FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

The goal of Philippine education is not only to promote individual welfare

towards the end goal of common good. Thus, by helping our students develop
harmoniously the physical, moral and intellectual faculties, we prepare them to
participate actively in the life of society, and in the process, contribute to the
promotion of good. (de Leon, 2005)

To achieve this end, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution mandates the
State to give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture and
sports.

Specifically, Section 19, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution provides

the legal basis for physical development:

(a) The State shall promote physical education and encourages

sports programs, league competition and amateur sports, including
training for international competitions to foster self discipline, teamwork and
excellence for the development of a health and alert citizenry.

(b) All education institutions shall undertake regular sports activities

throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors.

General Objectives:

 Define and interpret the meaning of physical education

 Help the students acquire knowledge and analyze fitness as major goal of
physical education.
 Develop and maintain a desirable level of physical fitness and physical
competence
 Accept responsibility for personal fitness leading to an active healthy
lifestyle.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEFINED:

Physical education is the integral part of the whole educational program

designed to promote the optimum development of the individual physically,
socially, emotionally, and mentally through total body movement in the
performance of properly selected physical activities (Andin, 3).

Furthermore, it is a way of education through physical activities which are

selected and carried on with full regard to value human growth, development and
behavior.

FITNESS – A major Goal of Physical Education

Objectives of Physical Education

Physical Development – An individual who engages in sports and recreational

activities will develop and maintain good health, high level of physical fitness and
will avoid the risk of various health problems.

Social Development – Activities in physical education provide opportunities for

the development of desirable social traits needed for adjustment to social life.

Emotional Development – The informal nature of physical education offers

opportunities for self-expression and emotional mastery.

Mental Development – The individual develops his mental expertise as he

learns the mechanical principles underlying movement, knowledge and
understanding of rules and strategies of games and sports, and ways of
improving movement in gymnastics and dances.

Physical
Education
Program

Regular Extra
Class Class
Program Program

Field
Core Related Adapted
Intramural Extramural Mass Exhibition
Activity Activity P.E. Demo Group

The Physical Education Program

Regular Class Program (Instructional in Nature)

1. Core Activities - the main activities which are introduced to carry out
the objectives of the program.
2. Related Activities – the co-curricular activities which are scheduled to
enrich the learning experience of the children.
3. Adaptive Activities – specially designed or selected activities for those
learners who deviate from the normal children.
Extra Class Program (Recreational in Nature)
1. Intramurals – competition of teams within the same school.
2. Extramural – competition of teams from different school.
3. Field Mass Demonstration – a kind of activity where most if not all
the children in the school takes part for the purpose of informing the
public of the activities in physical education.

Activities
in the P.E.
Program

Sports
Develo Simple Rhythmic Athletic
Activities Gymnastics Type
pmental Games Sports
Games

Activities in P.E. Program

Developmental Activities – the basic type of activities that contribute to the

normal growth of the individual and enhance the development of skills.

1. Perceptual Motor Activities - it pertains to the development of the

neuro (mind), muscular (muscle), coordination that helps the child manage his
body.
2. Posture and Body Mechanics
- Correct Posture – is the proper alignment of body segments in
relation to different body positions.
- Body Mechanics – it is a body exercise of movement that are
intended
- To improve one’s posture, stamina and poise.

3. Basic Movement Skills

- Locomotor Movement – Moving from one place to another.

Examples:
Walk – a series of steps by transferring the weight of the body from
one foot to another to another.
 Run – it is a series of steps in a successive motion without break or
intervention.
Jump – to spring off the ground either in one or both feet but land
on both feet.
Hop – To spring off or move with light bounding skips in one foot
but land in the same foot.
Skip – to move along by hopping lightly on first one foot and then
the other
Leap – to move by spring lightly in one foot and land in the other
foot.
Slide – to move over the surface while maintaining smooth
continuous contact in the floor.
Gallop – a movement mode of running particularly by a horse, by
lifting alternately the feet in successive leaps or bounds

- Non Locomotor Movements: movement that can be done in one

place to another place

Examples:
Twisting – the rotation of a selected body part around its long axis.
Bending – moving a joint.
Swaying – fluidly and gradually shifting the center of gravity from
one body part to another.
Stretching – moving body parts way from the center of gravity
Turning – rotating the body along the axis
Swinging – rhythmical, smooth motion of a body part resembling a
Pendulum

Simple Games – refers to games that are easy to organize

Rhythmic Activities – activities with regards to music or any accompaniment.

Gymnastics – it is a systematic body exercise which are based on scientific

principles. It is from the greek words “gumnos” or sometimes “gymnos” which
means naked.

Sport Type Games – also called lead up games

Atheltic Sports
Team Sports
Individual – Dual Sports
Track and Field events
Swimming
TYPES of EXERCISE
1. Toning Muscle – where muscles contract against a resistant object with
movement such as weight lifting.
2. Increasing Strength – where body gains strength without building bulk
3. Stretching – help increase flexibility and joint mobility.

4. Flexibility – ability of the muscles to move joints, which are to perform a

wide range of motions without strain or injury. To improve flexibility, try activities
that lengthen the muscles such as swimming, or a basic stretching program.

Fitness benefits of flexibility exercises

a. Increased range of muscles joint movement
b. reduced muscle stiffness and increased body relaxation
c. improved blood circulation in specific body segment
d. reduced incidence of injury during a major sport event
e. reduced risk of cardiovascular problems in exercise

5. Body Composition – refers to the relative amount of muscle, fat, bone

and other vital parts of the body. A person’s total body weight may not change
overtime. Body composition is important to consider in maintaining health
and manage weight.

Body Types:
1. Endomorph – characterized by having round and curvaceous
body, high body fat. People with this body type find it hard to lose
weight.
2. Mesomorph – characterized by having large bones. The built is
usually thick around the middle.
3. Ectomorph – characterized by having a lean and slender body.
Looks thin and have a low body fat level.

Factors about body composition in relation to sports performance:

a. Excess body fats do not contribute to force production especially
in sports requiring speed. It decreases acceleration.
b. oxygen requirement is increased with any increment in body
weight.
c. Over fat athletes are disadvantaged in endurance exercises
since they have low heat tolerance. Fat insulates heat in the
body resulting to greater increase in body temperature. The
quality and quantity of skill performance deteriorates as
premature fatigue sets in.

Skill–Related Components – These are the factors which are often the focus of
sports training program
1. Speed – ability to make successive movements of the same kind or to cover a
distance at a short time of period.
2. Power – the ability to release maximum force / perform one explosive
muscular effort in a short period of time. It is the combination of speed and
strength.
3. Balance – ability to maintain equilibrium in relation to changes in body position.
In other words, this is the ability to remain stable even when moving.
4. Agility – ability of the muscle / body to change direction swiftly, easily and
under control in the quickest possible time.
5. Coordination – harmonious working relationship between the skeletal muscles
and nerves in one aspect of movement.