Basic concept of

distance PROTECTION

Prepared by
Engr. Asaduzzaman
Executive Engineer
Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Ltd.

BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

 Why 21?

• Unlike phase and neutral overcurrent protection, the key advantage of

distance protection is that its fault coverage of the protected circuit is
virtually independent of source impedance variations.

• Whenever overcurrent relay is not selective or circuit requirement change

then distance protection is preferred.

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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
 Working Principle of Distance or Impedance Relay

➢ The working principle of distance relay or impedance

relay is very simple. There is one voltage element from
potential transformer and an current element fed from
current transformer of the system. The deflecting
torque is produced by secondary current of CT and
restoring torque is produced by voltage of potential
transformer.

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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
 Electromechanical distance relay

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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
 R-X Plane of Distance Function

XL Line Angle
20Ω tan-1(X/R)

10Ω

XC

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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
 XL
20Ω

XC
10
BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
 1000A
20000A

XL

Mho Circle 18Ω

XC
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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
 XL
Lenticular Zone 18Ω

XC
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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
 XL

Start Zone
Z1=80% of Protected Line
Z2=120% of PL or 100+50% of SL
Z3=100%PL+50%LL or
Z-3
Load
Angle
Z-2

Z-1 Load Area

(export)
R
Load Area R
(import)

Reverse Zone
As an offset of Zone-3

XC
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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
 Zone Settings Criterion

➢ Zone-1 setting has been considered (Forward)

80% of Protected Line Why 80%?
➢ Zone-2 setting has been considered minimum of the following (Forward)
a. 100 % of protected line impedance + 50% of shortest line impedance .
b. 120 % of protected line impedance
c. 100 % of protected line impedance + 30% Trafo Equivalent impedance at remote SS
➢ Zone-3 setting has been considered minimum of the following (Forward)
a. 100 % of protected line impedance + 100% of longest line impedance
b. 200 % of protected line impedance
c. 100 % of protected line impedance + 50% Trafo Equivalent impedance at remote SS
➢ Zone-4 setting has been considered (Reversed)
25% of the Protected Line.

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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
 Reaches
XL
Quadrilateral
Zone

XC

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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
 Combination of Directional Characteristic and Load Area
Directional Characteristic Load Area (in Phase Selector)

“AND”

16
BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
 Basic Distance Schemes

A B
BUSBAR

BUSBAR
CB CT CT CB

Transmission Line

PT PT

Distance Distance
Relay Relay

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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
 Basic Distance Schemes
200%
Z3A
120%
Z2A
80%
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

Typical Settings: T2 = 400ms

T3 = 800ms 18

BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

 Basic Distance Schemes
200%
Z3A
120%
Z2A
80%
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

Typical Settings: T2 = 400ms

T3 = 800ms 19

BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

 Basic Distance Schemes
200%
Z3A
120%
Z2A
80%
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Z1 Z1
400ms
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

Typical Settings: T2 = 400ms

T3 = 800ms 20

BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

 Basic Distance Schemes

Disadvantages:

1. Zone 1 is set to 80% leaves 2 end zones

2. Faults in end zone results in instantaneous tripping at one end
and time delayed tripping at the other end
3. Time delay may lead to system stability problems
4. Sequential clearing leaves no dead time for high speed A/R
cycle (transient fault becomes permanent)
5. Longer clearance time – more damage

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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
Line Protection Philosophy
Distribution Feeder ( 11kV & 33kV) :
Over current & Earth Fault Protection (Directional / Non directional)

Transmission Line (132kV) :

Distance or Line Differential Protection (Main)
O/C & E/F Protection (Back-up)

Transmission Line (220kV & 400 kV) :

Distance Protection having PUTT scheme & Directional Earth Fault Function (Main-1)
Distance Protection having POTT scheme & Directional Earth Fault Function (Main-2)
Or
Line Differential Protection (Main-1)
Distance Protection having PUTT scheme & Directional Earth Fault Function (Main-2)

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 Zone 1 Extension Schemes
Z3A

Z2A
Z1A
Z1extA
D A B C

Z1extB
Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

A/R Reset Z1ext A/R Reset Z1ext

& &
Z1X Z1X

Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 Zone 1 Extension Schemes
Z3A

Z2A
Z1A
Z1extA
D A B C

Z1extB
Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

A/R Reset Z1ext A/R Reset Z1ext

& &
Z1X Z1X

Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
Zone 1 Extension Schemes

➢ This scheme is intended for use with an auto-reclose

facility, or where no communications channel is
available, or the channel has failed.

➢ The Zone 1 reach is normally controlled by the Z1X

setting and is reset to the basic Zone 1 (80%) setting
when a command from the auto-reclose relay is
received (prior to the auto-reclose closing pulse being
applied to the breaker)

➢ Reversion to the Z1X reach setting occurs only at the

end of the reclaim time.

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 Zone 1 Extension Schemes

Advantages:
1. No signaling channel required (may be used as
temporary replacement for carrier aided scheme
when communications Channel out of service)
2. Provides fast fault clearance at both ends for a
transient fault anywhere along the line length
3. Allow the use of high-speed A/R cycle

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 Zone 1 Extension Schemes

Disadvantages:
1. Tripping can occur for external faults (but will be
followed by an auto reclose)
2. Basic distance scheme logic applies following reclose (i.e.;
potential for time delayed clearance for permanent fault)
3. Only suitable to systems where auto reclose is used (for
example, can not be used on cable circuits)

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 Basic Distance Schemes with aided Schemes
BUSBAR

BUSBAR
CB CT CT CB

Transmission Line

PT PT

Distance Distance
Relay Relay

Communication Communication Channel Communication

Device Device

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 Transfer Tripping Schemes

➢ Direct Under-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme

➢ Permissive Under-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (PUTT)
➢ Permissive Under-reach Acceleration Scheme
➢ Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT)
➢ Weak Infeed Condition
➢ Blocking

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 Direct Under-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme
Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Send Logic : Z1
Trip Logic : Rx
Tx Tx
Rx Rx

Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 Direct Under-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme
Advantages:
1. All faults anywhere along the protected line can be cleared
instantaneously at both line ends
2. Scheme can be advantageous for protecting 3 terminal lines
due to ease of application

Disadvantages:
1. The disadvantage of this scheme is the possibility of undesired
tripping by accidental operation or maloperation of signaling
equipment, or interference on communications channel. As a
result, it is not commonly used.
2. Circuit breakers at both line ends must be closed and contribute
fault current to obtain high speed fault clearance
3. If the channel fails only the basic scheme logic will be provided

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 Permissive Under-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (PUTT)

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Send Logic : Z1
Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Tx Tx
0 0
100 Rx Rx 100

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 Permissive Under-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (PUTT)

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Send Logic : Z1
Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Tx Tx
0 0
100 Rx Rx 100

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 Permissive Under-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (PUTT)

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Send Logic : Z1
Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Tx Tx
0 0
100 Rx Rx 100

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 Permissive Under-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (PUTT)

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Hold Rx for Z2 Operate? Send Logic : Z1

Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Tx Tx
0 0
100 Rx Rx 100

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 Permissive Under-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (PUTT)

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Send Logic : Z1
Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Tx Tx
0 0
100 Rx Rx 100

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 Permissive Under-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (PUTT)

Advantages:
1. Only a simplex signaling channel required
2. Scheme is very secured as signaling channel only keyed
for internal fault (Zone 1 initiation)

Disadvantages:

1. If CB at one end of the line is open Then only

2. If there is a weak infeed such that the relevant relay basic scheme
element does not operate at one end logic will apply

3. If signaling channel fail

➢ Resistive coverage is governed by Zone 1 setting (may

be limited on short lines) Fig: Next Slide

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 Resistive Fault X

Zone-3

Actual Fault Point Actual Measured

Impedance
Zone-2

Zone-1

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢ Permissive Under-reach Acceleration Scheme

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT)

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Send Logic : Z2
Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Rx Rx
Tx Tx

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT)

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Send Logic : Z2
Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Rx Rx
Tx Tx

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT)

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Send Logic : Z2
Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Rx Rx
Tx Tx

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT) (Internal fault)

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Send Logic : Z2
Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Rx Rx
Tx Tx

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT) (External fault)

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Send Logic : Z2
Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Rx Rx
Tx Tx

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT) Internal Resistive Fault

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Send Logic : Z2
Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Rx Rx
Tx Tx

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT) Internal Resistive Fault

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

Send Logic : Z2
Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Rx Rx
Tx Tx

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT)
X
Resistive Fault
Zone-3

Actual Fault Point Actual Measured

Impedance
Zone-2

Zone-1

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢ Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT) CB Echo Logic

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open

1 Tx Tx 1

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Z3 T3 Send Logic : Z2 T3 Z3
Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Open Terminal Echo: CB Open + Rx
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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢ Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT) Echo Logic

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open

1 Tx Tx 1

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2
Send Logic : Z2
Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Z3 T3 Open Terminal Echo: CB Open + Rx T3 Z3

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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢ Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT) Echo Logic

Z3A
Z2A
Z1A
D A B C

Z1B
Z2B
Z3B

CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open

1 Tx Tx 1

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Send Logic : Z2
Z3 T3 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 T3 Z3
Open Terminal Echo: CB Open + Rx
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DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (WI Echo Logic)
Z4
Z2

Z1

Z1
Z2 Z4

CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open
Z4 & & Z4
1 Tx Tx 1

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Send Logic : Z2
Z3 T3 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 T3 Z3
Open Terminal Echo : CB Open + Rx
Weak Infeed echo : Z4 + Rx
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (WI Echo Logic)
Z4
Z2
Z1
A B

Strong Z1 Weak
Source Z2 Source

Z4

CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open
Z4 & & Z4
1 Tx Tx 1

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Send Logic : Z2
Z3 T3 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 T3 Z3
Open Terminal Echo : CB Open + Rx
Weak Infeed echo : Z4 + Rx
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (WI Echo Logic) Internal Fault
Relay B failed to see any
Z4 fault due to weak infeed
Z2
Z1
A B

Strong Z1 Weak
Source Z2 Source

Z4

CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open
Z4 & & Z4
1 Tx Tx 1

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Send Logic : Z2
Z3 T3 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 T3 Z3
Open Terminal Echo : CB Open + Rx
Weak Infeed echo : Z4 + Rx
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (WI Echo Logic) Internal Fault
Relay B failed to see any
Z4 fault due to weak infeed
Z2
Z1
A B

Strong Z1 Weak
Source Z2 Source

Z4

CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open
Z4 & & Z4
1 Tx Tx 1

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Send Logic : Z2
Z3 T3 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 T3 Z3
Open Terminal Echo : CB Open + Rx
Weak Infeed echo : Z4 + Rx
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (WI Echo Logic) Internal Fault
Relay B failed to see any
Z4 fault due to weak infeed
Z2
Z1
A B

Strong Z1 Weak
Source Z2 Source

Z4

CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open
Z4 & & Z4
1 Tx Tx 1

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Send Logic : Z2
Z3 T3 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 T3 Z3
Open Terminal Echo : CB Open + Rx
Weak Infeed echo : Z4 + Rx
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (WI Echo Logic) Internal Fault
Relay B failed to see any
Z4 fault due to weak infeed
Z2
Z1
A B

Strong Z1 Weak
Source Z2 Source

Z4

CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open
Z4 & & Z4
1 Tx Tx 1

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Send Logic : Z2
Z3 T3 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 T3 Z3
Open Terminal Echo : CB Open + Rx
Weak Infeed echo : Z4 + Rx
➢ The fault current can also be initially too low due to the
fault current distribution. Here, the fault current increases
when the breaker opens in the strong terminal, and a
sequential tripping is achieved. This requires a detection
of the fault by an independent tripping zone 1. To avoid
sequential tripping as described, and when zone 1 is not
available, weak-end infeed tripping logic is used.

➢ The WEI function can be extended to trip also the breaker

in the weak side. The trip is achieved when one or more
phase voltages are low during an echo function.

57
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (WI Echo Logic) External Fault
Z4
Z2
Z1
A B

Strong Z1 Weak
Source Z2 Source

Z4

CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open
Z4 & & Z4
1 Tx Tx 1

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Send Logic : Z2
Z3 T3 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 T3 Z3
Open Terminal Echo : CB Open + Rx
Weak Infeed echo : Z4 + Rx
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (WI Echo Logic) External Fault
Z4
Z2
Z1
A B

Strong Z1 Weak
Source Z2 Source

Z4

CB & & CB
Open Rx Rx Open
Z4 & & Z4
1 Tx Tx 1

& &
Z1 Z1
1 Trip Trip 1
Z2 T2 T2 Z2

Send Logic : Z2
Z3 T3 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 T3 Z3
Open Terminal Echo : CB Open + Rx
Weak Infeed echo : Z4 + Rx
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (Current reversal logic)

If parallel lines are connected to common buses at both terminals, overreaching

permissive communication schemes can trip unselectable due to current reversal.

Carrier send Carrier Received

60
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (Current reversal logic)

Current reversal

Trip????

61
 ➢Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT)

Advantages:

1. Provides better resistive coverage, especially on short lines, where

MHO measuring elements are used. Fig: Next Slide
2. For cases where one line terminal is open, open breaker echo logic can
be used
3. For case of weak or zero infeed at one line terminal, weak infeed logic
can be used (reverse looking zone required)

62
DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢Permissive Over-reach Transfer Tripping Scheme (POTT)

Disadvantages:

1. Duplex Signaling channel required

2. Scheme is theoretically less secure than PUTT as signaling
channel is keyed for external faults.
3. If signaling channel fails then only Basic scheme logic apply

63
DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 ➢ SOTF
➢ AR
➢ PSB
➢Fuse fail

64
DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
 SOTF
• The main purpose of the SOTF switch-on-to-fault function is to provide high-
speed tripping when energizing a power line on to a short-circuit fault on the
line.

• When an impedance protection scheme uses line-side voltage transformers,

SOTF current fault detectors may operate significantly faster than
impedance units when a breaker is closed into a fault anywhere on the line.
The dynamic characteristics of typical impedance units are such that their
speed of operation is impaired if polarizing voltages are not available prior
to the fault.

• See ABB Relay Manual for Setting guide line.

65
DISTANCE PROTECTION FUNDAMENTALS (21)
• Various changes in power system may cause oscillations of rotating
units. The most typical reasons for these oscillations are big
changes in load or changes in power system configuration caused
by different faults and their clearance. As the rotating masses strive
to find a stable operate condition, they oscillate with damped
oscillations until they reach the final stability.
• The extent of the oscillations depends on the extent of the
disturbances and on the natural stability of the system.
• The oscillation rate depends also on the inertia of the system and on
the total system impedance between different generating units.

66
• Power Swing:A variation in three phase power flow which occurs when the
generator rotor angles are advancing or retarding relative to each other in
response to changes in load magnitude and direction, line switching, loss of
generation, faults, and other system disturbances.

• Stable Power Swing: A power swing is considered stable if the generators

do not slip poles and the system reaches a new state of equilibrium, i.e. an
acceptable operating condition.

• Unstable Power Swing: A power swing that will result in a generator

or group of generators experiencing pole slipping for which some corrective
action must be taken.

67
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BASIC CONCEPT OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION