
for the clas s i fication, b as ic cons truc tion and in formation for us e, includi ng the marking o f flame arres ters ,
and s peci fies tes t metho ds to veri fy the s a fety requirements and determine s a fe limits o f us e.
This International Standard is valid for pressures ranging from 80 kPa to 160 kPa and temperatures
rangi ng from −2 0 ° C to + 1 5 0 ° C .
NO TE 1 Fo r fl a me a r re s ters with o p eration a l cond itio n s i n s ide the s cop e , b ut outs ide atmo s p her ic cond itio n s ,
see 7.4.
NO TE 2 I n de s ign i ng a nd te s ti ng fl a me a r re s ters fo r o p eration u nder cond itio n s o ther th a n tho s e s p e c i fie d
ab o ve , th i s I nter n ation a l S ta nd a rd c a n b e u s e d a s a gu ide . H owever, add itio n a l te s ti ng rel ate d s p e c i fic a l l y to the
i ntende d cond itio n s o f u s e i s advi s ab le . T h i s i s p a r tic u l a rl y i mp o r ta nt when h igh temp eratu re s a nd p re s s u re s a re
ap p l ie d . T he te s t m i x tu re s m ight ne e d to b e mo d i fie d i n the s e c a s e s .
NOTE 3 An additional standard IMO MSC/Circ. 677 for maritime application from IMO (International Maritime
Organization) exists.
This International Standard is not applicable to the following:
— e xterna l s a fe ty-relate d me a s u rement and control e quipment th at m ight b e re qu i re d to ke ep the
operational conditions within the established safe limits;

NO TE 4 I nte grate d me a s u rement a nd control e qu ipment, s uch a s i nte grate d temp eratu re a nd fl a me s en s ors
a s wel l a s p a r ts wh ich , fo r e xa mp le , i ntention a l l y melt (re ta i n i ng pi n) , b u r n away (we ather ho o d s) or b end
(bimetallic strips), is within the scope of this International Standard.

— fla me arre s ters u s e d for e xplo s ive m i x tu re s o f vap ou rs and gas e s , wh ich tend to s el f- de comp o s e
(e . g. ace tylene) or wh ich are chem ic a l ly u n s table;
— fla me arre s ters u s e d for c a rb on d i s u lph ide, due to its s p e ci a l prop er tie s;
— fla me a rre s ters who s e i ntende d u s e i s for m i xtu re s o ther than ga s -a i r or vap ou r-a i r m i x tu re s (e . g.
h igher ox ygen-n itro gen ratio , ch lori ne a s oxida nt, e tc .) ;
— fla me arre s ter te s t pro ce du re s for i nterna l- combu s tion compre s s ion ign ition engi ne s;
— fas t ac ti ng va lve s , e xti ngu i s h i ng s ys tem s and o ther e xplo s ion i s olati ng s ys tem s .
2 Normative references
T he fol lowi ng do c u ments , i n whole or i n p ar t, are normatively re ference d i n th i s do c u ment a nd are
indispensable for its application. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(i nclud i ng any amend ments) appl ie s .
IEC 60079-1, Explosive atmospheres — Part 1: Equipment protection by flameproof enclosures “d”
3 Terms and definitions
For the pu r p o s e s o f th i s do c u ment, the fol lowi ng term s and defi n ition s apply.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
3 .1
f l a m e a r r e s t e r
device fitte d to the op en i ng o f an enclo s u re, or to the con ne c ti ng pip e work o f a s ys tem o f enclo s u re s ,
and who s e i ntende d fu nc tion i s to a l low flow but prevent the tra n s m i s s ion o f flame
3.2
portion of a flame arrester (3.1) whose principal function is to provide a suitable enclosure for the flame
h o u s i n g
arrester element (3.3 ) a nd a l low me ch an ic a l con ne c tion s to o ther s ys tem s
3.3
portion of a flame arrester (3.1

f l a m e a r r e s t e r e l e m e n t
) who s e pri nc ip a l fu nc tion i s to prevent flame tran s m i s s ion
3 .4
(3.3)
s t a b i l i z e d b u r n i n g
s te ady bu rn i ng o f a fl ame s tabi l i ze d at, or clo s e to , the flame arrester element
3.5
(3.4
s h o r t t i m e b u r n i n g
stabilized burning ) for a s p e ci fie d ti me
3 .6
(3.4) for an unlimited time

e n d u r a n c e b u r n i n g
stabilized burning
3 .7
explosion
abrupt oxidation or decomposition reaction producing an increase in temperature, pressure, or both

s i mu ltane ou s ly
[SOURCE: ISO 8421-1:1987, 1.13]

3.8
(3.7
d e f l a g r a t i o n
explosion ) prop agati ng at s ub s on ic velo city
[SOURCE: ISO 8421-1:1987, 1.11]

3 .9
detonation
(3.7
explosion ) prop agati ng at s up ers on ic velo city and cha rac teri ze d b y a s ho ck wave
[SOURCE: ISO 8421-1:1987, 1.12]

3 .10
stable detonation
detonation (3.9 ) pro gre s s i ng th rough a con fi ne d s ys tem without s ign i fic a nt vari ation o f velo city a nd
pressure characteristics
N o te 1 to entr y: For the atmo s p her ic co nd ition s , te s t m i x tu re s a nd te s t p ro ce du re s o f th i s I nter n ation a l S ta nd a rd ,
typ ic a l velo c itie s ra nge b e twe en 1 6 0 0 m/s a nd 2 2 0 0 m/s .
3 .11
uns table detonation
detonation (3.9) during the transition of a combustion process from a deflagration (3.8) into a stable
detonation
No te 1 to entr y: T he tran s ition o cc u rs i n a l i m ite d s p atia l z one, where the velo city o f the combu s tion wave i s no t
con s tant and where the e xplo s ion pre s s u re i s s ign i fic antly h igher than i n a s table de tonation . T he p o s ition o f th i s
tran s ition z one dep end s , amongs t o ther fac tors , on pip e diame ter, pip e con figu ration , te s t gas and e xplo s ion group .
2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Note 2 to entry: An unstable detonation presents a higher level o f hazard than a stable detonation due to higher
flame speeds and pressures.
3.12 Characteristic safety data of explosive mixtures

3.12.1
m a x i m u m e x p e r i m e n t a l s a f e g a p
MESG
maximum gap between the two parts o f the interior chamber which, under the test conditions specified
below, prevents ignition o f the external gas mixture through a 25 mm long flame path when the internal
mixture is ignited, for all concentrations of the tested gas or vapour in air
Note 1 to entry: Sa fe gap measured in accordance with IEC 60079-20-1:2010.
3.12.2
e x p l o s i o n g r o u p
Ex.G
ranking o f flammable gas-air mixtures with respect to the MESG
Note 1 to entry: See Table 2, columns 1 and 2.
3.13
(3.1) that prevents flame transmission from both sides

b i - d i r e c t i o n a l f l a m e a r r e s t e r
flame arrester
3.14
d e f l a g r a t i o n f l a m e a r r e s t e r
DEF
flame arrester (3.1) designed to prevent the transmission of a deflagration (3.8)
Note 1 to entry: It can be an end-o f-line flame arrester (3.21) or an in-line flame arrester (3.22).
3.15
d e to n a t i o n f l a m e a r r e s t e r
DET
flame arrester (3.1) designed to prevent the transmission of a detonation
Note 1 to entry: It can be an end-o f-line flame arrester (3.21) or an in-line flame arrester (3.22), and can be used for
both stable detonations (3.10) and unstable detonations (3.11).
3.16
(3.1) that prevents flame transmission during and a fter endurance burning (3.6)
e n d u r a n c e f l a m e a r r e s t e r
flame arrester
3.17
(3.1) designed to prevent flame transmission by quenching gaps

s t a t i c f l a m e a r r e s t e r
flame arrester
3.17.1
measurable type
(3.1) where the quenching gaps of the flame arrester element (3.3 ) can be technically
flame arrester
drawn, measured and controlled
3.17.2
non-measurable type
(3.1) where the quenching gaps of the flame arrester element (3.3 ) cannot be technically
flame arrester
drawn, measured or controlled
EXAMPLE Random structures such as knitted mesh, sintered materials and gravel beds.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
3.18
d y n a m i c f l a m e a r r e s te r
h igh velo city vent va lve
pre s s u re rel ie f va lve de s igne d a lways to have e fflu x velo c itie s that prevent the flame prop agation
agai n s t the flow d i re c tion
N o te 1 to entr y: I t c a n b e de fl agration p ro o f (s e e 3.14) or endurance burn proof (see 3.16).

3.19
(3.1
l i q u i d p r o d u c t d e t o n a t i o n f l a m e a r r e s t e r
flame arrester ) i n wh ich the l iqu id pro duc t i s u s e d to form a l iqu id s e a l as a fl ame arre s ter me d iu m,
i n order to prevent flame tran s m i s s ion o f a de tonation
N o te 1 to entr y: T here a re two typ e s o f l iqu id pro duc t de ton ation fl a me a r re s ter fo r u s e i n l iqu id p ro duc t l i ne s:
liquid seals and foot valves.

3.19.1
(3.1
l i q u i d s e a l f l a m e a r r e s t e r
flame arrester ) de s igne d to u s e the l iquid pro duc t to form a b arrier to flame tran s m i s s ion
3.19.2
f
(3.1) designed to use the liquid product combined with a non-return valve to form a
o o t v a l ve f l a m e a r r e s t e r
flame arrester
b a rrier to fla me tra n s m i s s ion
3.20
(3.1
h yd r a u l i c f l a m e a r r e s t e r
flame arrester ) de s igne d to bre a k the flow o f an e xplo s ive m i x tu re i nto d i s c re te bubble s i n a water
colu m n, thu s preventi ng flame tran s m i s s ion
3.21
f
(3.1
e n d - o - l i n e f l a m e a r r e s t e r
flame arrester ) that i s fitte d with one pip e con ne c tion on ly
3.22
(3.1
i n - l i n e f l a m e a r r e s t e r
flame arrester ) that i s fitte d with two pip e con ne c tion s , one on e ach s ide o f the fl ame arre s ter
3.23
p r e - vo l u m e f l a m e a r r e s t e r
VDEF
flame arrester (3.1 f f) that, a ter ign ition b y an i nterna l ign ition s ource, prevents flame tran s m i s s ion rom
inside an explosion-pressure-resistant containment (e.g. a vessel or closed pipe work) to the outside, or
into the connecting pipe work
N o te 1 to entr y: E x plo s ion-pre s s u re re s i s ta nce i s a pro p er ty o f ve s s el s a nd e qu ipment de s igne d to with s ta nd the
e xp e c te d e x p lo s ion pre s s u re without b e co m i n g p er m a nentl y de fo r me d .
3.24
i n t e g r a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s o r
temp erature s en s or i ntegrate d i nto the fl ame arre s ter, as s p e c i fie d b y the ma nu fac tu rer o f the flame
arrester, in order to provide a signal suitable to activate counter measures

3.25
atmospheric conditions
co nd i ti o n s w i th p r e s s u re s r a n g i n g fro m 8 0 kP a to 1 1 0 kP a a nd te mp e r atu re s ra n g i n g fro m −2 0 ° C
to + 6 0 ° C

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
4 Abbreviated terms and symbols
A0 fre e a re a o f a s tatic fl a me a rre s ter element
Ap no m i n a l c ro s s s e c tion a l a re a o f the fl a me a r re s ter con ne c tion
At c ro s s s e c tion a l a re a o n the u np ro te c te d s ide o f the fl a me a rre s ter element
Au e ffe c ti ve o p en a re a o f the fl a me a r re s ter element on the pro te c te d s ide
D pipe diameter
D M m i n i mu m d i a me ter o f the pip e on the pro te c te d s ide o f a dyn a m ic fl a me a rre s ter
LM maximum length without undamped oscillations

Lm p ip e leng th up s tre a m o f the dyn a m ic fl a me a r re s ter u s e d i n fl a me tra n s m i s s ion te s t
Lp pipe length on the protected side

Lr p ip e leng th b e twe en fl a me a r re s ter a nd re s tr ic tio n
Lu pipe length on the unprotected side, maximum allowable run-up length for installation
L1 , L 2 , p ip e leng th s i n the flow te s t
L3 , L 4
p md ti me average va lue o f the de ton atio n p re s s u re i n the ti me i nter va l o f 2 0 0 μs a fter a r r iva l o f the de to -
nation shock wave
p mu maximum time average value of the transient pressure of an unstable detonation over a time inter-
va l o f 2 0 0 μs
pt pressure in the pressure test

pT p re s s u re i n the flow te s t o f a n end- o f-l i ne fl a me a rre s ter
p TB pressure before ignition

p0 maximum operational pressure
Δ p p re s s u re d rop i n the flow te s t o f a n i n-l i ne fl a me a r re s ter
pE m a xi mu m p re s s u re fo r the endu ra nce bu r n i ng te s t o f dyn a m ic fl a me a r re s ters
pm pressure which cause the maximum temperature at endurance burning test

R A ratio o f the e ffe c ti ve o p en a re a o f the fl a me a rre s ter element to pip e c ro s s s e c tio n a l a re a
RU ratio o f the fre e volu me o f the fl a me a r re s ter element to the whole volu me
tBT burning time

tPpeak time at which the peak pressure correlating to the leading shock front is achieved in the test
TTB temp eratu re o f the fl a me a r re s ter b e fore ign itio n
T0 m a xi mu m o p eration a l temp eratu re o f the fl a me a r re s ter
vmax m a xi mu m flow velo c ity du r i ng the volu me flow-pre s s u re d ro p me a s u rement (flow te s t)
vmin m i n i mu m flow velo c ity du r i ng the volu me flow-pre s s u re d ro p me a s u rement (flow te s t)
 volu me flow rate

V
c

V c r itic a l vo lu me flow rate

V flow rate at clo s i ng p o i nt o f dyn a m ic fl a me a r re s ters
CL
0

V m i n i mu m vo lu me flow rate for endu ra nce b u r n i n g on dyn a m ic fl a me a r re s ters
E

V m a xi mu m volu me flow rate for endu ra nce b u r n i n g on dyn a m ic fl a me a rre s ters
K

V m a xi mu m volu me flow rate for dyn a m ic fl a me a r re s ters at the s e t p re s s u re
m

V volu me flow rate le ad i ng to m a xi mu m temp eratu re

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
VM minimum volume in the protected tank

Vmax
sa fe volume flow rate
Vs 
sa fe volume flow rate including a sa fety margin
Vt 
maximum volume flow rate leading to flame transmission
ZRmin minimum water seal immersion depth at rest above the outlet openings of the immersion tubes
ZR immersion depth at rest, corresponding to ZRmin plus the manu facturer’s recommended sa fety margin
Z0min minimum operational water seal immersion depth when the mixture flow displaces the water from
the immersion tubes, where Z0min > ZRmin
Z0 operational immersion depth, corresponding to Z0min plus the manufacturer’s recommended safe-
ty margin
All pressure values are absolute pressures.
NOTE Symbols in the figures for the flame arrester are in line with ISO 14617-7.
5 H a z a rd s a n d fl a m e a r re s te r c l a s s i fi c a ti o n s
5 . 1 F l a m e tra n s m i s s i o n : d e fl a g ra ti o n , s ta b l e a n d u n s ta b l e d e to n a ti o n
The ignition o f an explosive mixture will initiate a deflagration. A flame arrester covering only this
hazard is classified as a deflagration flame arrester.
A deflagration when confined in a pipe may accelerate and undergo transition through an unstable to
a stable detonation, provided su fficient pipe length is available. This pipe length may vary depending
upon the initial conditions o f the mixture and the pipe work configuration.
A flame arrester tested in accordance with 7.3.3.2 or 7.3.3.3 is classified as a stable detonation flame
arrester and is suitable for deflagrations and stable detonations.
Unstable detonations are a specific hazard requiring higher per formance flame arresters than for
stable detonations.
A flame arrester tested in accordance with 7.3.3.4 or 7.3.3.5 is classified as an unstable detonation
flame arrester and is suitable for deflagrations, stable detonations and unstable detonations.
These hazards relate to specific installations and in each case the flame arrester success fully tested
at pTB is suitable for operational pressures p 0 ≤ pTB , and the application is limited to mixtures with an
MESG equal to or greater than that tested.
The specific hazards covered by this International Standard, the classification and the testing required
for the appropriate flame arrester are listed in Table 1.
T a b l e 1 — F l a m e a r r e s t e r c l a s s i fi c a t i o n f
o r d e f l a g r a t i o n , s t a b l e a n d u n s t a b l e d e t o n a t i o n
Application F l a m e a r r e s t e r c l a s s i fi c a t i o n
a) unconfined deflagration into an enclosure or vessel end-o f-line deflagration

b) confined deflagration propagating along a pipe into connecting in-line deflagration
pipe work
c) deflagration confined by an enclosure or pipe work to the outside pre-volume deflagration
atmosphere or into connecting apparatus

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Application Flame arrester classification

d) stable detonation propagating along a pipe into connecting pipe in-line stable detonation
work
e) unstable detonation propagating along a pipe into connecting in-line unstable detonation
pipe work
f) stable detonation at the end of a pipe propagating into an enclosure end-of-line stable detonation
or vessel
5.2 Flame transmission: stabilized burning
Stabilized burning after ignition creates additional hazards in applications where there could be
a continuous flow o f the explosive mixture towards the unprotected side o f the flame arrester. The
following situations shall be taken into account:
— i f the flow o f the explosive mixture can be stopped within a specific time that is between 1 min and
30 min, flame arresters which, when tested in accordance with 7.3.4, prevent flame transmission
during that period o f stabilized burning are suitable for that hazard, and they are classified as sa fe
against short time burning;
NOTE Bypassing, su fficient diluting or inerting are measures equivalent to stopping the flow.
— i f the flow o f the explosive mixture cannot be stopped or, for operational reasons, is not intended
to be stopped within 30 min, flame arresters which, when tested in accordance with 7.3.5, prevent
flame transmission for this type o f stabilized burning are suitable for that hazard, and they are
classified as sa fe against endurance burning.
6 General requirements
6.1 Measuring instruments

Appropriate metrological traceable calibrated measuring instruments shall be used for the tests.
NOTE It is advisable that the uncertainty o f measurement in the tests be such that it can be shown that all
the required test parameter limits are met.
6.2 Construction
All parts o f the flame arrester shall resist the expected mechanical, thermal and chemical loads for the
intended use.
Production flame arresters shall have flame quenching capabilities no less than the tested flame
arrester.
Light metal alloys shall not contain more than 6 % magnesium. Coatings o f components which may
be exposed to flames during operation shall not be damaged in a way that makes flame transmission
possible.
Where stabilized burning is considered as an additional hazard, flame arresters for short time burning
shall be fitted with one or more integrated temperature sensors, taking into account the intended
orientation o f the flame arrester.
6.3 Housings
Thread gaps, which shall prevent flame transmission, shall be in accordance with the constructional
requirements of IEC 60079-1.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
6.4 Joints
All joints shall be constructed and sealed in such a way that
— flame cannot bypass the flame arrester element, and
— flame is prevented from propagating to the outside o f the flame arrester.
6.5 Pressure test

Pressure testing o f in-line and end-o f-line detonation flame arresters shall be carried out at each flame
arrester at a pressure of not less than 10 × p 0 , and of all in-line deflagration flame arresters at not less
than 1,1 × 10 6 Pa for not less than 3 min.
All in-line deflagration and detonation flame arresters and end-o f-line detonation flame arresters o f
welded construction need only be type tested, where documentary evidence is provided that the weld
procedure and welder qualification satis fy the requirements o f the design method employed. Flame
arresters with any subsequent alteration to the design, a ffecting its strength, shall be retested.
Cast components may be pressure tested individually prior to assembly o f the complete unit.
No permanent deformation shall occur during the tests.
End-o f-line deflagration flame arresters need not be pressure tested.
6.6 Leak test

Each flame arrester shall be leak tested with air at 1,1 × p 0 , with a minimum of 150 kPa absolute for not
less than 3 min. No leak shall occur.
End-o f-line deflagration flame arresters need not be leak tested.
6.7 Flow measurement (air)

The pressure drop across the flame arrester shall be tested be fore and a fter flame transmission tests
at a volume flow that is suitable for identi fying any alteration (de formation) o f the flame arrester,
particularly o f the flame arrester element. A fter flame transmission testing, the pressure drop shall not
di ffer by more than 20 % from the value measured at the same flow rate be fore that testing. A fter short
time burn test and a fter endurance burn test, no additional flow measurement is required.
The flow capacity o f in-line flame arresters shall be recorded in accordance with A.2 in a type test.
The flow capacity o f end-o f-line flame arresters shall be recorded in accordance with A.3 in a type test.
The flow capacity o f end-o f-line flame arresters directly combined with or integrated into pressure
and/or vacuum valves shall be recorded in accordance with A.3. Pressure and/or vacuum valves
manufactured for different pressure settings shall be tested at the lowest and the highest set pressure
and for intermediate set pressures ≤1 kPa apart.
The flow capacity o f dynamic flame arresters shall be recorded in accordance with A.3 in a type test.
In addition, all dynamic flame arresters shall be tested for undamped oscillations in accordance with
A.4 in a type test.
6.8 Flame transmission test
6.8.1 General
All flame arresters shall be type tested against flame transmission. There shall be no permanent visible
deformation of the housing.
ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
The tests shall be specific for the basic types o f operation (as defined in 3.17, 3.18, 3.19 and 3.20) and
shall be carried out in accordance with Clauses 7, 8, 9 or 10 . One flame arrester shall be used throughout
all deflagration or detonation flame transmission tests. No replacement parts or modifications shall be
made to the flame arrester during these tests.
Short time and endurance burning tests shall be carried out in the orientation to be used in service. Bi-
directional flame arresters shall only be tested from one side i f the protected and unprotected sides are
identical.
All flame transmission tests shall be carried out with gas-air mixtures at ambient temperatures. When
heat tracing o f the flame arrester is required, tests shall be carried out as described in the specific
section, but with the flame arrester only being heated to the required temperature, TTB ≤ 150 °C. Gas-
air or vapour-air mixtures shall be as specified in 6.8.2.
Depending on their intended use, flame arresters shall be tested to the specific explosion group o f the
explosive gas-air or vapour-air mixture (see Table 2, columns 1 and 2).
For the purposes o f this International Standard, explosion group IIC covers hydrogen and other gas-air
or vapour-air mixtures with MESG less than 0,5 mm, and group IIB is divided into four sub-groups: IIB1,
IIB2, IIB3 and IIB. Explosion group IIA is divided into two sub-groups: IIA1 and IIA. This International
Standard covers deflagration and detonation tests for groups IIA, IIB1, IIB2, IIB3, IIB and IIC. Group
IIA1 shall only be used for the testing o f deflagration flame arresters.
The limiting MESG values, which define the explosion groups IIA1, IIA, IIB1, IIB2, IIB3, IIB and IIC, are
shown in Table 2.
A flame arrester for a particular explosion group is suitable for explosive mixtures o f another group
having a higher MESG.
6.8.2 Test mixtures
Tables 2, 3 and 4 speci fy the mixtures for deflagration and detonation tests, short time burning and
endurance burning tests.
Gas-air mixtures for testing shall be established with a concentration measuring instrument or a MESG
test apparatus.
T a b l e 2 — S p e c i fi c a t i o n o f
g a s - a i r m i x t u r e s f
o r d e f l a g r a t i o n a n d d e t o n a t i o n t e s t s
R a n g e o f
a p p l i c a t i o n (m a r k i n g ) Requirements for tes t mi xture
M E SG Gas purity Gas in air f f

a
S a e g a p o
E xplo sion
of mi xture Gas typ e by volume by volume
mm % % mm
g a s - a i r m i x t u r e
g r o u p
IIA1 ≥1,14 Methane ≥98 8,4 ± 0,2 1,16 ± 0,02

IIAb >0,90 Propane ≥95 4,2 ± 0,2 0,94 ± 0,02
IIB1 b ≥0,85 5,2 ± 0,2 0,83 ± 0,02
IIB2 b ≥0,75 Ethylene ≥98 5,7 ± 0,2 0,73 ± 0,02
IIB3 b ≥0,65 6,6 ± 0,3 0,67 ± 0,02
IIB b ≥0,50 Hydrogen ≥99 45,0 ± 0,5 0,48 ± 0,02
IIC <0,50 Hydrogen ≥99 28,5 ± 2,0 0,31 ± 0,02
NOTE The ranking in columns 1 and 2 is not comparable with the ranking in IEC 60079–1.
a When the test gas mixture is measured by the sa fe gap o f the gas-air mixture, the mixture shall be in the lower hal f o f
the specified gap range. I f the test gas mixture is measured by the percentage o f gas in air by volume, then for IIA1, IIA, IIB3
and IIC, the mixture shall be within the specified percentage volume range. For IIB1 and IIB2, the mixture shall be in the
upper hal f side o f the specified percentage volume range. For IIB, the mixture shall be on the lower hal f side o f the specified
percentage volume range. All the stated limit deviations relate to the uncertainty o f the measuring equipment.
b With small diameters, it may be di fficult to generate stable detonations. Tests may be carried out using a gas-air
mixture of a lower safe gap.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Table 3 — Specification o f gas-air mixtures for short time burning tests and burning tests o f
dynamic flame arresters
Range o f application (marking) Requirements for test mixture

Gas purity by volume Gas in air by volume a
Explosion group Gas type
% %
IIA1 Methane ≥98 9,5 ± 0,2

IIA Propane ≥95 4,2 ± 0,2
IIB1
IIB2 6,6 ± 0,3
IIB3 E thylene ≥98
IIB
IIC H yd ro gen ≥99 28,5 ± 2,0
a Te s ti n g o f dyn a m ic fl a me a r re s ter s m ay re qu i re a va r i atio n i n m i x tu re co mp o s itio n .
Table 4 — Specification o f gas-air or vapour-air mixtures for endurance burning tests o f static
flame arresters
Requirements for test mixture
Range o f application (marking) Gas vapour in air
Purity by volume
Explosion group a Gas or liquid
%
by volume
%
IIA1 Methane ≥98 9,5 ± 0,2

IIA Hexane ≥70 2,1 ± 0,1
IIB1
IIB2 6,6 ± 0,3
IIB3 E thylene ≥98
IIB
IIC H yd ro gen ≥99 28,5 ± 2,0
a T he ra n ge o f ap p l ic atio n s i s l i m ite d to p u re hyd ro c a rb o n s (co mp o u nd s co nta i n i n g o n l y c a rb o n a nd hyd ro gen) .
6.9 Summary of tests to be conducted

The tests to be conducted are given in Table 5.
Table 5 — Summary of tests to be conducted
Burning test
Flame
Type o f flame arrester
transmission test
(when Flow test
required)
E nd- o f-l i ne de fl agratio n fl a me short time burn proof 7.3.2.1 7.3.4 A.3
arrester endurance burn proof 7.3.5
I n- l i ne de fl ag ratio n fl a me short time burn proof 7.3.2.2 7.3.4 A.2
arrester endurance burn proof 7.3.5
P re -volu me fl a me a r re s ter — 7.3.2.3 — A.2 or A.3
S tab le de to n atio n fl a me a r re s ter short time burn proof 7.3.3.2 7.3.4 A.2
without restriction endurance burn proof 7.3.5
S tab le de to n atio n fl a me a r re s ter short time burn proof 7.3.3.3 7.3.4 A.2
with restriction endurance burn proof 7.3.5
Un s tab le de ton ation fl a me short time burn proof 7.3.3.4 7.3.4 A.2
arrester without restriction endurance burn proof 7.3.5

