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Calculus II MAT 146 Additional Methods of Integration: Using Trig Identities

This document discusses methods for integrating trigonometric functions using trigonometric identities. It provides 4 examples of integrating powers of sine and cosine functions. For odd exponents, the integrand is factored and rewritten using trig identities involving cosine. For even exponents, the integrand is rewritten using an identity relating cosine squared to sums of cosine functions. The integrals are then evaluated term-by-term.

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Jess Peralta
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43 views4 pages

Calculus II MAT 146 Additional Methods of Integration: Using Trig Identities

This document discusses methods for integrating trigonometric functions using trigonometric identities. It provides 4 examples of integrating powers of sine and cosine functions. For odd exponents, the integrand is factored and rewritten using trig identities involving cosine. For even exponents, the integrand is rewritten using an identity relating cosine squared to sums of cosine functions. The integrals are then evaluated term-by-term.

Uploaded by

Jess Peralta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus II

MAT 146
Additional Methods of Integration: Using Trig Identities

The methods of substitution and integration by parts are widely used


methods of integration. Each of these methods is associated with a derivative
rule. Substitution relies on undoing the chain rule and integration by parts
results from undoing the product rule. Additional methods of integration are
associated with particular types of functions. Here, we explore how to
integrate certain trigonometric functions.
Trigonometric Integrals: Using Trig Identities
Shown below are four examples to illustrate integration of certain families
of trigonometric integrals.
Example 1: Evaluate ! sin 3 xdx . Within these examples,
3 notice the use of one or
! sin xdx more of the following
( ) 2
= ! (sin x ) sin x dx trig identities:

= ! (sin x )(1 " cos2 x )dx Pythagorean Identities


cos2 x + sin 2 x = 1
= ! (sin x " sin x # cos2 x )dx
1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x
= ! sin xdx " ! (sin x )(cos 2 x )dx Half - Angle Identities
The first integral in the last line can be solved by
1
inspection and the second by using the cos2 x = (1 + cos(2x ))
substitution u = cosx. With this in mind, the final 2
result is 1
3 1 3 sin 2 x = (1 ! cos(2x ))
! sin xdx = " cos x + cos x + C 2
3
Example 2: Evaluate ! cos2 xdx .
2
! cos xdx
1
=! (1 + cos(2x ))dx
2
1
= ! (1 + cos(2x ))dx
2
1 1
= ! dx + ! cos(2x )dx
2 2
1 1"1 %
= x + $ sin (2x )' + C
2 2#2 &
1 1
= x + sin(2x ) + C
2 4

Example 3: Evaluate ! sin 5 xdx .


5
! sin xdx
( )( )
= ! (sin x ) sin 2 x sin 2 x dx

= ! (sin x )(1 " cos 2 x )(1 " cos2 x )dx

= ! (sin x )(1 " 2 cos2 x + cos 4 x )dx

= ! (sin x " 2sin x cos2 x + sin x cos 4 x )dx

= ! sin xdx " 2 ! sin x cos 2 xdx + ! sin x cos4 xdx


The left integral in the last line can be solved by inspection, while each of
the other two require a u-substitution of u = cosx. This gives us
5 2 4
! sin xdx = ! sin xdx " 2! sin x cos xdx + ! sin x cos xdx
2 1
= " cos x + cos3 x " cos5 x + C
3 5
Example 4: Evaluate ! sin 4 xdx .
4
! sin xdx
= ! sin 2 x " sin 2 xdx
2
= ! [ 12 (1# cos(2x ))] dx
1
=!
4
( )
1 # 2 cos(2x ) + cos2 (2x ) dx

1 1 1
= ! dx # ! cos(2x )dx + ! cos2 (2x )dx
4 2 4
1 1 1 1
= ! dx # ! cos(2x )dx + ! (1 + cos(4x ))dx
4 2 4 2
1 1 1
= ! dx # ! cos(2x )dx + ! (1 + cos(4x ))dx
4 2 8
1 1 1 1
= ! dx # ! cos(2x )dx + ! dx + ! cos(4x )dx
4 2 8 8
Each of the four integrals in the last line can be solved by inspection or by a
straightforward substitution. This gives us
4 1 1 1 1
! sin xdx = ! dx " ! cos(2x )dx + ! dx + ! cos(4x )dx
4 2 8 8
1 1 1 1
= x " sin (2x ) + x + sin(4 x ) + C
4 4 8 32
3 1 1
= x " sin (2x ) + sin(4 x ) + C
8 4 32

As we look back on these four examples of integrals involving powers of


trigonometric functions, we can make some useful observations about
strategies for evaluating such integrals. With integrals of the form ! sin n xdx
or ! cosn xdx , where n is a positive integer greater than 1, we follow one of
two strategies depending on whether the exponent is odd or even.

Situation A: If n = 2k + 1 for k some positive integer (i.e., n is an odd


exponent) [see Examples 1 and 3 above]:
1. Factor the integrand from ! sin 2k +1 xdx to ! (sin x ) sin 2 k xdx .
2 2
2. Using the trig identity sin x + cos x = 1 , rewrite ! (sin x ) sin 2 k xdx as
k
( 2
)
" (sin x ) 1 ! cos x dx .
k
( 2
3. Expand 1! cos x to get )
1 ! k cos2 x + ! + (!1)k !1 k cos2 k!2 x + ( !1) k cos2 k x .
4. Multiply each term in the above expansion by sinx to get the integral
2 k !1 2k !2
" sin x ! k sin x cos x +! + (!1) k sin x cos x + (!1)k sin x cos2k xdx
5. Integrate this expression term by term:
2 k !1 2k!2
" sin xdx ! " k sin x cos xdx +! + (!1) " k sin x cos x + (!1) k " sin x cos2k xdx
6. Evaluate the first term by inspection and make a substitution in all
other terms, using u = cosx.
7. Evaluate the remaining integral expressions.

Situation B: If n = 2k for k some positive integer (i.e., n is an even exponent)


[see Examples 2 and 4 above]:
1
1. Using the trig identity cos2 x = (1 + cos(2x )) , rewrite ! cos2 k xdx as
2
k
!1 $
' #" (1 + cos(2x ))&% dx ,
2
!1 $k
2. Expand # (1 + cos(2x ))& to get
"2 %
1 + k cos(2x ) +! + k cosk! 1 (2 x) + cos k (2x ) ,
3. Integrate the previous expression term by term to get
! 1$ k ! 1$ k
# & ' dx + # & ( k ' cos(2x )dx +!
" 2% " 2%
! 1$ k ! 1$ k
+# & ( k ' cos (2x )dx + # & ' cosk (2x )dx
k )1
" 2% " 2%
4. For each term in the previous sum, either (a) evaluate by inspection,
(b) return to step (1) here and use the same trig identity (even
exponents), or (c) return to Situation (A) previously described and
follow those steps (odd exponents). Continue this process until each
integral created can be solved by inspection.

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