Nanoscience and Nanomaterials in Archite PDF

Nanoscience and nanotechnology in Architecture May 2014
Alexandria University
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Architecture
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Architecture
Samar Z. Allam
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt
[email protected] – [email protected]
Abstract
Future has taken a great concern of scientists and architects as well. New Discoveries and new
Technologies are emerging with no limits. Scientists looks far in spaces .Though, they have
focused closer and closer through atoms. Scientists have reached close enough to one billionth of
a meter in Nanoscience, a new science that is growing with progress to be applied into many
fields and applications like Pharmacy, electronics, medicine, and nevertheless to materials.
The task for architects today, is to seize hold of new technologies, judiciously apply them to
buildings, delight in the symbolic potential, and endow them with poetic expression. - John M
Johansen, FAIA, during a lecture at the Mummers (Stage Center) Theater in Oklahoma City.
Nanomaterials have played a significant role into many fields and it has found its way into architecture to
serve sustainable and renewable approach. Architects will not build with the same conventional glass,
concrete, bricks, instead new nanotech materials that will serve future needs. Nevertheless, sustainable
and ecological ones will come to field.
I. Nanoscience
First hearing the word Nanoscience, you will understand it is the science of “Nano”, but what is
“nano”?. Nano refers to the metric prefix 10-9, i.e one billionth on something. It is after all a
measurement very small one. Nanoscience is the study of structures and materials on the scale
of nanometer by Texas Materials Institute ( 2014).
I.1 Definitions
Nordlund K. 2005 says that Nanoscience deals with the scientiﬁc study of objects with sizes in
the 1 – 100 nm range in at least one dimension., and that Nanotechnology deals with using
objects in the same size range to develop products with possible
practical application. It is usually based on nanoscience insights.
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NanoScale to a meter
Source: Leydecker Sylvia, 2008, Nanomaterials in architecture, interior architecture and design,
Princeton Architectural Press , NY, USA
They have begun introducing such science to students at early stages in schools through the
GCSE program. They defines Nanoscience as the science of very small particles. They
proceeded that Nanoscience looks at the properties of nanoparticles, these are particles with in
the range of 0·1nm to 100nm.
The name 'nano' means 10-9.

A nanometre is one millionth of a millimetre. It is written nm.
1nm = 0·000000001 metres.
I.2 History
At Texas Materials Institute, some assumed the existence of the nanoscale in nature even before
scientists has begun to study them in laboratories.
Johansen J. 2014 mentioned that the central thesis that nanotechnology is "capable of producing
almost any chemically stable structure that can be specified" was first advanced by the physicist
Richard Feynman in 1945. Prompted by Feynman, physicist-designer
William Katavolos expanded the study of MNT to the growth of architecture, foreseeing the
production of a large floating city. Katavolos remarks, "We are rapidly gaining the necessary
knowledge of the molecular structure of these chemicals with the necessary techniques that will
lead to the productions of materials that will have a specific program of behavior built into
them."
While Mohamaed O. has mentioned that the first concepts os nano was by the American
physicist Richard Feynman at the American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December
29, 1959.
I.3 Devices
In our daily life to magnify something, you will remember the magnifying glass, but it will only
magnify ten times. To focus up to hundred times , you will use microscopes. Though, in the
nanoscale , high-powered complicated microscopes that might take an entire room will be used.
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According to the Nanoscience instruments website , the devices used in nanoscience are
categorized to measure and scan many entities. These devices are:
1. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2. Atomic Force Microscopy
3. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
4. Optical Metrology
5. Carbon Nanotube Synthesis
6. Micromechanical Testing and Manipulation
Device Name Photo
1.Scanning Electron Microscopy Phenom ProX
Phenom Pro
Phenom Pure
3
2. Atomic Force Microscopy FlexAFM
NaioAFM
LensAFM
Nanite Automated
AFM
EasyScan 2 AFM
4
Scanning Probe
Image Processor
AFM Probes
3. Scanning Tunneling NaioSTM

Microscopy
EasyScan 2 STM
4. Optical Metrology Zeta-20
5. Carbon Nanotube Synthesis CNT Synthesizer

SSP-354
5
6. Micromechanical Testing Micromechanical

and Manipulation testing systems
Microhandling and
Assembly Systems
miBot Mobile
Robots
Deviced used in Nanoscience
Source: collected from “Nanoscience Instruments”,2014, retrieved on 14th April 2014 :

http://www.nanoscience.com/ by researcher
I.4 Laboratories
Many universities have set special laboratories for nanoresearch. Cambridge nanoscience center
in Cambridge Universities has a 554 m2 Laboratory area that is divided into 15 separate
modules. Even laboratories has specialized tasks some for Microscopy , CHaracterisation and
wet lab.
Some of the Precautions and setting for lab is to have a vibration Isolated floors for Vibration
Sensitive Microscopes and Optical/laser Systems.
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Nanoscience Laboratory
Source: The Nanoscience Center”, 2014. University of Cambridge, Retrieved on 14th April 2014:
http://www.nanoscience.cam.ac.uk/
I.5 Conferences:
Bibliotheca Alexandrina has held many conferences about nanoscience and nanotechnology
since 2007. Dr. Mona Bakr has been responsible of one main conference about nanoscience and
nanotechnology one on 17th July 2011 in the name of ‘nanoscience and Nanotechnology:
discovering the magic in very tiny particles’ . Dr. Mostafa el Sayed as well has presented a
lecture on 29th March 2009 about the role of nanoscience and nanotechnology in medicine. The
earlier conference has been held from 2nd till 4th September 2007 , it was a workshop about
nanotechnology at the center for special studies and programs (CSSP) and about its applications.
In Medecine , Dr. El-Sayed spoke about the importance of materials throughout the ages; the
hype about nanomaterials, its origin, and potential applications. He defined nanoscience as the
process of making and studying nanostructure; and nanotechnology as the usage and application
of nanoscience. He also spoke about gold.
II. Nanotechnology
II.1 Definitions
In the GCSE system they introduced Nanotechnology to be looking at the new uses of these
small particles. Most of the essays about nanotechnology were about the use and utilizing
nanoscience and its devices and tools to solve problems in many fields and disciplines.
The term nanotechnology was defined by Tokyo science University professor Norio Taniguchi in
a 1974 paper as “ Nanotechnology mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation,
and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule”
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Mohamed O. has defined it as the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular
scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with the structure of the size 100 nanometers or smalled
in at least one dimension.
Fahmy M. has assumed the two main approaches of Nanotechnology:
1. Bottom Up- materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble
themselves by principles of molecular recognition
2. TopDown – nano-objects are contructed from larger entities withour atomic-level control
Bottom-up and Top-doan approaches
Source: Birol H., Rambo C., Guiotoku M and Hotza D., 2013, Preparation of ceramic
nanoparticles via cellulose-assisted glycine nitrate process, Royal society of chemistry ,
retrieved on 26th April :
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/ra/c2ra21810k/unauth#!divAbstract
II.2 Applications
Since Nanotechnology is about the use of Nanoscience and the science of small particles and its
manipulation, nanotechnology has found its way through many fields to solve critical issues .
some of its application is through education, filtration, forensics and more effectively in
pharmaceuticals and medicine.
Many disciplines have encountered the nanotechnology. In the nanotechnology journal , issues
like diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases
II.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and Medicine
Bibliotheca Alexandrina has been interested in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Conferences,

lectures and workshops have been taken place under the supervision of Dr. Mostafa Elsayed
about curing cancer and critical diseases using gold in medicine.
Many disciplines have encountered the nanotechnology. In the nanotechnology journal , issues
like diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases
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Drug Crystals
Source: Nanoscience Instruments, 2014, retrieved on 14th April 2014 :

http://www.nanoscience.com/
III. NanoMaterial
One of the significant applications of nanoscience and nanotechnology is through nanomaterials.
Since nanoscience is concerned about the molecular structure of atoms.
At Texas Materials Institute, Scientists use beams of electrons or ions to etch features as small as
25 nanometers into metal, silicon, and carbon-based materials. They even used nanostructures in
liquids. Nanostructures can be created by reacting chemicals in liquids and gases to generate
nanofibers, nanocrystals and quantum dots, some as small as one nanometer wide. Scientists are
even learning how to build three-dimensional structures at the nanoscale. Called nano-electro-
mechanical systems, or NEMS, these devices might one day be used like microscopic robots to
carry out tasks too small for humans to do themselves. For example, NEMS could carry out
surgery on a single cell or act as mechanical actuators to move around individual molecules.
Source: Wiring up Carbon-based electronics, April 17 2014, Retrieved on 20th April 2014:
http://phys.org/news/2014-04-wiring-carbon-based-electronics.html
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While at the Nanoscience Centre, Cambridge University nanofabrication and characterization

facility, in the organic Processign facility, they work in nanomaterial through the carbon
nanotubes (CNT’s), nanoflowers, graphene, ZnO, SiC, TiO2 and VO nanowires, quantum dots,
sol gels, colloids and precursors
III.1 Carbon Nanotubes
Nanomaterials has found a great discovery in 1991 through carbon nanotubes. According to
Zain M. and Niroumand H.(2013) , these molecules exhibit exceptional mechanical, electronic
and magnetic properties and have been noted to be 100 times stronger than steel but their weight
to be one-sixth of a nanotube fiber. Because nanotubes have the ability to conduct electricity and
heat much better than copper, they have been extensively used in polymers to enhance their
conductivity and have also been used in the antistatic packaging industry.
Carbon Nanotubes
Source: Zain M., Niroumand H., 2013, ‘ the Role of Nanomaterials in Nanoarchitecture”,
Science Direct, ElSevier, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Built
Environment, National University of MAlysia, Malysia
III.2 Three Dimensional Nanomaterials (C60/ Fullerenes)
No one can ever forget Buckminster Fuller , the great architect who pioneered the geodesic dome
that has been a great inspiration to architects and scientists who came after. Rick Smalley, Sir
Harry Kroto and Robert Curl have won a nobel prize in year 1996 for their study on the synthesis
of a new form of carbon , C60 that is called “Buckminsterfullerene” in the honor of the great
architect.
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Three Dimensional Nanomaterials
Source: Zain M., Niroumand H., 2013, ‘ the Role of Nanomaterials in Nanoarchitecture”, Science Direct,
ElSevier, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, National
University of MAlysia, Malysia
Buckminister Fuller Geodesic Dome
Source: Nano-Advances behind new Architectural Products , Retrieved on 25th April 2014:
http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/the-astute-architect/nano-advances-behind-new-architectural-
products/
Zain M. and Niroumand H.(2013) stated that These C60 molecules are also referred to as buckyballs. In
the architecture industry, geodesic domes are famous for their lightness and strength. However, the same
applies to buckyballs too. It is seen that when buckyballs are fired at a stainless steel plate at 15 000 mph,
they just bounce off the stainless steel plate. And when buckyballs are compressed to 70 per cent of their
original size, they become two times as hard as diamond. A fuzzyball, where all carbon atoms are
combined with hydrogen, is found to be more slippery than Teflon and is used to coat bowling balls.
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Types of Nanomaterials based on dimensions
ElSevier, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, National University
of MAlysia, Malysia
Nanowires
ElSevier, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, National University
of Malaysia, Malaysia
III.3 Biosensors
The Imiplex platform is based on the development of a modular set of nanostructure building
blocks that enable construction of highly customizable architectures. The nanostructures are
assembled from “struts”, that are basically linear structural elements, and “nodes”, that have
plane or point group symmetry. Components are designed to incorporate features so that
nanostructures assembled from struts and nodes can be additionally functionalized through
attachment of other proteins (e.g. antibodies, protein and peptide binding domains, growth
factors) to create a great variety of precision nanostructures with biomedical research or practical
applications such as biomaterials, biosensors or diagnostic devices.
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Modular set of Nanostructure building
Source: Technology Architecture, 2009, Imiplex LLC, retrieven on 25th April 2014:
http://imiplex.com/technology/technology.html
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Nodes with C3, and C4 Symmetry
Source: Technology Architecture, 2009, Imiplex LLC, retrieven on 25th April 2014:
This scalable mutilnode concept was mainly used in the manufacturing and the components of biosensors
that can serve many fields adding new and different properties and options to users.
III.4 Nanomaterials in Architecture
One of the significant Emergence of Nanomaterials is in Architecture through biomimetic Glass