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Table 5 (continued)
Flame
(when
B u r n i n g t e s t
f Flow test
transmission test
required)
Ty p e o f l a m e a r r e s t e r
Unstable detonation flame short time burn proof 7.3.3.5 7.3.4 A.2
arrester with restriction endurance burn proof 7.3.5
Liquid product detonation flame — 8.3 — —
arrester
Dynamic flame arrester deflagration proo f — A.3.2 and
(high velocity vent valve) endurance burn proof 9.2.1, 9.2.2 and 9.2.3 9.2.4 A.4
Hydraulic flame arrester — 10.2.3, 10.2.4 10.2.2 —
7 S p e c i fi c r e q u i r e m e n ts fo r s ta ti c fl a m e a r re s te r s
7.1 Construction
Static flame arresters shall consist o f a flame arrester element and a housing.
For flame arrester elements with quenching gaps, the dimensions and tolerances shall be indicated (for
example, gap length and width of gap).
For crimped ribbon flame arrester elements used for the test, the gaps shall not fall below the upper
tolerance limits over 90 % o f the entire sur face. For production reasons, the gap dimensions may be
less than the lower tolerance limits in the inner and outer areas o f the flame arrester element. The total
a ffected area shall not exceed 10 % o f the total sur face area.
NOTE The intention of this test is to include the worst case.
Evidence shall be available that manu facture is controlled within tolerances to ensure reproducibility.
Materials for flame arresters shall be suitable for the intended use (e.g. temperature range, chemical
properties of the gases and vapours).
7 . 2 D e s i g n s e r i e s
Static flame arresters o f similar design, except endurance burning and pre-volume flame arresters, may
be grouped in a design series. The design series shall comply with the following:
a) one drawing shall cover all nominal sizes in a design series and all parts shall be listed and
dimensioned;
b) the flame arrester elements shall have identical features o f construction, such as the quenching
gaps, and shall have the same thickness measured in the direction o f the flame path.
Additional requirements for in-line flame arresters are the following:
— a design series is limited to a maximum of four consecutive nominal sizes according to Table 6, even
if the intermediate sizes are not included in the design series;
— for every nominal size in a design series (maximum four), the ratio, R A, as calculated in Formula (1),
shall not deviate by more than ±10 % from the ratio o f the largest nominal size o f the four members:
A
RA = u (1)
Ap
Concentric and eccentric shaped housings form different design series.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Table 6 — Design series

Nominal size of connection
mm
10 20 32 60 75 450 600 800
Design to to to 50 to to 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 to to to
series
15 25 40 65 80 500 750 1000
7.3.1 General
For non-measurable types o f flame arresters, evidence shall be available to prove that the production
flame arrester elements are equivalent in design, manu facture and construction to the test sample. The
test pressure shall be at least 10 % higher than the maximum operational pressure, p 0 , o f the flame
arrester.
Flame arresters with pressure and/or vacuum valve(s) integrated on the protected side shall have the
valve secured in the fully open position, or the pressure and/or vacuum valve pallets shall be taken out
during the test.
Flame arresters with pressure and/or vacuum valve(s) integrated on the unprotected side shall have
the valve pallets installed and blocked open to provide a gap of (2,5 ± 0,5) mm during each test.
Flame arresters directly combined with separate pressure and/or vacuum valves used as end-o f-line
venting systems shall be tested in the same way as end-o f-line flame arresters with integrated pressure
and/or vacuum valves.
NOTE These end-o f-line venting systems could be classified as follows:
a) as end-o f-line deflagration arresters, in accordance with 7.3.2.1;
b) as end-o f-line deflagration arresters, in accordance with 7.3.2.1, and with a short time burning test, in
accordance with 7.3.4;
c) as end-o f-line deflagration arresters, in accordance with 7.3.2.1, and with an endurance burning test, in
accordance with 7.3.5.
The protected and unprotected side o f a flame arrester may be modified to allow connection to smaller
pipe sizes without further testing. The connection on the protected side shall not be smaller than the
connection on the unprotected side.
The temperatures (mixture, pipe, flame arrester) during testing shall be given in the test report.
7.3.2 Deflagration test
7.3.2.1 End-o f-line flame arrester

The test apparatus is as shown in Figure 1. Distances shall be measured from the top of the complete
flame arrester.
For end-o f-line flame arresters with non-measurable elements, it might be necessary to pressurize the
plastic bag (see 7.4.1). In this case, the mixture outlet (item 6 in Figure 1) needs to be fitted with a shut-
off valve.
Assemble the flame arrester with all ancillary equipment, including weather cowls or other covers, and
enclose it in a plastic bag.
Fill the apparatus, fully inflating the bag with a mixture as specified in 6.8.2. Disconnect the mixture
supply and ignite. The ignition source shall be a spark plug or a chemical igniter (maximum energy 1 kJ).

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Carry out two tests for each ignition point so that a total o f six tests will result. Flame transmission
shall be indicated by the flame detector on the protected side. No flame transmission shall occur in any
of the tests.
I f the largest and smallest nominal sizes o f a design series are satis factorily tested, intermediate sizes
may be considered acceptable without testing.
Dimensions in metres
Key
1 ignition sources
2 plastic bag (Ø ≥ 1,2 m; length ≥2,5 m; foil thickness ≥0,05 mm)
3 end-o f-line flame arrester
4 explosion-pressure-resistant containment (vessel or closed pipe work)
5 mixture inlet with shut-off valve
6 mixture outlet with shut-off valve
7 bursting diaphragm
8 flame detector for indication
Figure 1 — Test apparatus for end-o f-line flame arrester for deflagration test
7.3.2.2 In-line flame arrester

The test apparatus is shown in Figure 2 . The ignition source shall be a spark plug fitted in the centre o f
the blind flange.
The pipe diameter, D, shall have the same size as the flame arrester connection. The pipe length, Lu,
shall be not less than 10 × D and not greater than 50 × D for hydrocarbon-air mixtures (IIA1, IIA, IIB1,
IIB2 and IIB3) and not greater than 30 × D for hydrogen-air mixtures (IIB and IIC). The pipe length, Lp,
shall be 50 × D for hydrocarbon-air mixtures (IIA1, IIA, IIB1, IIB2 and IIB3) and 30 × D for hydrogen-air
mixtures (IIB and IIC).
NOTE 1 It is advisable that the pipe length, Lu, be given by the manu facturer. In case o f success ful testing, Lu
will be the maximum allowable run-up length for practical installations (see 7.4.2).
NOTE 2 It is possible in larger pipe sizes to approach the transition from a deflagration to a detonation when
testing at raised p TB and Lu = 50 × D. I f a deflagration to detonation transition is indicated, then testing with
lower Lu is appropriate.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
The flame velocity shall be measured by two flame detectors fitted to the pipe on the unprotected side,
in accordance with Figure 2. The distance b between the two flame detectors shall be in accordance
with Figure 2 . The pressure shall be recorded by a pressure recording system (limiting frequency
≥100 kHz) fitted to the pipe on the unprotected side, at a distance a in accordance with Figure 2.
Key
1 blind flange with ignition source
2 mixture inlet
3 unprotected pipe (length, Lu; diameter, D)
4 flame detectors for recording
5 in-line deflagration flame arrester
6 pressure transducer for recording
8 protected pipe (length, Lp; diameter, D)
9 mixture outlet
10 blind flange or other closure
a ≤ 2 × D (±10 %, max. ± 50 mm), but a ≤ 250 mm
5 × D ≥ b ≥ 3 × D
Figure 2 — Test apparatus for in-line flame arrester for deflagration test
Fill the apparatus with a test mixture as specified in 6.8.2 and pressurize to p TB when p TB ≥ p 0 (where
p0 is the maximum operational pressure requested by the manu facturer or user). In six consecutive
tests, no flame transmission shall occur. A flame transmission is indicated by the flame detector on the
protected side.
The flame velocities, maximum explosion pressures and pipe length (Lu) in each test shall be given in
the test report.
I f the largest and smallest nominal size o f a design series are satis factorily tested, the two intermediate
nominal sizes in accordance with 7.2 may be considered acceptable without testing. Each size larger
than 1 000 mm shall be tested.
7.3.2.3 Pre-volume flame arrester
The test apparatus is shown in Figure 3.
For pre-volume flame arresters with non-measurable elements, it might be necessary to pressurize the
plastic bag (end-of-line application, see 7.4.1). In this case, the mixture outlet (item 6 in Figure 3) needs
to be fitted with a shut-o ff valve.
Pre-volume flame arresters shall be tested using the original configuration or equivalent full-scale
model configuration.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Pre-volume applications using end-o f-line types shall be enclosed in a plastic bag, as shown in Figure 3.
Pre-volume applications using in-line types shall be connected to the actual pipe work or equipment on
the protected side, or to pipe work simulating the actual length, diameter and volume.
Flame transmission shall be indicated by the following:
a) or end-o f-line types, by the ignition o f the mixture in the plastic bag (2); a flame detector is
f
optional;
b) or in-line types, by the flame detector (7).
f
Key
1 ignition sources
4 in-line flame arrester
6 mixture outlet with shut-off valve
8 original or simulated pipe work with mixture outlet and shut-off valve
11 mixture inlet with shut-off valve
Figure 3 — Test apparatus for pre-volume flame arrester for deflagration test
I f the enclosure has more than one outlet, all flame arresters shall be used and tested simultaneously.
Fill the enclosure and the plastic bag or pipe with a mixture as specified in 6.8.2. Disconnect the
mixture supply and ignite separately at three positions inside the enclosure: one as close as possible
to the flame arrester, one at the most likely position o f an ignition source and one as far away from the
flame arrester as possible.
Carry out two tests for each position resulting in a total o f six tests. No flame transmission shall occur
in any o f the tests.
All types and sizes shall be tested.

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
7.3 .3 Detonation test
7.3 .3 .1 General
I f the largest and smallest nominal sizes o f a design series are satis factorily tested for detonations, the
two intermediate nominal sizes in accordance with 7.2 may be considered acceptable without testing.
Each nominal size larger than 1 000 mm shall be tested.
Detonation flame arresters tested for unstable detonations with restriction (see 7.3.3.5 ) are classified
as Type 1.
Detonation flame arresters tested for unstable detonations without restriction (see 7.3.3.4) are
classified as Type 2.
Detonation flame arresters tested for stable detonations with restriction (see 7.3.3.3 ) are classified
as Type 3.
Detonation flame arresters tested for stable detonations without restriction (see 7.3.3.2 ) are classified
as Type 4.
Type 1 detonation flame arresters are also suitable for use as Type 2, Type 3 and Type 4 without
additional testing.
Type 2 detonation flame arresters are also suitable for use as Type 4 without additional testing.
Type 3 detonation flame arresters are also suitable for use as Type 4 without additional testing.
7.3 .3 .2 Stable detonation without restriction

The pipe diameter, D, shall have the same size as the flame arrester connection.
The pipe on the unprotected side shall have a length, Lu, su fficient to develop a stable detonation and
shall have a blind flange or an explosion-pressure-resistant containment (vessel or closed pipe work)
fitted with an ignition source. The pipe may also contain a flame accelerator to reduce the pipe length
for stable detonation conditions.
The pipe on the protected side shall have a length, Lp, of 10 × D, but not less than 3 m. The blind flange or
other closure shall resist the shock pressures during testing.
For measuring flame velocities and detonation pressures, four flame detectors and a pressure
transducer (limiting frequency ≥100 kHz) shall be fitted to the pipe on the unprotected side. The
position o f the flame detectors and the pressure transducer shall be in accordance with Figure 4.
One flame detector shall be fitted to the pipe on the protected side to indicate flame transmission.
The apparatus shall be filled with a test mixture as specified in 6.8.2, and at a pressure of, p TB , when
p TB ≥ p 0 . Under these conditions, five tests shall be carried out.
In each test, the flame velocities from the two pairs o f flame detectors (see Figure 4) shall be constant,
i.e. the di fference between the two flame velocities shall not exceed 10 % o f the lower value.
The velocities shall be ≥1 600 m/s for hydrocarbon-air mixtures (IIA, IIB1, IIB2 and IIB3) and ≥1 900 m/s
for hydrogen-air mixtures (IIB and IIC).
The pressure time record shall indicate a stable detonation shock wave.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Key
1 mixture inlet
2 exp lo s io n- p res s ure- res is tant co ntainment (ves s el o r clo s ed p ip e wo rk) o r b lind flange
3 ignition source
5 f
flame detecto rs f o r reco rding o the flame velo city meas urement

7 deto natio n flame arres ter
8 f
flame detecto r o r indicatio n

10 b lind flange o r o ther clo s ure
11 mixture outlet
a = (200 ± 50) mm
b≥ 3 × D , but b ≥ 1 0 0 mm
c ≥ 5 0 0 mm
F i g u r e 4 — Te s t a p p a r a t u s f
o r d e t o n a t i o n f l a m e a r r e s t e r f
o r d e t o n a t i o n w i t h o u t r e s t r i c t i o n
Until the arrival of a stable detonation shock wave, the pressure (see item 6 in Figure 4) shall remain
constant at p TB f . I no t, a longer pip e or turbu lence promo ti ng e qu ipment m ay b e u s e d .
The average value p md of the detonation pressure shall be calculated from the area integral below the
pressure-time trace, starting at the maximum pressure peak and covering a time interval of 200 µs.
The average value pmd shall be calculated according to Formula (2):
t Ppeak+200 µs
∫tPpeak p( t ) dt
p md = (2)
200 µs
The ratio pmd/pTB , with regard to mixture and pipe size, shall correspond to the values given in Table 7
with a ma xi mu m devi ation o f ± 2 0 % .
NOTE When p md/p TB exceeds the quoted values of Table 7 b y more th a n 2 0 % a nd fl a me tra n s m i s s ion
occurs, the detonation might still be overdriven and it is advisable that a longer pipe or turbulence promoting
equipment be used.

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
Table 7 — Ratio /
p md p TB
Ratio p md/p TB for pip e diameter, D
E x p l o s i o n g r o u p
mm
D ≤ 8 0
a 80 < D ≤ 150 15 0 < D < 1 000 D ≥ 1 0 0 0
IIA 10 12 14 16
IIB1 9 11 13 14
IIB2 9 11 13 15
IIB3 10 12 14 16
IIB 8 10 10 12
IIC 8 8 8 8
a I f for pipe diameters ≤80 mm the quoted pressure ratio is not achieved, tests shall be carried out using a gas-air
mixture o f a lower sa fe gap to quali fy the arrester as a detonation flame arrester.
In addition, deflagration tests shall be carried out where the basic test set-up shall be in accordance
with Figure 4, with Lp = 50 × D, as follows:
a) five deflagration tests with
— / = 50 for IIA, IIB1, IIB2 and IIB3, or
Lu D
— Lu/D = 30 for IIB and IIC.
The ignition source for these deflagration tests shall be a spark plug fitted in the centre o f the blind
flange. For these deflagration tests, flame velocity measurement is not required.
The initial pressure, deflagration and stable detonation pressure, the values o f p md/p TB and also any
flame velocities recorded during the tests shall be reported.
A stable detonation flame arrester (Type 4) shall prevent flame transmission in any o f these stable
detonation and deflagration tests.
7.3 .3 .3 Stable detonation with restriction

The pipe on the unprotected side shall have a length, Lu, su fficient to develop a stable detonation and
shall have a blind flange or an explosion-pressure-resistant containment (vessel or closed pipe work)
fitted with an ignition source. The pipe may also contain a flame accelerator to reduce the pipe length
for stable detonation conditions.
A restriction shall be fitted at Lr/D = 4. The pipe on the protected side shall have a length, Lp , of 14 × D
but not less than 3 m a fter the restriction. The restriction shall consist o f a blind flange with a central
bore. The central bore shall have 2,5 % o f the cross sectional area o f the pipe. The closed pipe end and
the restriction shall resist the shock pressures during testing.
For measuring flame velocities and detonation pressures, four flame detectors and a pressure
transducer (limiting frequency ≥100 kHz) shall be fitted to the pipe on the unprotected side. The
position o f the flame detectors and the pressure transducer shall be in accordance with Figure 5.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Key
1 mixture inlet
2 explosion-pressure-resistant containment (vessel or closed pipe work) or blind flange
3 ignition source
5 flame detectors for recording the flame velocity
7 detonation flame arrester
10 blind flange or other closure
11 mixture outlet
12 restriction (Lr = 4 × D)
a = (200 ± 50) mm
b ≥ 3 × D , but b ≥ 100 mm
c ≥ 500 mm
o r d e t o n a t i o n f l a m e a r r e s t e r f
o r d e t o n a t i o n w i t h r e s t r i c t i o n
One flame detector shall be fitted to the pipe on the protected side to indicate flame transmission.
The apparatus shall be filled with a test mixture as specified in 6.8.2, and at a pressure of p TB when
p TB ≥ p 0 . Under these conditions, five tests shall be carried out.
In each test, the flame velocities from the two pairs o f flame detectors (see Figure 5) shall be constant,
i.e. the di fference between the two flame velocities shall not exceed 10 % o f the lower value.
The velocities shall be ≥1 600 m/s for hydrocarbon-air mixtures (IIA, IIB1, IIB2 and IIB3) and ≥1 900 m/s
for hydrogen-air mixtures (IIB and IIC).
The pressure time record shall indicate a stable detonation shock wave.
Until the arrival of a stable detonation shock wave, the pressure (see item 6 in Figure 5) shall remain
constant at p TB . I f not, a longer pipe or turbulence promoting equipment may be used.
The average value, pmd, of the detonation pressure shall be calculated from the area integral below the
pressure-time trace, starting at the maximum pressure peak and covering a time interval of 200 µs.

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
The ratio p md/pTB , with regard to mixture and pipe size shall correspond to the values given in Table 7,
with a maximum deviation o f ±20 %.
NOTE When p md/p TB exceeds the quoted values of Table 7 by more than 20 % and flame transmission
occurs, the detonation might still be overdriven and it is advisable that a longer pipe or turbulence promoting
equipment be used.
In addition, deflagration tests shall be carried out, where the basic test set-up shall be in accordance
with Figure 5, with Lr = 4 × D and Lp = 54 × D, as follows:
a) five deflagration tests with Lu/D = 5, and
b) five deflagration tests with
Lu D
— Lu/D = 30 for IIB and IIC.
The initial pressure, deflagration and stable detonation pressure, the values o f p md/p TB and also any
flame velocities recorded during the tests shall be reported.
A stable detonation flame arrester (Type 3) shall prevent flame transmission in any o f these stable
detonation and deflagration tests.
7.3 .3 .4 Unstable detonation without restriction

The pipe on the unprotected side shall have a length, Lu, su fficient to develop an unstable detonation
and shall have a blind flange or an explosion-pressure-resistant containment (vessel or closed pipe
work) fitted with an ignition source. The ignition source may be mounted to the wall o f the unprotected
pipe. The pipe may also contain a flame accelerator to reduce the pipe length for unstable detonation
conditions.
The pipe length and configuration on the unprotected side and the location o f the ignition source shall,
a fter ignition, produce an unstable detonation at the detonation flame arrester.
The pipe on the protected side shall have a length, Lp, of 10 × D, and not less than 3 m. The blind flange
or other closure shall resist the shock pressures during testing.
Four flame detectors and a pressure transducer shall be fitted to the pipe on the unprotected side to
record flame velocities and pressures respectively. One flame detector shall not be more than 200 mm
from the flame arrester connection. One flame detector shall be fitted to the pipe on the protected side
to indicate flame transmission.
For the purposes of this International Standard, a characteristic of an unstable detonation is p mu of not
less than 2,5 × pmd for pipe diameters <100 mm, and 3 × p md for pipe diameters ≥100 mm. Values of p md
shall be taken from Table 7 with regard to pTB .
The unprotected side pipe length and configuration for these tests can be found by varying the
distance between the ignition source and the flame arrester until the recorded flame velocities reach a
maximum (above those o f stable detonations). The distribution o f more than four flame detectors along
the pipe will make it easier to find the transition point. Direct initiation, e.g. by solid detonators, or long
accelerator sections should be avoided.
The apparatus shall be filled with a test mixture as specified in 6.8.2, at a pressure, p TB , when p TB ≥ p 0 .

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
Under these conditions, five tests shall be carried out.

In addition, deflagration tests shall be carried out, where the basic test set-up shall be in accordance
with Figure 4, with Lp = 50 × D, as follows:
Five deflagration tests with
Lu D
— L u/D = 30 for IIB and IIC.
The initial pressure, deflagration and unstable detonation pressures and also any flame velocities shall
be reported.
An unstable detonation flame arrester (Type 2) shall prevent flame transmission in any o f these
deflagration and unstable detonation tests.
7.3 .3 .5 Unstable detonation with restriction

The pipe on the protected side shall have a length, Lp, of 54 × D. A restriction shall be fitted at Lr/D = 4.
The restriction shall consist o f a blind flange with a central bore. The central bore shall have 2,5 %
of the cross sectional area of the pipe. The closed pipe end and the restriction shall resist the shock
pressures during testing.
The test procedure for unstable detonation testing as well as the characteristic of an unstable
detonation shall be in accordance with 7.3.3.4.
In addition, additional deflagration tests shall be carried out completely in accordance with 7.3.3.3.
An unstable detonation flame arrester (Type 1) shall prevent flame transmission in any o f these
deflagration and unstable detonation tests.
7.3.4 Short time burning test

The test apparatus is shown in Figure 6 for an in-line and end-of-line flame arrester.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Key
4 outlet pipe
5 temperature sensor for recording for tests only
6 pilot flame
7 mixture inlet
8 integrated temperature sensor for alarm
11 pressure transducer for recording (only necessary for tBT > 1 min)
12 valve (only necessary for tBT > 1 min)
o r s h o r t t i m e b u r n i n g t e s t
The test o f inline flame arresters shall be carried out with the test pressure equal or greater than the
intended maximum operation pressure. The test o f inline flame arresters with tBT = 1 min may be
carried out under atmospheric conditions.
A flow meter shall be used to measure the mixture flow rates. The flame arrester shall be fitted with
a temperature sensor for the test only. This sensor shall be mounted close to the sur face o f the flame
arrester element on the protected side close to the centre o f the cross sectional area o f the flow.
The tests shall be carried out using a test mixture as specified in Table 3 . First, the critical flow rate,
V , shall be calculated from the open area, A 0 , o f the sur face o f the flame arrester element on the
c

unprotected side and from the size and number o f apertures per unit area. Assuming a uni form velocity
o f 75 % o f a burning velocity, l , o f the mixture across this area, calculate a critical flow rate, Vc , 
according to Formula (3):

v
Vc = 0, 75 × A0 × v l

(3)

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
where
vl = 0,5 m/s for IIA1 and IIA;
vl = 0,8 m/s for IIB1, IIB2, IIB3 and IIB;
vl = 3 m/s for IIC.
For non-measurable flame arrester elements, the critical flow rate, Vc , may be obtained by using the

same principle. The free area, A0 , of the flame arrester element surface can be estimated according to
Formula (4):
A0 = R U × A t (4)
The tests shall be carried out with a continuously operated pilot flame or spark. Ignite the mixture
until the flame has stabilized on the sur face o f the flame arrester element. A fter flame stabilization,
continue burning for the burning time, tBT, specified by the manu facturer (1 min ≤ tBT ≤ 30 min ).
Record the temperature indicated by the test temperature sensor a fter that time and stop the flow. No
flame transmission shall occur during the tests or when the flow is stopped.
Carry out this test procedure with flow rates Vc , 
0 ,5Vc and 1 ,5Vc . In each o f these tests, the flame
 
arrester shall be at ambient temperature at the beginning. If Vc results in the highest temperature

reading of the three tests, then Vm = Vc . I f not, carry out two further tests with flow rates 50 % and
 
150 % o f the flow rate which gave the highest reading in the first three tests. Vm will be the flow rate

that results in the highest temperature reading in all five tests. When determining the flow rate Vm , 
flame arrester elements may be replaced between the tests. I f the flame arrester elements have been
replaced, a final test shall be carried out with the flow rate Vm , using the original flame arrester

element, without modification, that was used for the deflagration and/or detonation test.
In any o f the tests, the integrated temperature sensor(s) (8) shall produce a signal that may be used to
activate counter measures within a burning time o f 50 % o f the manu facturer’s specified burning
time, tBT, where t BT ≤ 15 min.
2
When using an integrated temperature measuring system, it shall record a temperature rise not less
than 60 K after a burning time of not more than t BT .
2
A flame transmission is indicated by the flame detector (9). No flame transmission shall occur during
the tests or when the flow is stopped. The burn time without flash back shall be recorded as the burning
time, tBT, expressed in minutes.
I f the largest and smallest nominal sizes o f a design series are satis factorily tested, the intermediate
nominal sizes may be considered acceptable without testing, but these flame arresters shall be marked
with the shortest burning time, tBT, found in the experimental tests.
Each size o f in-line flame arresters greater than 1 000 mm shall be tested.
7.3.5 Endurance burning test
The test apparatus is shown in Figure 7 for an in-line and end-of-line flame arrester.
Testing o f inline flame arresters shall be carried out with the test pressure equal to or greater than the
intended maximum operation pressure

ISO 16852:2016(E)
A flow meter shall be used to measure the mixture flow rate. The flame arrester shall be fitted with
two temperature sensors for the test only.
One temperature sensor (6) shall be mounted on the protected side. The location of this temperature
sensor shall be le ft to the discretion o f the test laboratory.
Another temperature sensor (9) shall be fitted to the unprotected side to detect the stabilized flame
(start of burning load).
The tests shall be carried out using a mixture as specified in Table 4.
Key
1 outlet pipe
5 mixture inlet
6 temperature sensor for recording for tests only
7 pilot flame or spark igniter
9 test temperature sensor for alarm to detect stabilized flame
12 valve
o r e n d u r a n c e b u r n i n g t e s t
First, the critical flow rate, Vc , shall be calculated from the open area, A0 , o f the sur face o f the flame

arrester element on the unprotected side and from the size and number of apertures per unit area.
Assuming a uni form velocity o f 75 % o f a burning velocity, vl , of the mixture across this area, calculate a
critical flow rate, Vc , according to Formula (3) in 7.3.4.

For non-measurable flame arrester elements, the critical flow rate, Vc , may be obtained by using the 
same principle. The free area, A0 , o f the flame arrester element surface can be estimated according to
Formula (4) in 7.3.4.
The tests shall be carried out with a continuously operated pilot flame or spark. Ignite the mixture
until the flame has stabilized on the sur face o f the flame arrester element.

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
Carry out the following preliminary testing for critical flow rates.
A fter flame stabilization, continue burning until the protected side temperature sensor indicates a
temperature rise o f 20 K and then stop the flow. Record the time from stabilization o f the flame to the
20 K temperature increase.
Carry out this test procedure with flow rates Vc , 0 ,5Vc and 1 ,5Vc . In each o f these tests, the flame
  
arrester shall be at ambient temperature at the start.

If Vc results in the shortest time to 20 K temperature increase, then Vm = Vc . I f not, carry out two
  
further tests with flow rates 50 % and 150 % o f the flow rate which gave the shortest time in the first
three tests. Vm will be the flow rate that results in the shortest time in all five tests. When determining

the flow rate Vm , flame arrester elements may be replaced between the tests.

The endurance burn test shall be carried out with the flow rate Vm , using the original flame arrester

element, without modification, that was used for the deflagration and/or detonation test. Maintain the
mixture composition and the flow rate Vm (±5 %) until a stable temperature is established at the

temperature sensor on the protected side. The temperature on the protected side shall be stable within
±5 K over 10 min. The flow o f the mixture shall be stopped when a stable temperature is established,
but not before 2 h of burning.
The flame detector (8) shall indicate any flame transmission. No flame transmission shall occur during
the tests or when the flow is stopped.
All types and nominal sizes shall be tested.
Modifications that do not change the flame arrester element and are part o f the housing to which the
flame arrester element is fitted do not require retesting, e.g. flame arresters with integrated pressure
and/or vacuum valves.
7.4 Limits for use
7.4.1 General
The general limits for use are as indicated below.

a) The operational temperature, T0 , shall be limited as follows:
— −20 °C ≤ T0 ≤ 60 °C when testing is at atmospheric conditions (TTB ≤ 60 °C);
— T0 ≤ TTB where TTB ≤ 150 °C (see 6.8.1, paragraph 4).
b) The operational pressure p0 shall be limited as follows:
1) or flame arresters with measurable element:
f
— end-o f-line flame arresters with or without pressure and/or vacuum valve on the
protected side:
(0,8 × 10 5 Pa) ≤ p 0 ≤ (1,1 × 10 5 Pa) when testing is at atmospheric pressure ( pTB
approximately 10 5 Pa);
— in-line flame arresters:
p 0 ≤ p TB where p TB ≤ 1,6 × 10 5 Pa;
2) for flame arresters with non-measurable element:
p 0 ≤ 0,9 × p TB where p TB ≤ 1,6 × 10 5 Pa.

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
Use shall be limited to gas-air mixtures with an MESG equal to or greater than that tested.
7.4.2 In-line flame arrester
7.4.2 .1 General
For an i n-l i ne fla me a rre s ter, the pip e d i ame ter on the pro te c te d s ide sh a l l b e no le s s th an the pip e
diameter on the unprotected side.

For an i n-l i ne flame arre s ter, the pip e d ia me ter on the u npro te c te d s ide sha l l b e no gre ater tha n the
fl ame arre s ter con ne c tion .
7.4.2.2 In-line deflagration flame arrester

T he u s e o f i n-l i ne deflagration fla me a rre s ters te s te d i n accorda nce with 7.3.2.2 shall be limited to the
following conditions:
a) the ratio o f pip e leng th ( b e twe en the p o tenti a l ign ition s ou rce and the fla me arre s ter) and pip e
diameter shall not exceed the tested ratio, Lu/D;

b) at le a s t 10 % o f the cro s s s e c tiona l are a o f the pip e s ha l l b e op en at the ign ition s ou rce;
c) pipe branches and valves on the unprotected side shall be installed as close as possible to the in-
l i ne deflagration fl ame arre s ter.
7.4.3 Pre-volume flame arrester

T he u s e o f pre -volu me flame arre s ters s ha l l b e li m ite d to enclo s u re s , contents a nd pip e work on the
unprotected side as used or simulated in the test.

7.4.4 Detonation flame arrester
D e tonation fl ame arre s ters may b e u s e d for op en a nd clo s e d pip e work on the u npro te c te d s ide .
p TB are suitable for operational pressures p 0 p TB in the same

D e tonation flame arre s ters te s te d at ≤
or smaller pipe size when the application is limited to mixtures with an MESG equal to or greater than
that tested.
NOTE An unstable detonation presents a higher level of hazard than a stable detonation (see 3.11).
Un s table de tonation flame arre s ters ( Typ e 1 a nd Typ e 2) are de s igne d and te s te d for s toppi ng
deflagration s and s table a nd un s tab le de tonation s .
Stable de tonation flame arre s ters ( Typ e 3 and Typ e 4) a re de s igne d and te s te d for s toppi ng deflagration s
and stable detonations.
7.4.5 Short time burn flame arresters
I f there a re op erati ng cond ition s wh ich c an le ad to a s tabi l i z e d bu rn i ng at the flame arre s ter element,
add itiona l s a fe ty me a s u re s are re qu i re d . D ep end i ng on the op erati ng cond ition s , the device s s ha l l b e
equipped with temperature sensors on one or two sides which initiate measures for the elimination
o f the s tabi l i z e d bu rn i ng (for e xa mple, emergenc y
f ff
u nc tion s l i ke s witch i ng- o the s ys tem, i ner ti ng or
similar) and this within the half of the time for which the device is short-time burn proof (0,5 × tBT ).
When tBT f
i s e xce e de d duri ng a s hor t-ti me bu rn i ng s ituation, then the flame arre s ti ng s a e ty c an no t b e
assured.
When op erati ng with on ly one temp eratu re s en s or, the i n s ta l lation s ide (identi fic ation on s ide to b e
protected) has to be respected.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Temperature sensors shall meet the flame arrester manu facturer’s specification, they shall be installed
in the flame arrester according to the flame arrester manu facturer´s instructions. Temperature sensors
shall be integrated into the control system so that sa fety measures to stop the stabilized burning are
initiated. Prior to putting the devices with sa fety system into operation, the switching temperature
shall be adjusted so that the admissible time period for the activating o f the emergency measures will
be observed.
8 S p e c i fi c r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r l i q u i d p r o d u c t d e to n a ti o n fl a m e a r r e s te r s
8.1 Liquid seals

A flame arrester consisting o f a liquid seal formed by the liquid product may be an end-o f-line flame
arrester [see Figure 8 a)] or an in-line flame arrester [see Figure 8 b)].
The housings for liquid seals suitable for emptying operations shall incorporate a sa fety device that
prevents loss of the sealing liquid.
a) E n d - o f
- l i n e f l a m e a r r e s t e r b) I n - l i n e f l a m e a r r e s t e r
Key
1 housing 4 immersion depth
2 overflow pipe/outlet pipe 5 filling height
3 immersion pipe
F i g u r e 8 — L i q u i d p r o d u c t d e t o n a t i o n f l a m e a r r e s t e r
8.2 Foot valves

There shall be an end-o f-line flame arrester incorporating a non-return valve (foot valve) in an
immersion cup, providing an immersion depth o f not less than that specified by the manu facturer. A
screen or perforated plate shall protect the valve seat from solid particles (see Figure 9).

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Key
1 valve housing 4 perforated plate or screen
2 valve disc 5 immersion depth
3 immersion cup
F i g u r e 9 — E n d - o f
- l i n e f l a m e a r r e s t e r i n c o r p o r a t i n g a n o n - r e t u r n v a l ve f
( o o t v a l ve)

Liqu id pro duc t de tonation fla me arre s ters sh a l l b e te s te d u nder atmo s pheric cond ition s for de tonation s
on ly. T he fla me a rre s ter s ha l l b e fi l le d either with the l iqu id to b e u s e d i n op eration, or a lternatively
with gas ol i ne havi ng a b oi l i ng range from 10 0 ° C to 14 0 ° C . T he s e l iqu id s may a l s o b e u s e d i n te s ts for

group I I B m i xtu re s . T he fi l l i ng height s ha l l b e re corde d (s e e Figures 8 and 9).
I n-l i ne and end- o f-l i ne fl ame arre s ters sha l l b e te s te d i n accordance with the te s t pro ce du re given i n
7.3.3.2 f
a nd, i ne ce s s ar y, i n accorda nce with 7.3.3.4, but using the test apparatus shown in Figure 10. On
f
the b a s i s o the op erationa l cond ition s for the s e fla me a rre s ters , on ly th re e s table de tonation te s ts s ha l l
be carried out.
T he fla me arre s ter te s t sh a l l b e c arrie d out i n the orientation re qu i re d i n s er vice .
The foot valve shall be opened for the test to present a gap at least equal to or greater than the opening
in the screen or perforated plate used to protect the valve seat from solid particles.

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
Key
1 mixture inlet
3 ignition source
4 unprotected pipe (length, Lu; diameter, D) with bypass
5 flame detectors for recording the flame velocity measurement
7 liquid product detonation flame arrester
9 mixture outlet (bypass)
a = (200 ± 50) mm
b≥3 × D, but b ≥ 100 mm
c ≥ 500 mm
F i g u r e 1 0 — Te s t a p p a r a t u s f
o r l i q u i d p r o d u c t d e t o n a t i o n f l a m e a r r e s t e r s
8.4 Limits for use
I f a liquid product detonation flame arrester is satis factorily tested for detonations, it may be considered
acceptable for deflagrations without further testing. The operation pressure for the product-air mixture
shall be limited to the test pressure.
NOTE The operation pressure for the liquid flow is not limited by flame arresting requirements.
Liquid product detonation flame arresters suitable for emptying operations shall have the flow rate
restricted so that the pressure drop o f the sa fety device that prevents loss o f sealing liquid does not
exceed the static pressure given by the immersion depth (see 8.1). For filling operations, there are no
such limitations.
9 S p e c i fi c r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r d yn a m i c fl a m e a r re s te r s ( h i gh ve l o c i ty ve n t va l ve s )
9.1 General
Dynamic flame arresters shall be tested for flame transmission (see 9.2 ). All types and sizes shall be
tested. Testing shall be carried out at the lowest setting and closing pressure intended for approval.
NOTE The minimum e fflux velocity is typically 30 m/s.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
The set pressure, closing pressure and flow rate at closing point, V CL , o f the dynamic flame arrester
shall be specified.
Dynamic flame arresters with more than one nozzle shall have each nozzle tested for flame
transmission. During the flame transmission tests, the dynamic flame arrester shall be combined as
one flame arrester.
Other openings (e.g. drain plug) should be tested in accordance with their operation principle.
The tests shall be carried out with the same test sample without adjustments and without replacement
of components.
For endurance burn proo f dynamic flame arresters, the test order has to start with endurance burning
according to 9.2.4.
For the tests described in 9.2, the completion of the undamped oscillation test in accordance with A.4 is
required to provide LM , DM , and VM .
9.2 Flame transmission tests
9 . 2 . 1 L o w fl o w fl a m e tra n s m i s s i o n te s t
The test apparatus is shown in Figure 11. The pipe length and the pipe diameter between the explosion-
pressure-resistant containment and the dynamic flame arrester shall be LM and DM and the volume of
the explosion-pressure-resistant containment shall be VM (given in A.4). A smaller volume than VM may
be used providing that it does not increase the risk o f flame transmission.
NOTE I f the valve displays undamped oscillation (hammering) according to A.4, it is an indication that the
volume used is too small.
A temperature sensor for testing shall be attached to the dynamic flame arrester as close as possible to
the stabilized flame (e.g. at the valve seat). Ignition shall be maintained by a permanent pilot flame. The
pilot flame shall be positioned as close as possible to the mixture outlet to atmosphere, but far enough
away from the mixture outlet to avoid heating, or influencing the correct operation o f, the dynamic
flame arrester. The pilot flame shall burn propane and provide a stabilized pilot flame.
A gas-air mixture as specified in Table 3 shall be fed into the explosion-pressure-resistant containment.
The flow rate into the explosion-pressure-resistant containment shall be increased in four steps. The
step width depends on the dynamic flame arrester characteristic, as follows:
— for a dynamic flame arrester with VCL > 0, the step width shall be 0 2 × VCL 
,

with a starting point of
0, 2 × V CL ;
— for a dynamic flame arrester with VCL = 0 , the step width shall be 20 % o f the flow rate o f the fully 
open dynamic flame arrester. The starting point shall be 10 % o f the flow rate o f the fully open
dynamic flame arrester.
The duration o f each test step shall be chosen depending on the dynamic flame arrester action, as
specified below.
a) I f at some point during the sequence o f tests the dynamic flame arrester remains in the open
position while steadily relieving, the test shall be stopped (e.g. by a shut-o ff valve), thereby forcing
the dynamic flame arrester to close.
b) I f the dynamic flame arrester varies periodically between the closed and open position associated
with a varying pressure in the containment, the test duration shall be a minimum o f 5 min or
50 open/closed cycles and shall furthermore cover a minimum o f five closing actions be fore the
next flow rate step is adjusted.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
I f the flow rate re ad i ngs var y due to the op en i ng and clo s i ng c ycle s [s e e c as e b) ab ove] , the appropri ate
average d flow rate s ha l l b e u s e d .
T h i s pro ce du re sh a l l b e ca rrie d out with the dyna m ic flame arre s ter i n the upright p o s ition . T he te s ts
sh a l l b e rep e ate d with the dyna m ic fl ame arre s ter i ncl i ne d (10 ± 1) ° to the ver tica l orientation, un le s s
the u s e i s l i m ite d to fi xe d ver tic a l appl ic ation s without cha ngi ng o f i ncl i nation du ri ng op eration .
NO TE Te s ti ng i n the i ncl i ne d p o s ition i s i ntende d to s i mu l ate mo tion o f the dyn a m ic fl a me a r re s ter, e . g. on
marine vessels.
No fl ame tran s m i s s ion s ha l l o cc u r du ri ng the s e te s ts .
Key
1 flame
2 dynamic flame arres ter
3 explosion-pressure-resistant containment
4 mixture inlet
6 temp erature s ens o r fo r reco rding ( fo r tes ts o nly)
7 p ilo t flame
8 flame detecto r fo r indicatio n
9 flow meter fo r reco rding
10 shut-off valve
11 pressure sensor for recording
DM diameter of the pipe on the protected side determined in accordance with A.4
Lm p ip e length up s tream o f the dynamic flame arres ter determined in acco rdance with A.4
VM volume of the explosion-pressure-resistant containment
o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e n o n - h a m m e r i n g c o n d i t i o n s f
o r d y n a m i c f l a m e
arresters
9 . 2 . 2 F l a m e tra n s m i s s i o n te s t b y o p e n i n g a n d c l o s i n g
The test apparatus is shown in Figure 11. The pipe length and the pipe diameter between the explosion-
LM and D M and the volume of
pre s s u re -re s i s tant contai n ment and the dynam ic fla me a rre s ter s ha l l b e
the explosion-pressure-resistant containment shall be VM (given in A.4). A smaller volume than VM may
b e u s e d provid i ng that it do e s no t i nc re a s e the ri s k o f flame tran s m i s s ion .
NO TE I f the va l ve d i s p l ays u nda mp e d o s c i l l atio n ( h a m meri n g) accord i ng to A.4, it is an indication that the
volume used is too small.

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
A temperature sensor for testing shall be attached to the dynamic flame arrester as close as possible to
the stabilized flame (e.g. at the valve seat). Ignition shall be maintained by a permanent pilot flame. The
pilot flame shall be positioned as close as possible to the mixture outlet to atmosphere, but far enough
away from the mixture outlet to avoid heating, or influencing the correct operation o f, the dynamic
flame arrester. The pilot flame shall burn propane and provide a stabilized pilot flame.
The dynamic flame arrester shall be subjected to 50 open/closed cycles, using a gas-/air-mixture as
specified in Table 3 . During the 50 cycles the mixture shall be ignited by a pilot flame close to the outlet.
This test can be disregarded i f 50 open/closed cycles have been observed during the low flow flame
transmission tests.
This procedure shall be carried out with the dynamic flame arrester in the upright position. The tests
shall be repeated with the dynamic flame arrester inclined (10 ± 1)° to the vertical orientation, unless
the use is limited to fixed vertical applications without changing o f inclination during operation.
NOTE Testing in the inclined position is intended to simulate motion o f the dynamic flame arrester, e.g. on
marine vessels.
No flame transmission shall occur during the test.

Deflagration tests shall be carried out according to 7.3.2.1.
9.2.4 Endurance burning test

The test apparatus is shown in Figure 11. The pipe length, Lm, between the explosion-pressure-resistant
containment and the dynamic flame arrester shall not exceed LM . A temperature sensor for testing shall
be attached to the dynamic flame arrester as close as possible to the stabilized flame (e.g. at the valve
seat). Ignition shall be maintained by a permanent pilot flame. The pilot flame shall be positioned as
close as possible to the mixture outlet to atmosphere, but far enough away from the mixture outlet to
avoid heating or influencing the correct operation o f, the dynamic flame arrester. The pilot flame shall
burn propane and provide a stabilized pilot flame.
Using a gas-air mixture as specified in Table 3, the pressure in the explosion-pressure-resistant
containment shall be increased to force the dynamic flame arrester open and then shall be maintained
at 10 % above the established closing pressure. The corresponding flow rate, V0 , shall be recorded. If no

stabilized burning is possible under these conditions, the mixture shall be gradually enriched until the
flame is stabilized. Without changing that mixture composition, the flow shall be increased in
increments o f 20 % o f V0 , and a fter each increment, the flow shall be maintained until the temperature

rise is less than 10 K/min, but for a minimum of 5 min.

When the temperature starts to decrease, the flow rate VE is the maximum flow rate that shall be used

in this test. The flow rate shall then be reduced in increments o f 10 % o f VE and after each step shall be

maintained until the temperature change is less than 10 K/min, but for a minimum of 5 min. Flow rates
for which the corresponding temperature has been recorded need not be repeated, and tests need not
be made at flow rates below V0 . Upon completion, the flow rate yielding the highest temperature shall

be recorded as V m and the burning at that rate shall be continued until the change of temperature
indicated by the test temperature sensor does not exceed ±5 K in 10 min.
For enriched mixtures, the concentration shall be gradually reduced as far as possible towards the initial
value (see Table 3 ) keeping the flame stabilized. The flow shall be stopped and no flame transmission
shall occur.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
9.3 Limits for use

The use o f a dynamic flame arrester shall be limited to ambient temperatures. The diameter o f the
connection o f the dynamic flame arrester shall be at least DM , while the minimum gaseous volume
(ullage space) available at any time in the protected tank shall not be less than VM . The equivalent pipe
length on the protected side shall for pipe connection DM not exceed LM , as determined in A.4 and as
success fully tested in 9.2.1.
NOTE Equivalent pipe length is the length of straight pipe that would cause the same pressure drop under
equivalent flow condition as the configuration including restrictions, e.g. bends, reducers. Calculation methods
are given in e.g. Perry’s chemical engineer’s handbook. [11]
1 0 S p e c i fi c r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r h yd ra u l i c fl a m e a r re s te r s
10.1 Equipment
Hydraulic flame arresters are in-line flame arresters. An example is shown schematically in Figure 12.
They consist o f a mixture inlet (3), a container (1) with a water seal (12), one or more immersion
pipe(s) (2) and a mixture outlet (16). The design and construction shall ensure that the immersion
depth is always constant within ±5 mm.
Hydraulic flame arresters shall include the following features:
a) a level indicator with an optical display (4) for the immersion depth at rest (ZR) and the operational
immersion depth (Z0);
b) automatic equipment (5) to maintain the water level above the minimum operational immersion
depth (Z0min);
c) a temperature sensor (8) for the water seal;
d) an integrated temperature sensor (7) above the water seal (12) to indicate a stabilized flame.
10.2.1 General
Hydraulic flame arresters shall be tested for short time burning, deflagration and stable detonation
in succession. Before ignition, mixtures shall be at ambient conditions on the unprotected side. Each
test shall be carried out with the minimum immersion depth at rest (ZRmin) which corresponds with
the minimum operational immersion depth (Z0min) specified by the manu facturer. The flow rate o f the
mixture shall be recorded with a sensor (9) at the inlet, and flame transmission shall be detected with a
flame detector (18) in the inlet pipe.
1 0 . 2 . 2 S h o r t ti m e b u r n i n g te s t
The test apparatus is as shown in Figure 12 , with the mixture outlet pipe (6) removed i f necessary.
The ignition source (14) shall be positioned (100 ± 20) mm above the water seal (12). The test shall be
carried out for not less than 5 min with a water seal temperature ≥10 °C, at which time the temperature
shall remain ≤30 °C.
The sa fe volume flow rate Vmax shall be determined for the minimum immersion depth at rest (ZRmin)

respectively at the minimum operational immersion depth (Z0min) at which no flame transmission
occurs. Four tests shall be carried out with Vmax . No flame transmission shall occur in any of the tests. 

ISO 16852:2016(E)

The test apparatus is as shown in Figure 12, with the mixture outlet pipe (6) in place and equipped
with two fl ame de te c tors (1 8) i n a s traight p a r t o f the pip e clo s e to the m i xtu re outle t (16) (s e e a l s o
Figure 2).
The maximum diameter, D, of the mixture outlet pipe (6) shall be used for all tests for which the
f
hyd rau l ic fla me arre s ter i s accep table . T he ignition s ou rce (1 3 ) sha l l b e p o s itione d at the op en end o
the mixture outlet pipe (6).

6.8.2.
Te s ts s ha l l b e ca rrie d out b y u s i ng a te s t m i x ture a s s p e c i fie d i n
ZRmin) which
T he deflagration te s t s ha l l b e c arrie d out at the m i n i mu m i m mers ion dep th at re s t (
corresponds with the minimum operational immersion depth (Z0min ) with the m i xtu re flow rate at
Vmax as determined in 10.2.2. The test shall be carried out with the following lengths of mixture outlet

pipe (6):
— Lu = 50 × D;
— Lu = 100 × D.
C arr y out th re e te s ts on e ach leng th .
I f flame tra n s m i s s ion ta ke s pl ace, the flow sh a l l b e re duce d to a level where no flame tra n s m i s s ion
o cc u rs . T h i s re duce d flow s ha l l then b e re corde d as V max .

10.2.4 Detonation test
The test apparatus is as shown in Figure 12, with the mixture outlet pipe (6) in place and equipped with
f f
our flame de te c tors (1 5 ) i n the s traight p ar t o Figure 4). All
the pip e clo s e to the outle t (16) (s e e a l s o
tests shall be carried out with the mixture outlet pipe (6) with the maximum diameter, D, for which the
hyd rau l ic fl ame arre s ter sh a l l b e u s e d .
T he m i x ture outle t pip e (6) s ha l l h ave a bl i nd fl ange e qu ipp e d with a n ign ition s ou rce (1 3 ) . T he m i x tu re
outle t pip e (6) sh a l l h ave s u ffic ient leng th to develop a s table de tonation (s e e 7.3.3.2 for further details).
Te s ts s ha l l b e ca rrie d out b y u s i ng a te s t m i x ture a s s p e c i fie d i n 6.8.2.
C arr y out th re e de tonation te s ts with the m i x tu re at re s t and with the m i n i mu m i m mers ion dep th at
rest (ZRmin ), for wh ich the hyd rau l ic fla me arre s ter i s accep table .
No flame tra n s m i s s ion sh a l l o cc ur i n any o f the te s ts .
10.3 Limits for use

T he u s e o f a hyd rau l ic fla me arre s ter sha l l b e l i m ite d to the fol lowi ng cond ition s:
a) 0 9 × Vmax ;
the flow rate do e s no t e xce e d the s a fe va lue, V s = ,

b) the operational immersion depth is kept above the tested minimum value, Z0min;
c) the mixture on the unprotected side is at ambient temperature and pressure.
f
Fa i lu re o f f
a ny o the 10.1 shall operate an alarm and stop the
e atu re s l i s te d u nder p o i nts a) to d) i n
ga s flow.
I f any temp eratu re re corde d i n accordance with p oi nts c) and/or d) i n 10.1 exceeds or falls below the
s p e c i fie d l i m its , or i f the m i n i mum op erationa l i m mers ion dep th Z0min fa l l s b elow the s p e c i fie d level, or
i f the volu me flow exce e d s V s , the flow sh a l l b e s topp e d with i n 3 0 s .
If for op erationa l re as on s the mi xtu re flow c a n no t b e s topp e d, it s ha l l b e i ner te d .

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
The immersion depth at rest, ZR, and the operational immersion depth, Z0 , shall not be less than the
f f
manu ac tu rer ’s re com mende d s a e ty margi n and gre ater tha n the m i n i mum water s e a l i m mers ion
depth at rest, ZRmin, and the minimum operational water seal immersion depth, Z0min, at which the
ma xi mu m volume flow, Vmax , has been established.

The operational immersion depth, Z0 f

, s ha l l b e mai ntai ne d b y automatic control o the water s upply [s e e
item (5) in Figure 12] to ensure that the minimum operational immersion depth, Z0min, is not reached.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Key
1 f
co ntainer o r the hydraulic flame arres ter medium
2 gas or vapour mixture immersion pipe(s)

3 gas or vapour mixture inlet
4 water s eal level indicato r with an o p tical dis p lay
5 automatic water seal level control

6 mixture outlet pipe (length, L; diameter, D)
7 f
temp erature s ens o r o r alarm to indicate a s tab ilized flame ab ove the water s eal
8 water seal temperature sensor

9 mixture vo lume flow s ens o r
10 f
directio n o mixture flow
11 f
directio n o flame p ro p agatio n
12 water seal
13 f
ignitio n s o urce o r flame trans mis s io n tes ts
14 ignition source for stabilized burning tests

15 f
flame detecto r o r reco rding flame velo city
16 mixture outlet
17 filling height
18 flame detecto r to indicate flame trans mis s io n
a = (25 ± 3) mm
o r h yd r a u l i c f l a m e a r r e s t e r

ISO 16852:2016(E)
1 1 Te s t o f
fl a m e a r r e s te r s i n s ta l l e d o n o r w i th i n ga s c o nve yi n g e q u i p m e n t
11.1 General
T he ga s conveyi ng e quipment de s c rib e d b elow i s i ntende d for the tran s p or t o f m i xtu re s o f ai r a nd
combustible gases, vapours or mists. These mixtures to be transported are situated in the working
cha mb er i n s ide the ga s conveyi ng e qu ipment. T hes e ga s conveyi ng e qu ipment have pip e conne c tion s on
the suction/inlet side and pressure/outlet side.

F la me arre s ters for the pro te c tion o f the pip ework con ne c te d to the ga s conveyi ng e qu ipment, wh ich
are i ntegrate d or mou nte d on the i n le t and outle t s ide o f the ga s conveyi ng e quipment s ha l l b e te s te d,
to ge ther with the ga s conveyi ng e qu ipment, for s a fe ty agai n s t flame tran s m i s s ion th rough the fla me
arre s ter i n the c a s e o f e xplo s ion s i n the ga s conveyi ng e qu ipment i n s ide .
T he re s u lts o f the te s ts with a mbient temp eratu re s ≤ 6 0 ° C at the flame a rre s ters apply to temp eratu re s
from −2 0 ° C up to + 6 0 ° C at the fla me a rre s ter elements . I f, du ri ng op eration o f the gas conveyi ng
e quipment, temp erature s o f more th an 6 0 ° C ari s e at the fl ame a rre s ter element, add itiona l te s ts sh a l l
b e c arrie d out with the corre s p ond i ngly warme d flame a rre s ters .
No fl ame tran s m i s s ion th rough the fl ame arre s ter i nto the con ne c ti ng pip e s sh a l l o cc ur at the flame
arre s ters i n a ny o f the te s ts to b e c arrie d out.
11.2.1 General
T he i n s truc tion s for the te s ts o f the ga s conveyi ng e qu ipment are s p e c i fie d dep end i ng on the re s p e c tive
rated inlet pressure according to 11.2.2 and 11.2.3. The test apparatus is shown in Figure 13.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Key
1 gas co nveying equip ment
2 f
flame arres ter inlet s ide, s ize o flange co nnectio n Ø 1
3 f
flame arres ter o utlet s ide, s ize o flange co nnectio n Ø 2
4 D 1 , length: L 1 ), D1
tes t p ip e flame arres ter inlet s ide – thro ttle valve (Ø: ≤ Ø1
5 D2 , length: L 2 ), D2
tes t p ip e flame arres ter o utlet s ide – thro ttle valve (Ø : ≤ Ø2
6 throttle valve
7 mixture inlet
8 mixture outlet
9 p re s s u re sensor (s tati c) ; in ad d i ti o n as an o p ti o n : p re s s u re s enso r (dyn am i c) , fl am e d e te cto r an d
temperature sensor
10 p res s ure s ens o r (dynamic)
11 flame detecto r
12 f f
temp erature s ens o r o n the flame arres ter s ur ace acing the tes t p ip e
13 alternative ignition points close to the moved parts of the equipment

Figure 13 — Test apparatus for the flame transmission test o f flame arresters installed on or
within gas conveying equipment
The diameter of the test pipe parts (D1 , D2 ) i n s ta l le d b e twe en the flame arre s ters a nd the th ro ttle
va lve s sh a l l no t b e larger tha n the s i ze o f fl ange con ne c tion o f the re s p e c tive fla me arre s ter. Re duc tion s
or en l argements o f the d i ame ters o f the te s t pip e p ar ts may b e c a rrie d out on ly a fter a leng th o f 10 × D1
down s tre a m o f the flame a rre s ter on the i n le t s ide and 10 × D2 down s tre am o f the flame arre s ter on the
outlet side.
The nominal size of the throttle valve shall be the same or smaller than the diameter of the pipe (D1 or
D2 ). Mixture inlets and outlets in the test pipe shall be arranged to be close to the throttle valve.
T he ignition s ou rce sha l l b e pl ace d a s ne ar as p o s s ible to the me ch an ic a l ly move d p ar ts o f the e qu ipment
on the inlet side or on the outlet side.

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
The tests shall be carried out with a gas/air-test mixture as specified in Table 2.
The test apparatus with a closed throttle valve shall be purged with the test mixture until the mixture
concentration at the outlet corresponds to the specifications o f Table 2, and then isolated from the gas
filling system.
11.2.2 Test procedure for gas conveying equipment with inlet pressure >600 hPa
A fter su fficiently purging the test apparatus with the test mixture, the specified parameters in Table 8:
— operating state of the equipment,
— position of the throttle valve, and
— test mixture pressure in the test apparatus
shall be adjusted for the respective test.
12 tests shall be carried out with working equipment (see Table 8). The mixture temperature and the
equipment shall be warmed up that the temperature profile up to a steady-state temperature (60 °C
or the maximum allowed temperature given by the manu facture at the inlet as a general rule). The
maximum gas temperature shall be measured at the mixture outlet.
Six tests shall be carried out with switched-off equipment (see Table 8). The equipment and the test
mixture shall be at ambient temperature when the test mixture is ignited.
Table 8 — Number o f the individual tests and test parameters for the flame transmission test o f
flame arresters installed on or within gas conveying equipment with inlet pressures >600 hPa
Tes t p arameters
Operating state M i xture pres sure Ignition point Po sition of the Numb er of tes ts
throttle valve
Max. inlet pressure Inlet side Open 3

Rotating at max. speed Max. outlet pressure
Max. inlet pressure
Approx. 80 % closed a
Open
3
3
Max. outlet pressure Outlet side Approx. 80 % closed a 3
Stationary Max. inlet pressure Inlet side closed 3
Outlet side closed 3
a Valve closed so far (approx. 80 %) so that the maximum outlet pressure is achieved in the equipment, but a su fficient
air flow is remaining to avoid overheating o f the equipment.
In addition, the flame arrester on the inlet side shall be subjected to a short time burning flame
transmission test according to 7.3.4 with connected pipe.
The external sur face temperature shall be taken into account when speci fying the temperature class o f
the equipment.
11.2.3 Test procedure for gas conveying equipment with inlet pressure ≤600 hPa
A fter su fficiently purging the test apparatus with the test mixture, the specified parameters in Table 9:
— operating state o f the gas conveying equipment,
— position of the throttle valve and
— test mixture pressure in the test apparatus
shall be adjusted for the respective test.

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
Tests shall be carried out at the maximum operational temperatures at the flame arrester element
according to Table 9.
T a b l e 9 — N u m b e r o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l t e s t s a n d t e s t p a r a m e t e r s f
o r t h e f l a m e t r a n s m i s s i o n t e s t o f

f l a m e a r r e s t e r s i n s t a l l e d o n o r w i t h i n g a s c o n ve y i n g e q u i p m e n t w i t h i n l e t p r e s s u r e s ≤ 6 0 0 h P a
Tes t p arameters
Po sition of the
O p e r a t i n g s t a t e M i xture pres sure I g n i t i o n p o i n t Numb er of tes ts
throttle valve
Temperature at the flame arresters: Ambient temperature (≤60 °C)

Inlet side Open 3
Rotation at max. speed Max. outlet pressure Outlet side Closed 5
Open 3
Stationary Max. inlet pressure Inlet side Closed 5
Outlet side Closed 3
In addition, i f temperature at the flame arresters at outlet: >60 °C
Rotation at max. speed Max. outlet pressure Outlet side Closed 6
In addition, i f temperature at the flame arrester at inlet: >60 °C
Rotation at max. speed Max. outlet pressure Inlet side Open 3
In addition, the flame arrester on the inlet side shall be subjected to a short time burning flame
transmission test according to 7.3.4 with connected pipe.
The external sur face temperature shall be taken into account when speci fying the temperature class o f
the equipment.
1 2 Information for use
1 2 .1 Instructions for use
The manufacturer shall provide the following minimum written instructions and information:
a) the in formation marked on the flame arrester and an explanation o f its meaning;
b) in formation concerning the classification o f the flame arrester as outlined in Clause 5;
c) all details o f the operational requirements, including the specific limits in accordance with 7.4, 8.4,
9.3 and 10.3, as appropriate; the maximum operational temperature and pressure shall be given;
d) static flame arresters classified as sa fe for endurance burning shall include a warning that sa fe use
is limited to hydrocarbons, and that extension to other chemicals may require testing with these
specific chemicals;
e) short time burning flame arresters and hydraulic flame arresters shall include a warning that
additional external sa fety equipment is required; all data that are necessary to characterize the
integrated temperature sensor used for the stabilized burning test shall be documented; if the
user equips the flame arrester with any other temperature sensor, this sensor shall fulfil these
requirements as a minimum;
f ) the specific burn time and that this burn time was determined under atmospheric pressure;

ISO 16852:2016(E)
g) the a l lo we d i n s ta l l atio n d i re c tio n o f the fl a me a r re s ter wi th re ga rd to flo w d i re c tio n a nd
protected side;
h) a full description of installation and maintenance procedures; maintenance shall include cleaning
f f
i n s tr uc tion s and the pro ce du re to b e ol lowe d a ter deflagration, de tonation or s tabi l i z e d bu rn i ng
conditions have taken place;

i) fu l l de s crip tion o f the con ne c tion s o f the fla me arre s ter;
j) fla me arre s ters may b e u s e d i n combi nation with add itiona l pro te c tion me a s u re s , the overa l l s a fe ty
o f the combi ne d i n s ta l lation s ha l l b e as s e s s e d , ta ki ng accou nt o f any h a z a rdou s are a cla s s i fic ation
(zones) and of the likelihood of possible ignition sources;

k) for end- o f-l i ne deflagration a rre s ters , a m i n i mu m d i s ta nce s ha l l be given for a ny ex terna l
i n s ta l lation that m ight i mp ai r fla me or flow.
1 2 . 2 M a r ki n g
12.2.1 Flame arrester
12.2.1.1 General information

T he fl ame arre s ter sh a l l b e marke d with the fol lowi ng i n formation:
a) the name and address of the manufacturer;

b) the designation of series;
c) the serial number;
d) the ye ar o f con s tr uc tion [i f no t i ncor p orate d i n p oi nt c) ] ;
e) the number of this International Standard, i.e ISO 16852;

f) s e t pre s s u re and/or s e t vac uu m for flame arre s ters with i ntegrate d pre s s u re and/or vac uu m va lve,
or for dynam ic flame a rre s ters;
g) pro te c te d s ide (d i re c tiona l typ e s on ly) ;
h) ma xi mu m flow rate ( hyd rau l ic fl ame arre s ters) ;
i) explosion group.
M a nu fac turers and u s ers sha l l en s u re th at any marki ng i s le gible and l ab el s and attach ment device s are
durable and resistant to environmental corrosion under operating conditions.

1 2 . 2 . 1 . 2 Wa r n i n g i n f
o r m a ti o n
Flame arresters shall have a hazard sign with the following information:
a) warning;
b) fla me arre s ters h ave i n s ta l lation a nd app l ic ation l i m its;
c) typ e de s ignation i n accorda nce with th i s I nternationa l Stand ard;
d) for deflagration fla me a rre s ters , the s ign “DE F ” a nd the ratio /
Lu D; for end- o f-l i ne fla me a rre s ters ,
/
L u D i s no t appl ic able (“n/a” ) ;
e) for de tonation fla me arre s ters , the s ign “D E T ” i n combi nation with the typ e nu mb er:
— “1” – te s te d for un s table de tonation with re s tric tion;

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
— “2” – tested for unstable detonation without restriction;

— “3” – tested for stable detonation with restriction;
— “4” – tested for stable detonation without restriction;
f ) pre-volume flame arresters , the sign “VDEF” and the relevant limits (i.e. pressure, temperature
and volume) according to the test report, see 7.4.3;
g) or burn rating, the sign “BC” plus the classification “a”, “b” or “c” (as specified below), together with
f
the burn time tBT (in min) for class “b”, i.e.:
— “a” – endurance burn (no time limit);
— “b” – short time burn according to 7.3.4;
— “c” – no burn time;
NOTE When a flame arrester has been tested against short-time burning, this will be marked with
“Burning Class: b” and “Burning Time: tBT = ...” (irrespective o f the fact i f the temperature sensors are
installed or not) because this is a tested property o f the sa fety system.
h) explosion group;
i) maximum operational temperature T0 ;
j) maximum operational pressure p 0 (absolute pressure).
NOTE For end-o f-line flame arresters, the maximum operational pressure is not applicable.
Examples of marking plates are shown in Figures 14 and 15 below.
Figure 14 shows an example of a marking plate for an end-of-line deflagration arrester sa fe for burn
classification “a” for explosion group (Ex. Gp) IIA, for an operational temperature, T0 , o f 60 °C.
Warning
Flame arresters have installation and application limits.
Type designation in accordance with ISO 16852.
DEF L u/ D = n/a BC: a
Ex. Gp IIA T0 = 60° —
F i g u r e 1 4 — E x a m p l e o f
m a r k i n g p l a t e , b u r n r a t i n g “ a ”
Figure 15 shows an example of a marking plate for a detonation arrester of Type 2, for explosion group
(Ex. Gp) IIB3, for a burn classification “b” o f 15 min, an operational temperature, T0 , o f 120 °C and a
maximum operational pressure, p0 , of 0,16 MPa.
NOTE 1 bar = 0,1 MPa.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Warning
Flame arresters have installation and application limits.
Type designation in accordance with ISO 16852.
DET 2 L u/ D = n/a BC: b; tBT = 15 min
Ex. Gp IIB3 T0 = 120° p 0 = 0,16 MPa
abs
F i g u r e 1 5 — E x a m p l e o f
m a r k i n g p l a t e , b u r n r a t i n g “ b ”
12.2.2 Flame arrester element

T he fl ame arre s ter element sh a l l b e ma rke d with the ab ove, or a s a m i n i mu m with the fol lowi ng
information:
a) the name of manufacturer or trade mark;
b) the identi fic ation co de;
c) the serial number or code;

d) the pro te c te d s ide (d i re c tiona l flame a rre s ter elements on ly) .
Compliance with item e) in 12.2.1.1 shall not be stated unless all appropriate requirements of this
International Standard are met.
M a nu fac turers and u s ers sha l l en s u re th at any marki ng i s le gible and l ab el s and attach ment device s are
durable and resistant to environmental corrosion under operating conditions.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Flow measurement
A.1 General
The pipes, as well as the connections between the pipes and the flame arrester, shall be smooth and
without obstructions causing additional turbulence.
The nominal size, D, of the test pipes (L1 , L2 , L3 and L 4) shall be the same size as the flame arrester or
dynamic flame arrester connection.
All pressure measuring points shall be arranged normal to the pipe axis and shall not influence the flow.
The test medium shall be air at ambient conditions.
Ambient pressure and temperature shall be recorded to convert flow rate to normal conditions.
A mass flow meter may be used to obtain a flow rate/pressure drop curve with a minimum o f 10
suitably spaced readings from stationary flow conditions.
Separate flame arresters and pressure and/or vacuum valves that are combined and used together
shall be flow tested together as a single unit.
A . 2 I n - l i n e fl a m e a r re s te r s
The test apparatus is shown in Figure A.1. The test pipes shall have the following lengths:
— L1 ≥ 10 × D;
— L2 = 2 × D ;
— L3 ≥ 10 × D;
— L 4 = 2 × D.
The flow rate shall be increased in suitable steps up to the maximum requested by the manu facturer or
user. The pressure drop for each step shall be recorded (see item 4 in Figure A.1).
The pressure or vacuum side o f the blower may be used for in-line flame arresters.

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
Key
1 blower or fan
2 flow detector for recording
L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 length of apparatus pipes
Figure A.1 — Test apparatus for recording the pressure drop/flow rate curve for in-line flame
arres ters
A.3 End-o f-line flame arrester

A.3 .1 General
The test apparatus is shown in Figure A.2 . The diameter of the tank (3) shall be su fficient to allow a
mean flow velocity o f less than 0,5 m/s in the tank. All tank pressure data ( p T ) shall be recorded under
these conditions.
The test pipe shall have a length L1 ≤ 10 × D (see Figure A.2 ). I f reduction pipes are used, they shall not
cause additional turbulence or restriction to flow.
The flow rate shall be increased in suitable steps up to the maximum requested by the manu facturer.
The pressure drop, pT, for each step shall be recorded (see item 4 in Figure A.2).
End-o f-line flame arresters combined with, or integrated into, pressure and/or vacuum valves (see
Figure A.2 ) shall have the flow rate/pressure drop curve start at the set pressure (opening pressure)
with increases in suitable steps up to the maximum flow rate requested by the manu facturer.
Vacuum valves shall have the direction o f flow reversed.
A.3.2 Special flow measurement for dynamic flame arresters
Flow measurements for dynamic flame arresters shall be made using the lowest possible setting for the
specific model without changing its characteristics, as defined in 9.2.
The flow measurement shall consist o f three phases:
— phase 1 (opening phase): the capacity from shut to fully open;
— phase 2 (working area): the capacity from fully open and upward;
— phase 3 (closing phase): the capacity from fully open to shut.

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
The flow measurement for phase 1 is carried out to establish pressure surges and/or pressure
reductions. The flow rate to be used for this purpose is determined as the flow at which the dynamic
flame arrester is fully open. Ten equally spaced measurements (10 % o f the flow rate, 20 % o f the flow
rate, etc.) shall be recorded in the interval from shut to fully open. I f the dynamic flame arrester features
a system that makes it change its dynamic characteristics from modulating to full li fting, 10 additional
and equally spaced measurements shall be made at this point within a span o f 10 % to each side.
The flow measurement for phase 2 is carried out to establish the pressure increase from when the
dynamic flame arrester is fully open and upward. The capacity shall be measured at the pressure at
which the dynamic flame arrester is fully open, and at five or more increments o f 10 % above this
pressure.
The flow measurement for phase 3 is carried out to establish the blow-down value o f the dynamic flame
arrester. The flow rate to be used is the least capacity at which the dynamic flame arrester remains
fully open. The pressure shall then be recorded for 10 equally spaced capacities between this flow and
when the dynamic flame arrester is shut.
A flow chart shall be drawn based on the above measurements.
Key
1 blower or fan
3 explosion-pressure-resistant containment
L 1 length of connecting pipe
pT pressure in the flow test o f an end-o f-line flame arrester
F i g u r e A . 2 — Te s t a p p a r a t u s f o r r e c o r d i n g t h e p r e s s u r e d r o p/ f l o w r a t e c u r ve f
o r e n d - o f
- l i n e
f l a m e a r r e s t e r s w i t h o r w i t h o u t i n t e g r a t e d p r e s s u r e a n d /o r v a c u u m v a l ve
A . 4 U n d a m p e d o s c i l l a ti o n te s ts o f d yn a m i c fl a m e a r re s te r ( H i gh ve l o c i ty ve n t
valves)
Dynamic flame arresters shall be tested in order to determine the maximum pipe length, LM , that does
not lead to undamped oscillations. The test apparatus is shown in Figure A.3. The test set-up shall
incorporate a valve disc location monitor (e.g. video camera, position meter) to trace the position of the
valve disc during the test runs.
The initial pipe length, L2 , (Figure A.3), the volume, VM , and the pipe diameter, DM , shall comply with
the specifications by the manu facturer.
DM , VM and LM are also basic parameters for the flame transmission test (9.2) and the resulting limits
for use (9.3 ). For valves which (due to their characteristics) may perform periodic open/close cycles
ISO 16852:2016(E)
at certain flow rates, it is recommended to comply with the following condition: The tank volume, VM ,
should be large enough to ensure that tank volume has no e ffect on oscillations in any o f the tests.
For any dynamic flame arrester type, the following tests shall be carried out at the lowest setting
intended for approval.
The flow rate into the containment shall be increased in 10 steps. The span and step width o f the 10
flow rates shall be chosen depending on the valve characteristic, as specified below.
— For valves with VCL > 0 , the lowest flow rate shall be 0 2 × VCL and the highest shall be 2 × VCL (step

,
 
width 0 2 × VCL ).
,

— For valves with VCL = 0 the lowest flow rate shall be 10 % of the rate at which the valve is fully open.

This value shall also be taken as step width.

At each flow rate, an opening o f the valve shall be awaited (i f initially closed) and the flow shall then be
maintained for additional 3 min.
I f the disc location monitor indicates periodic contact with seat or upper stop with a frequency o f more
than 0,5 Hz (undamped oscillation), the pipe length (L2 ) shall be shortened until this frequency value is
not exceeded or the contacting ceases. That length shall be recorded as LM .
Key
1 blower or fan
3 containment
5 dynamic flame arrester
6 pressure sensor
L 2 length of vent pipe
Figure A.3 — Test apparatus for determining the non-oscillating conditions for dynamic flame
arresters

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Annex B
(informative)
I n f
o r m a ti o n f o r s e l e c ti n g fl a m e a r r e s te r s
To help manu facturers and users decide which flame arrester is the most suitable for their application,
the information outlined in Table B.1 should be considered.
T a b l e B . 1 — I n f o r m a t i o n f
o r s e l e c t i n g f l a m e a r r e s t e r s
Characteristic Aspect to be considered

1. Service Provide a brie f description o f the intended use for the flame arrester.
2. Analysis o f gases or Provide full details o f flammable and non-flammable components, which will
vapours allow the correct flame arrester design, explosion group and choice o f materi-
als to be made.
3. Molecular weight or den- This will allow an equivalent air flow rate to be calculated for pressure drop
sity o f gas or vapour determination.
4. Flow rate This should be in volumetric terms, or su fficient in formation should be
provided to allow a volumetric flow rate to be calculated. For storage tank
applications, the inbreathing and outbreathing requirements should be given,
or su fficient in formation on the tank type, pressure resistance shape, dimen-
sions, fill and empty rates should be provided to enable these parameters to be
calculated.
5. Temperature ranges For both design and operating conditions, the maximum and minimum tem-
peratures will allow the correct element and mechanical design o f the flame
arrester housing to be made.
6. Pressure ranges For both design and operating conditions, the maximum and minimum pres-
sures will allow the correct flame arrester element and mechanical design
o f the flame arrester housing to be made. The maximum pressure at which
an explosive mixture can ignite in the process should be highlighted if this is
different to the normal operating pressure. For storage tank applications, the
pressure and vacuum requirements should be given.
7. Allowable pressure This will enable the correct flame arrester configuration to be provided and is
drop determined from the volumetric flow rate.
8. Type Speci fy in-line, end-o f-line, pre-volume, short time or endurance burning sa fe
and stable/unstable detonation, as required. For in-line types, details o f the
piping between the flame arrester and possible source o f ignition should be
supplied in the form of a dimensioned sketch or isometric drawing.
9. Orientation State the intended orientation o f the flame arrester.
10. Pipe size The nominal size of the connecting pipe work should be stated.
11. Connection type Provide details o f the flanged or screwed connections.
12. Housing material State the pre ferred material o f construction; this may be checked by the
manufacturer from an evaluation of the mixture composition and operating
conditions.
13. Element material State the pre ferred material o f construction; this may be checked by the
manufacturer from an evaluation of the mixture composition and operating
conditions.
14. Construction Care should be taken when using materials, such as aluminium or plastics,
which can cause incentive sparking or electrostatic charging.
15. Documentation State documentation requirements.
16. Regulations Applicable corporate and/or statutory regulations should be identified.

ISO 16852:2016(E)
Annex C
(informative)
Best practice
Manufacturers and users should be aware of the aspects listed below.

a) F lame velo citie s and pre s s u re s o f e xplo s ive m i xtu re s c a n b e en h ance d by up s tre am turbu lence,
wh ich ca n be c au s e d b y b end s , va lve s or any ch ange o f c ro s s s e c tion in the pip e . For i n-l i ne
defl agration fla me a rre s ters , the pip el i ne s on the u npro te c te d s ide, i . e . the pip el i ne b e twe en ign ition
s ou rce and p o s ition o f the fl ame arre s ter, shou ld b e a s s traight a s p o s s ib le without ob s truc tion s .
b) D ynam ic flame arre s ters a re s en s itive to tu rbu lence and pre s s u re d rop c au s e d b y ob s truc tion s
a nd longer pip el i ne s on the pro te c te d s ide b e twe en the tan k and the dyna m ic fla me a rre s ter. T h i s
m ight c au s e “ha m meri ng” or u nda mp e d o s ci l lation s .
c) F lame a rre s ters or/and fla me arre s ter p ar ts shou ld be i nclude d in an exi s ti ng e qu ip o tentia l
b ond i ng arrangement, i f ne ce s s ar y.
d) F lame arre s ters shou ld no t b e p o s itione d ne a r ho t e qu ipment u n le s s cer ti fie d for the elevate d
temp eratu re, as he at tra n s fer to the fla me a rre s ter wi l l re duce its p er formance and may c au s e it
to fail. Therefore, in addition, the distance between neighbouring endurance burning end-of-line
fla me arre s ters s hou ld b e more than five ti me s the ma xi mum d i ame ter o f the flame a rre s ter.
e) Continuous monitoring of pressure drop is advised if the process is known to contain particulates
or s ub s tance s wh ich may blo ck the element a nd over-pre s s uri z e the s ys tem .
f) S hut- o ff device s shou ld b e fu l ly op en du ri ng norma l op eration .
g) T he s u itabi l ity o f a fl ame a rre s ter s hou ld b e che cke d i f the pro ce s s cond ition s or the pip e work
con figu ration h as b e en cha nge d .
h) S ep arate flow te s ti ng o f fla me a rre s ters and pre s s u re and/or vac uu m va lve s us e d a s combi ne d but
s ep arate device s i s no t covere d b y th i s I nternationa l Standard .
i) T he u s e o f M E S G as a n u ne qu ivo c a l me a s u re o f fla me arre s ter e ffe c tivene s s h as no t b e en va l idate d
for all gas mixtures. MESG is also a function of p 0 . I f there i s any doub t as to the prop er tie s o f any
s p e ci fic gas or combi nation o f ga s e s , fur ther s p e ci al i s t advice s hou ld b e s ought (s e e B ibl io graphy) .
j) Po s s ible c ata lytic re ac tion c an b e avoide d b y prop erly cho o s i ng the materi a l o f the fla me arre s ter.
k) Flame arresters should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s operation manual and
s hou ld b e mai ntai ne d regu larly, dep end i ng on the exi s ti ng op eration cond ition s . I f it i s de te c te d
that a fl as h b ack (deflagration or de tonation) or a s tabi l i z e d burn i ng ha s o cc u rre d at the device, the
complete device needs to be checked.

l) F lame arre s ters may b e u s e d i n combi nation with add itiona l pro te c tion me as u re s . T he overa l l
s a fe ty o f the combi ne d i n s ta l lation s ha l l be as s e s s e d, ta ki ng accou nt o f any ha z ardou s are a
cla s s i fic ation (zone s) a nd o f the l i kel i ho o d o f p o s s ible ign ition s ou rce s .
m) H igh s tre s s e s c a n b e exer te d on the fi xi ng p oi nts o f the fl ame arre s ter and on the u npro te c te d s ide
o f the pipi ng e s p e ci a l ly i n the c a s e o f a de tonation ( h igh pre s s u re s ho ck wave) ; s tre s s e s b e twe en
the flame arre s ter and the adj oi n i ng pip e work s hal l b e l i m ite d to accep table level s b y appropri ate
installation, selection of material and construction.

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 3511-1, Process measurement control functions and instrumentation — Symbolic
representation — Part 1: Basic requirements
[2] ISO 8421-1:1987, Fire protection — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms and phenomena of fire
[3] ISO 14617-7, Graphical symbols for diagrams — Part 7: Basic mechanical components
[4] IEC 60079-4, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres — Part 4: Method of test for
ignition temperature
[5] IEC 60079-20-1:2010, Explosive atmospheres — Part 20-1: Material characteristics for gas and
vapour classification — Test methods and data
[6] IMO MSC/Circ. 677 Revised standards for the design, testing and locating of devices to prevent
the passage o f flame into cargo tanks in tankers
[7] B randes E., & Redeker T. “Maximum experimental safe gap of binary and ternary mixtures” in
The fourth international symposium on hazards, prevention and mitigation o f industrial explosions,
IV ISHPMIE October 2002, pp. 207-213, ISBN 2-86883-616-X
[8] B randes E. März; G., Redeker, T. Normspaltweiten von Mehr-Brennstoffkomponenten-Gemischen
in Abhängigkeit der Brennsto ffzusammensetzung , Braunschweig, June 1997, ISBN 3-89429-994-0
[9] NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems, 2014 edition, NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park,
Quincy, MA 02169-7471 USA
[10] NFPA 497, Recommended practice for the classification of flammable liquids, gases or vapours
and o f hazardous (classified) locations for electrical installations in chemical process areas, 2012
edition , NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471 USA
[11] P erry R.H., & Green D.W. Perry’s chemical engineer’s handbook. Eighth Edition, 2007

ISO 1 685 2 : 2 01 6(E)
ICS 13.220.10
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INTERNATIONAL ISO

Flame arresters — Performance

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii

10.2.4 Detonation test ............................................................................................................................................................... 34

11.2 Flame transmission test ............................................................................................................................................................... 37

Annex C (informative) Best practice .................................................................................................................................................................. 49

iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

vi © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

b y an i nternationa l group o f e xp er ts , who s e a i m was to e s tabl i s h a n i nternationa l b a s i s b y harmon i z i ng

and incorporating recent national developments and standards as far as reasonable.

restrictions and prevent innovative solutions.

and then determination of the limits of use.

ne gl igible; i mp or ta nce b ei ng place d on the flame quench i ng e ffe c t o f the gap .

C on s e quently, i n th i s I nternationa l Standard, the te s ti ng a nd cl as s i fication rel ate d to the ga s group s

— explosion group IIA is subdivided into sub-groups IIA1 and IIA,

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved vii

Flame arresters — Performance requirements, test

i ntende d cond itio n s o f u s e i s advi s ab le . T h i s i s p a r tic u l a rl y i mp o r ta nt when h igh temp eratu re s a nd p re s s u re s a re

ap p l ie d . T he te s t m i x tu re s m ight ne e d to b e mo d i fie d i n the s e c a s e s .

operational conditions within the established safe limits;

a s wel l a s p a r ts wh ich , fo r e xa mp le , i ntention a l l y melt (re ta i n i ng pi n) , b u r n away (we ather ho o d s) or b end

(bimetallic strips), is within the scope of this International Standard.

(e . g. ace tylene) or wh ich are chem ic a l ly u n s table;

h igher ox ygen-n itro gen ratio , ch lori ne a s oxida nt, e tc .) ;

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 1

arrester element (3.3 ) a nd a l low me ch an ic a l con ne c tion s to o ther s ys tem s

portion of a flame arrester (3.1

) who s e pri nc ip a l fu nc tion i s to prevent flame tran s m i s s ion

s te ady bu rn i ng o f a fl ame s tabi l i ze d at, or clo s e to , the flame arrester element

stabilized burning ) for a s p e ci fie d ti me

(3.4) for an unlimited time

abrupt oxidation or decomposition reaction producing an increase in temperature, pressure, or both

[SOURCE: ISO 8421-1:1987, 1.13]

explosion ) prop agati ng at s ub s on ic velo city

[SOURCE: ISO 8421-1:1987, 1.11]

[SOURCE: ISO 8421-1:1987, 1.12]

typ ic a l velo c itie s ra nge b e twe en 1 6 0 0 m/s a nd 2 2 0 0 m/s .

uns table detonation

2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

3.12 Characteristic safety data of explosive mixtures

(3.1) that prevents flame transmission from both sides

(3.1) designed to prevent flame transmission by quenching gaps

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 3

h igh velo city vent va lve

agai n s t the flow d i re c tion

N o te 1 to entr y: I t c a n b e de fl agration p ro o f (s e e 3.14) or endurance burn proof (see 3.16).

i n order to prevent flame tran s m i s s ion o f a de tonation

liquid seals and foot valves.

colu m n, thu s preventi ng flame tran s m i s s ion

flame arrester ) that i s fitte d with one pip e con ne c tion on ly

e xp e c te d e x p lo s ion pre s s u re without b e co m i n g p er m a nentl y de fo r me d .

arrester, in order to provide a signal suitable to activate counter measures

4 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved