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Ema Emits College Philippines: Greatest Common Divisor and Euclid's Algorithm

The document discusses divisibility rules for numbers 1 to 20. It provides the rules to check if a number is divisible by each number from 1 to 20. For each number, it explains the tests or algorithms to determine divisibility. The document also includes example calculations and problems for students to practice applying the divisibility rules.

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Maria Teresa Ondoy
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80 views5 pages

Ema Emits College Philippines: Greatest Common Divisor and Euclid's Algorithm

The document discusses divisibility rules for numbers 1 to 20. It provides the rules to check if a number is divisible by each number from 1 to 20. For each number, it explains the tests or algorithms to determine divisibility. The document also includes example calculations and problems for students to practice applying the divisibility rules.

Uploaded by

Maria Teresa Ondoy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EMA EMITS COLLEGE PHILIPPINES

(Formerly: Eastern Mindoro Institute of Technology & Sciences)


Del Pilar St.; Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro
Telefax No. (043) 284-3974

Number Theory
______________________________________________________________________________

MODULE Greatest Common Divisor and


3 Euclid’s
Telefax No. (043)Algorithm
284-3974

Intended Learning Outcomes:


At the end of this Module, you should be able to:
 define greatest common divisor and Euclid’s algorithm;
 discover the basic properties of GCD and Euclid’s algorithm; and
 solve the given problems with the rules of GCD and Euclid’s algorithm.

1.1 Gretatest Common Divisor

Classical Greek mathematics concerned itself mostly with geometry. The notion of
measurement is fundamental to geometry, and the Greeks were the first to provide formal
foundation for this concept. Surprisingly, they never used fractions to express measurements
(and never developed an arithmetic of fractions). They expressed geometrical measurements
as relations between ratios. In numerical terms, these are statements like:
168 is to 120 as 7 is to 4
which we would write today as 168/120 = 7/5.
Statements such as (2,1) were natural to Greek mathematicians because they viewed
measuring as the process of finding a “common integral measure”. For example, we have:
168 = 24∙7
120 = 24∙5
so that we can use the integer 24 as a “common unit” to measure the numbers 168 and 120.
Going back to our example, notice that 24 is not the only common integral measure for
the integers 168 and 120, since we also have, for example, 168 = 6∙28 and 120 = 6∙20. The
number 24, however, is the largest integer that can be used to “measure” both 168 and 120,
and gives the representation in lowest terms for the ratio.
This motivates the following definition:

Definition 1.1. Let a and b are integers that are not both zero. Then, the greatest common
divisor (gcd) of a and b is the largest integer that divides both a and b, and is denoted by
gcd(a,b).

1.2 Divisibility Rules for 1 to 20

 Divisibility Rule for 1


The divisibility rule for 1 does not have any condition for numbers. All numbers are
divisible by 1 irrespective of how large the numbers are
 Divisibility Rule for 2
The last digit is even (0,2,4,6,8)
 Divisibility Rule for 3
The sum of the digits is divisible by 3.
Ex. 381= (3+1+8=12);
12 is divisible by 3
 Divisibility Rule for 4
The last two digits are divisible by 4.
Ex. 1312;
12 s the last two digits and twelve is divisible by 4
 Divisibility Rule for 5
The last digit is 0 and 5.
 Divisibility Rule for 6
The number is divisible by both 2 and 3.

 Divisibility Rule for 7


If you double the last digit and subtract it from the rest of the number and the answer is 0
or divisible by 7.
Ex. 175 (5*2=10, 17-10=7, and 7/7=1)
 Divisibility Rule for 8
The last three digits are divisible by 8.
Ex. 109816 (816/8=102)
 Divisibility Rule for 9
The sum of the digits is divisible by 9.
Ex. 1629 (1+6+2+9=18)
 Divisibility Rule for 10
If the last digit is 0, then the number is divisible by 10.
 Divisibility Rule for 11
If you sum every second digit and then subtract all other digits and the answer is: 0 or
divisible by 11.
Ex. 1364 (3+4) – (1+6) = 0
 Divisibility Rule for 12
The number is divisible by both 3 and 4.
Ex. 648 (by 3? 6+4+8=18 and 18/3 =6)
(by 4? 48/4 = 12)
 Divisibility Rule for 13
First Method: Multiply the last digit by 9 and subtract it from the number formed by the
remaining digits. Repeat this process until you arrive at a smaller number whose
divisibility you know. If this smaller number is divisible by 13, then so is the larger
number. If this smaller number is not divisible by 13, then neither is the larger number.

For example, let's check the divisibility of 399074:


399074, 4x9 = 36 and 39907-36 = 39871
39871, 1x9 = 9 and 3987-9 = 3978
3978, 8x9 = 72 and 397-72 = 325
325, 5x9 = 45 and 32-45 = -13
since -13 divisible by 13, then 399074 is also divisible by 13.

Second Method: Multiply the last digit by 4 and add it to the number formed by the
remaining digits. Repeat this process until you arrive at a smaller number whose
divisibility you know. If this smaller number is divisible by 13, then so is the larger
number. If this smaller number is not divisible by 13, then neither is the larger number.

For example, let's check the divisibility of 399074:


399074, 4x4 = 16 and 39907+16 = 39923
39923, 3x4 = 12 and 3992+12 = 4004
4004, 4x4 = 16 and 400+16 = 416
416, 6x4 = 24 and 41+24 = 65
since 65 divisible by 13, then 399074 is also divisible by 13.

Third Method: This is the same technique as for 7: Take the last three digits of the
number and subtract this from the number formed by the remaining digits. Repeat this
process until you end up with a number that has at most three digits. At that point you
may apply either the first method or the second method to check if the number is divisible
by 13.

For example, let's check if 16049371 is divisible by 13:


16049371, 16049 - 371 = 15678
15678, 15-678 = -663
Now use the second method to check if 663 is divisible by 13:
663, 3x4 = 12 and 66+12 = 78
78, 8x4 = 32 and 7-32 = -26
Since -26 is divisible by 13, then 16049371 is also divisible by 13.
 Divisibility Rule for 14
Apply the rule for 2 and one of the rules for 7. If the number passes both divisibility tests,
then the number can be divisible by 14.
 Divisibility Rule for 15
Apply the rules for 3 and 5. If the number passes both tests, then the number is divisible
by 15.
 Divisibility Rule for 16
Check the last 4 digits of the number. If the last 4 digits form an integer that is divisible
by 16, then the original number is also divisible by 16. For instance, 157675552 can be
divided by 16 since 5552 is a multiple of 16.
 Divisibility Rule for 17
Multiply the last digit by 5 and subtract it from the number formed by the remaining
digits. Repeat this process until you arrive at a smaller number whose divisibility you
know. If this smaller number is divisible by 17, then so is the larger number. If this
smaller number is not divisible by 17, then neither is the larger number.

For example, let's check the divisibility of 521172:


521172, 2x5 = 10 and 52117-10 = 52107
52107, 7x5 = 35 and 5210-35 = 5175
5175, 5x5 = 25 and 517-25 = 492
492, 2x5 = 10 and 49-10 = 39
Since 39 is not divisible by 17, then neither is 521172.
 Divisibility Rule for 18
Apply the rules for 2 and 9. If the number passes both tests, it is divisible by 18.
 Divisibility Rule for 19
Multiply the last digit by 2 and add it to the number formed by the remaining digits.
Repeat this process until you arrive at a smaller number whose divisibility you know. If
this smaller number is divisible by 19, then so is the larger number. If this smaller
number is not divisible by 19, then neither is the larger number.

For example, let's check the divisibility of 12483:


12483, 3x2 = 6 and 1248+6 = 1254
1254, 4x2 = 8 and 125+8 = 133
133, 3x2 = 6 and 13+6 = 19
since 19 is divisible by 19, then so is 12483.
 Divisibility Rule for 20
Apply the rules for 4 and 5. If the number passes both tests, it is divisible by 20.

ACTIVITY NAME/COURSE: __________________________________


SCORE: __________ RATING: ___________
“Once a person cheats
in exam, forever people will distrust him.”

TEST I: Answer the following questions. Show your solution at the back of the paper and write
the final answer on the space provided.
NOTE: NO SOLUTION, NO POINT!
1. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 2, 5 and 10? Please indicate if it is
divisible for 2, 5 or 10.

a) 149
b) 19400
c) 720345
d) 125370
e) 3000000
2. Check whether the numbers are divisible by 4. Write YES if it is divisible and NO if it is
not.

a) 23408
b) 100246
c) 34972
d) 150126
e) 846336
3. Is 9 a factor of the following? Write YES if it is divisible and NO if it is not.

1. 394683
2. 1872546
3. 5172354
4. 515712
5. 17218
4. Which of the two nearest numbers to 19506 are divisible by 9? Write your answers in
each letter.
a)
b)
5. Check using divisibility rules and fill in the boxes using YES or NO. Sample answer is
indicated for your guide.

Number By 2 By 3 By 4 By 5 By 6 By 7 By 8 By 9
a) 303 NO
b) 756
c) 1000
d) 8000
e) 1455 YES
Reference:

http://www.storyofmathematics.com/rules-of-divisibilty

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