Chapitre 0

Wireless Channels
Nejib BOUBAKER (PhD HKUST)
[email protected]
General Model for Wireless Channels
• Multipath Fading
– constructive and destructive interference caused by
multiple TX-RX paths with diff lengths arriving from diff
directions
– Signal envelope varies widely over 30 dB in the span of a
few wavelengths in distance (e.g. λ = 1 ft when fc=1GHz)
• Shadowing
– Short-term average variation or large-scale signal variation
– obtain by averaging over 50-100 wavelengths in distance
– caused by local changes in terrain features or man-made
obstacles (e.g. blockage)
• Path Loss Model
– Long-term or large-scale average signal level
– depends on the distance between TX and RX

2
General 3-level Model

Sampei, p. 16, Fig 2.1

3
 General 3-level Model
• Path loss model is used for
– system planning, cell coverage
– link budget (what is the frequency reuse factor?)
• Shadowing is used for
– power control design
– 2nd order interference and TX power analysis
– more detailed link budget and cell coverage analysis
• Multipath fading is used for
– physical layer modem design --- coder, modulator,
interleaver, etc
4
 Ideal Path Loss Model
2 dBm if Pr is in
c Pt G t G r 1 1 mWatt & dBW
Pr = if Pr is in Watt
16π 2 d 2 f 2
Pr (in dBm) = 10 log10 Pr
=10 log10 Pt + C − 20 log10 f c − 20 log10 d
PLfree space (in dB) = Pt (in dBm) − Pr (in dBm)
Path Loss
= −C + 20 log10 f + 20 log10 d Exponent = 2

d
PLfree space (in dB) =PL(d 0 ) + 20 log
d0
– Path Loss Exponent indicates how fast signal
power drops with Tx-Rx separation
• 2 means 6dB drop per doubling of the distance
 Path Loss Exponent
• Path loss in dB depends on TX-RX distance
n
via PL exponent, n.  d 
PL( d ) ∝  
 d0 
PL( d ) = PL( d0 ) + 10n log[ d / d0 ]
Environment Path Loss Exponent
Free Space 2
Urban area cellular 2.7 to 3.5
Shadowed urban cellular 3 to 5
In building line-of-sight 1.6 to 1.8
Obstructed in building 4 to 6
Obstructed in factories 2 to 3 6
 Shadowing Effect
• Variations around the path loss predication
due to buildings, hills, trees, etc.
b1 a1 a3
b3 RX power
TX power b2
Pr
Pt

a2
a4
– Consider a signal undergoes multiple reflections (each
with a power attenuation factor ai) and passes
through multiple obstacles (with factors bi).
4 3
Pr = ∏i =1 ai ∏i=1 bi Pt

Pr (in dBm) = ∑i =110log(ai ) + ∑i=110log(bi ) + Pt (in dBm)

4 3

= ∑i αi (in dB) + Pt (in dBm)

 Shadowing Effect
– Each term introduces a random attenuation of αi dB
and they are assumed to be statistically independent
– As the number of these factors increases, by the
central limit theorem, the sum, S, approaches a
Gaussian (normal) random variable
Pr (in dBm) = S (in dB)+ Pt (in dBm)
= m(in dB) + X (in dB)+ Pt (in dBm)
where S~N(m,σ2) and X~N(0,σ2)
– the mean m is generally included in the Path loss
model (that’s why the path loss exponent can be
larger than 2 as the number of terms generally
increases with the TX-RX separation)
8
 Shadowing Effect
– When we study only the Shadowing effect, we have
Pr (in dBm) = X (in dB)+ Pt (in dBm)
where X is a zero mean Gaussian random variable with
variance σ2
– Expressing in linear scale, we have
( X /10)
Pr = 10 Pt = As Pt
where As is the attenuation factor due to shadowing effect
– Note that log(As)=X/10 is normally distributed; hence,
the distribution of As is known as the “Lognormal”
distribution
– σ is called the standard deviation and has a unit of dB

9
 Shadowing Effect
• Variations around the median path loss line due
to buildings, hills, trees, etc.
– Individual objects introduces random attenuation
of x dB, after pass through so many objects the
attenuation factors multiply (or add in dB scale)
– As the number of these x dB factors increases, the
combined effects becomes Gaussian (normal)
distribution (by central limit theorem) in dB scale:
“Lognormal”
• PL(dB) = PLavg (dB) + X where X is N(0,σ2) where
– PLavg (dB) is obtained from the path loss model
– σ is the standard deviation of X in dB

10
 Multipath Rayleigh Fading
Delay=D1

100km/hr

Delay=D2

RX impulse response
TX an impulse D1 -D2

11
 Narrowband TX: Frequency Non-
a1
selective Model
Time Delay Spread
a2 a4

a3 a5
a6 a7

t f1 f
Symbol Period >> Time
Delay Spread
Equivalent
Transfer Function
Equivalent Model:

α = ∑ ai e jω τ 1 i y(t) = α x(t),
t∈[0,T]

t f1 f
 Rayleigh Fading (No Line of Sight)
α = ∑ Re(a e ) + j ∑ Im(a e )
i
jω1τ i
i
jω1τ i

By Central Limit Theorem

=α I + jα Q
Independent zero mean
Gaussian

= re jθ  α I 2 +αQ2 
− 
1 

2
2σ 
fαI ,αQ (α I , αQ ) = fαI (α I ) fαQ (αQ ) = 2
e
2πσ
1 r −(r2 / 2σ 2 ) Phase is Uniform
f RΘ (r,θ ) = f Θ (θ ) f R (r) = 2
e
2π σ Magnitude is Rayleigh
where θ ∈ (− π , π ], r ∈ [0, ∞)
 Rayleigh Fading
fαI ,αQ (αI ,αQ ) : Independent Gaussianwithmeanσ 2
1
fΘ (θ ) = if θ ∈[0,2π ) : UniformPhase
2π
r r2
f R (r) = 2 exp(− 2 ) if r > 0 : RayleighAmplitude
σ 2σ
1 p
f P ( p) = exp(− ) if p > 0 : Exponential ChannelPowerGain
Po Po
where p = r2 and Po = 2σ 2 is meanchannelpowergain