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L4 Examples - Exact Differential Equations PDF

The document provides 6 examples of finding the general solution to differential equations using various methods like exactness test, integration, derivation and grouping. Each example shows the step-by-step working including setting up the differential equation, testing for exactness, integrating and deriving terms, equating terms and finding the general solution. The methods demonstrated are exactness test, integration, derivation and grouping to solve exact and inexact differential equations.

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Carlo Edolmo
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1K views16 pages

L4 Examples - Exact Differential Equations PDF

The document provides 6 examples of finding the general solution to differential equations using various methods like exactness test, integration, derivation and grouping. Each example shows the step-by-step working including setting up the differential equation, testing for exactness, integrating and deriving terms, equating terms and finding the general solution. The methods demonstrated are exactness test, integration, derivation and grouping to solve exact and inexact differential equations.

Uploaded by

Carlo Edolmo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Example #1

Find the general solution of the given


differential equation:
(4x-1)dx + (6y+3)dy=0

Step 1

Test for Exactness


T
Test the exactness of the given equation by
deriving M with respect to y and N with
respect to x.
𝑀 = 4𝑥 − 1 𝑁 = 6𝑦 + 3
45 47
=0 =0
46 48

45 47
Since = = 0, therefore the equation is
46 48
exact.
Step 2

Integrate
I Both M and N are easy to integrate.
In this case, M will be integrated.

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ;(4𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)


𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 ? − 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)

Step 3

Derive
D
Derive the f(x,y) with respect to y

𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑔′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
Step 4

Find g(y) or h(x)


I
Find the value of g(y) by equating
4B(8,6)
to 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦).
46

; 𝑔C (𝑦) = ;(6𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦


𝑔(𝑦) = 3𝑦 ? + 3𝑦

Finally, the general solution is

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 ? − 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 ? − 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ? + 3𝑦
2𝑥 ? − 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ? + 3𝑦 = 𝐶
Example #2
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation:
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 ? + 3𝑦 ? )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Step 1

Test for Exactness


T
Test the exactness of the given equation by
deriving M with respect to y and N with
respect to x.
𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑥 ? + 3𝑦 ?
45 47
= 2𝑥 = 2𝑥
46 48

45 47
Since = = 2𝑥, therefore the equation is
46 48
exact.
Step 2

Integrate
I
M is easier to integrate since it involves only
a single term

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)


8G
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 F ? H + 𝑔 (𝑦 )
?
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦)

Step 3

Derive
D
Derive the f(x,y) with respect to y

𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 𝑥 ? + 𝑔′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
Step 4

Find g(y) or h(x)


I
4B(8,6)
Find the value of g(y) by equating to
46
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦).

𝑥 ? + 𝑔C (𝑦) = 𝑥 ? + 3𝑦 ?
𝑔C (𝑦) = 3𝑦 ?
𝑦J
𝑔 (𝑦 ) = 3 I K
3
𝑔 (𝑦 ) = 𝑦 J

Finally, the general solution is

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 ? 𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 ? 𝑦 + 𝑦3
𝑥 ? 𝑦 + 𝑦3 = 𝐶
Example #3
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation:
(𝑒 ?6 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Step 1

Test for Exactness


T
Test the exactness of the given equation by
deriving M with respect to y and N with
respect to x.
𝑀 = 𝑒 ?6 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 𝑁 = 2𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
45 47
46
= 2𝑒 ?6 − [−𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥𝑦)𝑥 + cos (𝑥𝑦)] 48 = 2𝑒 ?6 − [−𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥𝑦)𝑦 + cos (𝑥𝑦)]
45 47
46
= 2𝑒 ?6 + 𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥𝑦) − cos (𝑥𝑦) 48
= 2𝑒 ?6 + 𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥𝑦) − cos (𝑥𝑦)

45 47
Since = = 2𝑒 ?6 + 𝑥𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦,
46 48
therefore the equation is exact.
Step 2

Integrate
I
M is easier to integrate since it involves only
a two terms

𝑓(𝑥, y) = ;(𝑒 ?6 − 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)

𝑓(𝑥, y) = 𝑒 ?6 ; 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)


𝑓(𝑥, y) = 𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦)

Step 3

Derive
D
Derive the f(x,y) with respect to y

𝜕𝑓 (𝑥, y)
= 2𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔C (𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
Step 4

Find g(y) or h(x)


I
4B(8,6)
Find the value of g(y) by equating to
46
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦).

𝜕𝑓 (𝑥, y)
= 2𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔C (𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
2𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔C (𝑦)
= 2𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
𝑔C (𝑦) = 2y
∫ 𝑔C (𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑦 ?

Finally, the general solution is


𝑓(𝑥, y) = 𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥, y) = 𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ?

𝑥𝑒 ?6 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 ? = 𝐶
Example #4
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation:
2𝑡𝑦
?
− 2𝑡 − [2 − ln(𝑡 ? + 1)]𝑦 C = 0
𝑡 +1

Step 1

Test for Exactness


T
Test the exactness of the given equation by
deriving M with respect to y and N with
respect to x.
?Z6
𝑀= − 2𝑡 𝑁 = ln(𝑡 ? + 1) − 2
Z G [\
45 ?Z 47 ?Z
= =
46 Z G [\ 4Z Z G [\

45 47 ?Z
Since = = , therefore the equation
46 4Z Z G [\
is exact.
Step 2

Integrate
I M is easier to integrate,

2𝑡𝑦
𝑓 (𝑡, 𝑦) = ; ] ? − 2𝑡^ 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑡 +1
2𝑡
𝑓 (𝑡, 𝑦) = 𝑦 ; ? 𝑑𝑡 − 2 ; 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑡 +1
𝑢 = 𝑡? + 1
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑓 (𝑡, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑙𝑛(𝑡 ? + 1) − 𝑡 ? + 𝑔(𝑦)

Step 3

Derive
D
Derive the f(t,y) with respect to y
𝜕𝑓(𝑡, 𝑦)
= ln(𝑡 ? + 1) − 𝑔C (𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
Step 4

Find g(y) or h(x)


I
4B(Z,6)
Find the value of g(y) by equating to
46
𝑁(𝑡, 𝑦).

ln(𝑡 ? + 1) + 𝑔C (𝑦) = ln(𝑡 ? + 1) − 2

; 𝑔C (𝑦) = ; −2 𝑑𝑦

𝑔(𝑦) = −2𝑦

Finally, the general solution is


𝑓(𝑡, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑙𝑛(𝑡 ? + 1) − 𝑡 ? + 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑓(𝑡, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑙𝑛(𝑡 ? + 1) − 𝑡 ? − 2𝑦

𝑦𝑙𝑛(𝑡 ? + 1) − 𝑡 ? − 2𝑦 = 𝐶
Example #5
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation using method of
grouping:
(5𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 − 8𝑦 J )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Step 1

Test for Exactness


T Test the exactness of the given
equation by deriving M with respect to y and
N with respect to x.
𝑀 = 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 𝑁 = 4𝑥 − 8𝑦 J
45 47
=4 =4
46 48

45 47
Since = = 4, therefore the equation is
46 48
exact.
Step 2

Integrate
I
Integrate the equation with respect to the
given differential.

(5𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 − 8𝑦 J )𝑑𝑦 = 0


5𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 8𝑦 J 𝑑𝑦 = 0
5 ?
𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 c = 𝐶
2

Step 3

Group
D
There are two terms involving 4xy, therefor to
find the general solution, the two terms must
be grouped

5 ?
𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 c = 𝐶
2
Example #6
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation using method of
grouping:
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Step 1

Test for Exactness


T
Test the exactness of the given equation by
deriving M with respect to y and N with
respect to x.
𝑀 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑁 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦
45 47
= cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑦
46 48

45 47
Since = = cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑥, therefore the
46 48
equation is exact.
Step 2

Integrate
I
Integrate the equation with respect to the
given differential.

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0


6G
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − =𝐶
?

Step 3

Group
D
There are two terms involving ycosx, therefor
to find the general solution, the two terms
must be grouped

𝑦?
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − =𝐶
2

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