that overcomes brittleness by bending. Even in Paintings , you can imagine a nanohouse with
nano paints that has no risk on health.
Sustainability is all about renewable energy and decreasing wastes. Solar energy is a very
important and reliable clean energy source that has forced scientists to improve its technology.
Thus , nano approach played a great role through a nanostructures paper that improves solar cell
performance.
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Biomemitic glass-Nanostructures paper
Source: NanoArchitecture, Retrieved on 25th April 2014: http://nanoarchitecture.net/
Self-Cleaning Restroom
Source: Sullivan C., 2012, Nano-Advances behind new Architectural Products , Retrieved on
25th April 2014: http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/the-astute-architect/nano-advances-behind-
new-architectural-products/
Keeping clean materials have taken a share from scientists thinking as well. Sullivan C., 2012
has mentioned that the Japanese potty maker “Toto” has quietly unveiled a product called
Hydrotect which like the nano-infused paints and glass coating we’ve see, promises to keep
itself clean. In Asia recently a similar product, an ultrathin, large-sale ceramic board named
Hydrocera has been shown. It has a hydrophyllic, photocatalyti technology that is stain and odor
– resistant . otherwise , in USA you can not mention the word ‘antibacterial’ or ‘bacteriostatic’.
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Fast-Drying Concrete
Source: Sullivan C., 2012, Nano-Advances behind new Architectural Products , Retrieved on
25th April 2014: http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/the-astute-architect/nano-advances-behind-
new-architectural-products/
Concrete is a basic and a common used mixture in buildings and constructions. Thus, it takes
long time to dry, architects is still relying on it in most of their construction. Scientists have
served us in finding a fast-drying concrete. The mix is called Aridus, and it is produced by
Houston-based U.S. concrete. It is made with regular old Portland cement but adds a special
sauce through chemistry. The result acts a s desiccant, basically: water is used and bound
internally so the concrete reaches an internal 75 % RH with water loss of 3 pounds per 1,000
square feet per 24 hours in 45 days or less.
NanoTechnology added a new invention into Facades through a highly insulating Vacuum ones.
Sullivan C., 2012 stated that new working prototypes of VIPs made from pyrogenic silica and
high-tech thin films were created at Germany’s Fraunhofer institute . The VIP’s inner
components insulate as well or better than a traditional insulated façade ten times as thick.
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Schematic formation process of hierarchically anatase TiO2 nano-architecture arrays on FTO glass.
Source: Wu W., Lei B., Rao H., Xu Y., Wang Y., Su C., and Kuang D., 2013, Schematic
formation process of hierarchically anatase TiO2 nano-architecture arrays on FTO glass. Retrieved on
25th April 2014 :
http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130227/srep01352/fig_tab/srep01352_F2.html
Solar cells glass has taken a wide study to nanotechnology scientists to improve its performance
and functionality . Wu W., Lei B., Rao H., Xu Y., Wang Y., Su C., and Kuang D., 2013 have
worked through the growth model shows the formation of hierarchically anatase TiO2 nano-
architecture arrays wars intelligently assembly and the short branches became more numerous
and longer on the surface of TiO2 nanowire trunk with the prolonging reaction time.
III.4.1 Sylvia Leydecker
Sylvia Leydecker has studied faar itno nanoscience and its implication on architecture through
materials. She assumed that nanotechnology brings us a step closer towards customized materials
with specific individual properties and represents a shift away from the catalogue of standard
materials.
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NanoCoatings – Raw Materials
Not only Nanocoatings that will result an emergence in architecture. Leydecker S. assumed that
the chemical industry which sits at the beginning of the chain as a supplier of raw materials for
further processing will be affected by those nanoparticles to produce new different substances.
The most common nano raw material include polymer emulsions, aerogels, and zeolites, carbon
black, dendrimers, nanosilica and metallic nanoparticles, titanium dioxide, ceroxide and
aluminium oxide.
IV. NanoArchitecture
Many architects has persisted in coping with technological and scientific progress and evolution .
one of them is Johansen J. who has been always at the cutting edge to new technologies from
nanotechnology , bioengineering, magnetic levitation. From floating conference center to an
apartment house that literally sprouts from the earth.
Source: Johansen J. and Woods L., 2002, Nanoarchitecture: A new species of architecture,
Architect John Johansen has gone wild with his imagination to apply nanotechnology not to just
houses but to a multi story building with more sophisticated structure , grown in stages following
coding strategies. He assumes pursuing the same molecular-engineered house growth process ,
but instead it is applied to a building . The building will start from vats at the building site, root,
stalk, branch, platform, lattice, membrane, and openings develop, light control, self-cleaning,
repairs and demolition systems also emerge.
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Growth of a Multistory Apartment Building by Architect John Johansen
Source: "NanoArchitecture" , 2011, retrieved on 11th April 2014:

http://johnmjohansen.com/Nanoarchitecture.html
Inspired by nature, Johansen J. assumed By planting seeds in what many predict will be the
future of architecture, Johansen firmly believed that his nanoarchitectural ideas and designs will
some day provide the foundation for buildings that will be “grown” from the subatomic level.
“Nanoarchitecture will be used to create the buildings of the future - structures will function in
symbiotic relationship to the environment, adapting to the changing needs of their inhabitants.”
- John M Johansen
Molecular Engineered house

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A Growing Nanohouse

Johansen J. has gone far in imagining nanoarhitecture and applying nanotechnology in

architecture that he has built an exihibition in Netherlands at stroom museum. Regarding the
combination of organic properties with the inorganic properties of technology in the creation of
nanoarchitecture Johansen remarked, “... as technology advances in architecture, the closer it
comes to nature.”
Nanoarhitecture Exihibition
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Source: NanoArchitecture, Retrieved on 25th April 2014:

http://www.seasonsofsoulfilm.com/Nanoarchitecture__A_Discourse.html
Molecular DNA Growth – Molecular Building Process
Source: NanoArchitecture, Retrieved on 25th April 2014:

Johansen J. Imagined The molecular building process is not biological, but mechanical;
living cells are replicated by dividing, assemblers replicate mechanically, by building others. As
Drexler has written: "The great difference is that nanotech use not living ribosomes
but robotic assemblers, not veins but conveyor belts, not muscles but motors, nor genes but
computers, not cells dividing but small factories producing products and additional factories."
Nano Towers by Allard Architecture
Source: ArchiCentral, 2009, Nanotowers by Allard Architecture, retrieved on 25th April 2014:
http://www.archicentral.com/the-nano-towers-by-allard-architecture-17754/
In ArchiCentral, they have described those Nanotowers as the new headquarters of the
DuBiotech Research Park in Dubai. This mixed use development offers 160 000m2 officespace,
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laboratories, hotel, residential and associated support facilities in a 262m high tower. The canopy
at ground level provides sunshading while creating a dramatic entrance to the towers: a
conceptual ground plane from which the towers grow.
Nano Towers by Allard Architecture
Source: ArchiCentral, 2009, Nanotowers by Allard Architecture, retrieved on 25th April 2014:
ArchiCentral continued that Architecturally interesting is the repetitive grid of the exoskeletal
structure, which has non-curved beams of equal length. The entire facade of the tower is faceted,
inspired by a nano scale carbon tube, the structure creates junctions where the geometry shifts
from vertical to horizontal. This creates multiple opportunities for dividing the interior space
along mullion lines.’
IV.1 NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

EMPA stated that the integration of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in façade coatings may
lead to improved or new functionalities during their life cycle and may bring several sustainable
advantages; they may replace hazardous substances, prolong the life time of façade coatings and
they can be advantageously used for air purification, thermal insulation, self-cleaning, and other.
Nevertheless, the use of nanomaterials in this economic area can grow dynamically only if the
safety of humans and the environment is satisfactorily resolved.
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Sylvia Leydecker has progressed in nanomaterials. She mentioned thatUltra-thin and invisible
nanocaotings whose applications are particular interest to designers generally have a thickness of
5-10 mm when sprayed automatically a phenomenon that is called “ self-organisation’ .
combining this self-organization with the chemical technique bottom up approach it will develop
from the smallest size to the larger sizes. This coating might cause as a direct result in:
1. Reduction in the consumption of raw materials and energy and reduced co2 emissions
2. Conversation of resources
3. Greater economy
4. comfort
NanoCoatings
Mohamed O. has mentioned that Green Nanotechnology will contribute by two main aspects or
directions:
1. Nanomaterials and products that will consider environmental aspects utilizing gree
chemistry and green engineering. It will not harm the environment or human health
without toxic ingredients , at law temperatures using less energy and renewable inputs.
Using the lifesycle concepts in design stages.
2. Developing products that benefit the environment either directly or indirectly. It can be a
cleaning factor to site wastes , desalinate water, treat pollutants, or sense and monitor
environmental pollutants. New transports that will save fue and reduce material
consumption.
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III.2 Agustin Otegui

Ecological and sustainable architecture has captured a great interest last years. Architects,
engineering and even scientists have been looking for several ways and new technologies to
serve the ecosystem. Though, carbon emissions might cause a global disasters (Global warming),
factories are still built and continues to function. Nanotechnology provided new facades that will
suck carbon emissions in air.
A nano Vent-Skin Syncs Solar, Wind and CO2 Suckers
Source: Heimbuch J., 2008, A nano Vent-Skin Syncs Solar, Wind and CO2 Suckers, Retrieved
on 25th April 2014: http://www.ecogeek.org/weird-stuff/1721
Agustin Otegui is working on a resourceful way to get the most green out of a building’s
façadeas Heimbuch stated. He also assumed that the skin is a zero-emissions material that
absorbs sunlight with its photovoltaic layer, transferring the energy through nano-wires to be
stored at the end of each panel. The skin is also covered in tiny turbines that have a very different
take on wind power generation. First, the inner skin of the turbines soaks up CO2 as wind passes
through. Second, they utilize “polarized organisms” that create chemical reactions, generating
power when the turbine makes contact with the structure. Wonder bugs, me thinks. Yet they are
not genetically altered – rather, Otegui says, they are trained to work together towards specific
tasks. Like a colony of circus ants, I suppose.
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Wind Turbine Tower
Source: Chino M, 2008, Nano Nevt-Skin: co2 filtering solar micro-turbines, retrieved on 25th
April: http://inhabitat.com/agustin-otegui-nano-vent-skin/
Chino M. added that the concept takes advantage of a structure’s maximum available surface
space, and its modular composition allows it to retrofit our old buildings instead of pouring
resources into new ones. Plus, the stunning superstructure incorporates micro-organisms to soak
up C02.
Nanostructure Detail
Source: Nano Vent-Skin By Augstin Otigu , Dezeen Magazine, Retrieved on 25th April 2014:
http://www.dezeen.com/2008/05/19/nano-vent-skin-by-agustin-otegu/
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In Dezeen magazine , Nano Vent-skin is a conceptual project by young designer Agustin Otegu,
featuring miniscule bio-turbines that could clad buildings to generate energy and absorb carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere. The project suggests using several kinds of micro organisms to
create a material which performs different functions where needed, absorbing and transforming
natural energy from the surroundings.
Wind Contact Study – Wind Contact Analysis
Dezeen Maganzine mentioned that with this approach Nano Vent-skin tries to make existing
objects greener with a skin made out of micro wind turbines.NVS is a set of micro turbines
(25mmx10,8mm), which generate energy from wind and sunlight
NVS
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How Does it work? In Dezeen magazine , they have explained that Each panel has four round
supply units (one on each corner). These units are in charge of:
 Monitoring that all the turbines are working.

 Delivering material to regenerate broken or malfunctioning turbines.
 Receiving and storing the energy produced by the turbines.
IV. Nanocity
India has the lead to follow nanotechnologies and architecture seeking a sustainable city.
Nanoscience has not stopped at architecture, Architects and planners tried to follow
nanotechnologies in urban planning. Two cities in India have been considering such approach to
achieve new goals and apply new methods towards a sustainable city.
Nanocity (BGAP)
Source: Nanocity, 2014, Retrieved on 22nd April 2014: http://stefanal.com/projects/nanocity/
Nanocity in india is a real project that has captured the press and media of whole India and even
the world. NRI Entrepreneur stated that NRI Sabeer Bhatia, co-founder of Hotmail, Parsvnath
Developers and the Haryana Government has announced to develop an 11,138 acres knowledge
city with the total project cost of Rs 50,000 crore. The name of the city will be "Parsvnath Nano
City."
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Nano City, near Mohali, Haryana , Area= 11138 Acres
Source: Skyscraper city, Retrieved on 25th April 2014:

http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1067023
NRI mentioned that the Idea came in 2006 when he was watching a cricket match in India with
a government official from Punjab, pitching a plan to bring premier U.S. educational
departments in science and technology to Indian universities. He returned to the United States,
having agreed to write a proposal. But he considered the conversation the kind of casual banter
one has at a sporting event, something not to be taken too seriously. Later on, Sabeer's cousin
Naval Bhatia, an attorney, mentioned the conversation to a friend, an official in nearby Haryana.
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Nano City, near Mohali, Haryana , Area= 11138 Acres
Source: Skyscraper city, Retrieved on 25th April 2014:

http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1067023
The nanocity will depend on a complete different infrastructure. A nano infrastructure will create
new properties and will utilize technology to offer sustainable demands. Preparing the future for
a converged infrastructure.
Nano Infrastructure
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Source: Nano Arhitecture, 2014, Radius, Retrieved on 25th April 2014:

http://www.radiusinfratel.com/nano_architecture.php
Conclusions
+ Nanoscience is a growing science that has found its way through many fields and applications.
+ The use of Nanoscience through nanotechnology is applied in Education, Filtration, Forensics,

Pharmaceutical, nanomaterials that is affecting architecture in a remarkable way.
+ Nanotechnology has found its way though many applications, disciplines and fields .
+ one of the most significant use of nanotechnology is in nanomaterials.
+ Nanomaterials played a great role in the developing of many fields especially architecture
through finding
1. Self-cleaning Paint
2. Fast Drying Concrete
3. Highly Insulating Vacuum Facades
+ Nanomaterials contributed in the evolution of the high-rise building through nanotowers that
can be internally divided in unconventional way.
+ Nanotechnologies and nanomaterials have combined in approaching a new sustainable cities.
+ A modular approach can be applied to nanostructure buildings , following the concept of DNA
and the growth of living organisms that can be true in buildings by nanotechnologies and nano
industries.
+ Nano Vent-Skin is an outstanding blast in the technology of buildings that serves ecological
demands as well by
1. Absrobing energy from wind and sunlight
2. Sucking Carbon emissions and decrease the carbon in the atmosphere.
+ Leydecker S. has studied nanomaterials and its implication in the chemical industry through
raw materials that will be severely affected and influences by nanoscience. The most common
nano raw material include polymer emulsions, aerogels, and zeolites, carbon black, dendrimers,
nanosilica and metallic nanoparticles, titanium dioxide, ceroxide and aluminium oxide.
+ Sustainable Architecture will be greatly influenced by the nano coating that this coating might
cause as a direct result in:
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1. Reduction in the consumption of raw materials and energy and reduced co2 emissions
2. Conversation of resources
3. Greater economy
4. Comfort
+ Green Nanotechnology will play a great role into sustainable deisgn and preserving the
ecosystem fundamentals directly or indirectly through
1. Nanomaterials and products that will consider environmental aspects utilizing green
chemistry and green engineering.
2. Nanomaterials that will not harm the environment or human health without toxic
ingredients
3. Nanomaterials that is at low temperatures using less energy and renewable inputs. Using
the lifecycle concepts in design stages.
4. It can be a cleaning factor to site wastes , desalinate water, treat pollutants
5. It might be used to sense and monitor environmental pollutants.
6. New transports that will save fuel and reduce material consumption.
Less Energy No Toxic Treat Pollutants

Ingredients
Sense Hazards Renewable Inputs
Treat Pollutants Nanomaterials New Clean Transports
More Efficient
Safe - no hazards
Reduce raw materials
consumption Less Wastes
Clean Environment
Role of NanoMaterials in Sustainable and ecological design
Source: Researcher
+ Nanotechnology depend on two main approaches:
32
1.Bottom – up ; to build the molecular components that is assembled chemically according to

molecular principles
2. Top-Down; to build nano-objects from larger entities away from the atomic level.
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34

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Nanoscience and nanotechnology in Architecture May 2014

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Architecture

The name 'nano' means 10-9.

1. Scanning Electron Microscopy

2. Atomic Force Microscopy

3. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

5. Carbon Nanotube Synthesis

6. Micromechanical Testing and Manipulation

Device Name Photo

1.Scanning Electron Microscopy Phenom ProX

2. Atomic Force Microscopy FlexAFM

3. Scanning Tunneling NaioSTM

4. Optical Metrology Zeta-20

5. Carbon Nanotube Synthesis CNT Synthesizer

6. Micromechanical Testing Micromechanical

Deviced used in Nanoscience

Source: collected from “Nanoscience Instruments”,2014, retrieved on 14th April 2014 :

Fahmy M. has assumed the two main approaches of Nanotechnology:

Bottom-up and Top-doan approaches

II.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and Medicine

Bibliotheca Alexandrina has been interested in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Conferences,

Source: Nanoscience Instruments, 2014, retrieved on 14th April 2014 :

While at the Nanoscience Centre, Cambridge University nanofabrication and characterization

III.1 Carbon Nanotubes

III.2 Three Dimensional Nanomaterials (C60/ Fullerenes)

Three Dimensional Nanomaterials

Buckminister Fuller Geodesic Dome

Types of Nanomaterials based on dimensions

Modular set of Nanostructure building

Nodes with C3, and C4 Symmetry

III.4 Nanomaterials in Architecture

One of the significant Emergence of Nanomaterials is in Architecture through biomimetic Glass

Biomemitic glass-Nanostructures paper

Source: NanoArchitecture, Retrieved on 25th April 2014: http://nanoarchitecture.net/

III.4.1 Sylvia Leydecker

NanoCoatings – Raw Materials

Growth of a Multistory Apartment Building by Architect John Johansen

Source: "NanoArchitecture" , 2011, retrieved on 11th April 2014:

Molecular Engineered house

Source: "NanoArchitecture" , 2011, retrieved on 11th April 2014:

Source: "NanoArchitecture" , 2011, retrieved on 11th April 2014:

Johansen J. has gone far in imagining nanoarhitecture and applying nanotechnology in

Source: NanoArchitecture, Retrieved on 25th April 2014:

Molecular DNA Growth – Molecular Building Process

Source: NanoArchitecture, Retrieved on 25th April 2014:

Nano Towers by Allard Architecture

Nano Towers by Allard Architecture

IV.1 NanoArchitecture and Sustainability

III.2 Agustin Otegui

A nano Vent-Skin Syncs Solar, Wind and CO2 Suckers

Wind Turbine Tower

Wind Contact Study – Wind Contact Analysis

 Monitoring that all the turbines are working.

Source: Nanocity, 2014, Retrieved on 22nd April 2014: http://stefanal.com/projects/nanocity/

Nano City, near Mohali, Haryana , Area= 11138 Acres

Source: Skyscraper city, Retrieved on 25th April 2014:

Nano City, near Mohali, Haryana , Area= 11138 Acres

Source: Skyscraper city, Retrieved on 25th April 2014:

Source: Nano Arhitecture, 2014, Radius, Retrieved on 25th April 2014: