Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Ministry of Higher Education

Shaikh Zayed University
English Department

139
6
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Solved by: Khair Mohammad “ Ayubzai”
1. What is paraphrasing and summary? Explain briefly.

Ans: Paraphrase: to paraphrase means to read and understand a piece of source materials
(which can be of any length) and then to rewrite it in your own way or words.

Summary: A summary is a concise statement or account of the main points of a text. Or A

summary describes a larger work (such as an entire book, speech, or research project), and
should include noticeably less content than the original work.

2. What is plagiarism and define its four main types?

Ans: Plagiarism: is the copying of another person’s ideas, text or other creative work, and
presenting it as one’s own.

The Four main types of plagiarism are as follow:

1. Direct plagiarism: is the word-for- word transcription of a section of someone else’s

work, without attribution and without quotation marks.
2. Self-plagiarism: occurs when a student submits his or her own previous works, or mixes
parts of previous works without permission from all professors.
3. Mosaic Plagiarism: Mosaic plagiarism occurs when a student borrows phrases from a
source without using quotation marks, or finds synonyms for the author’s language while
keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original.
4. Accidental plagiarism: occurs when a person neglects to cite their sources, or misquotes
their sources, or unintentionally paraphrase a source by using similar words, groups of
words or sentence structure without attribution.

3. What is a quote and plagiarism? Explain them.

Ans: A quote is an excerpt of the exact words of a source, presented within your own work
exactly as they originally appeared, and enclosed within quotation marks.

Plagiarism: in English-speaking academic society, taking the words, phrases, sentences and
paragraphs of other people and using them as if they were your own is considered dishonest.
Taking the ideas of someone else and using them as if they were your own is also considered
dishonest. This type of academic dishonesty is called plagiarism. Plagiarism is a form of stealing.
If you copy a sentence, a phrase, or perhaps even an unusual word from one of your sources, and
use it in your own paper without acknowledging it owner (the author), in effect, you are stealing
from the author of the source.

4. What is syntax and semantics? Explain them.

Ans: Syntax: concerned with the study of the arrangement of words in sentences or the
study of sentences and sentence structure is called syntax.
 Semantics: is a subfield of linguistics that studies linguistic meaning and how
expressions convey meanings or semantics Concerned with the meaning and its
manifestation in language.

5. What do TEFL, TESL, TOEFL, and IELTs stand for?

Ans: they stand for TEFL( Teaching of English AS a Foreign Language), TESL( Teaching
English AS a Second Language) TOEFL( Test of English as a Foreign Language) IELTS
( International English Language Testing System).

6). As a research paper, what kind of topic should be chosen? Explain it clearly.

Ans: the first step in preparing to write a research paper is to select a topic. In some courses you
may have an almost unrestricted of topics for your paper. In other courses your teacher may ask
you to select a topic from a list, or may assign you a topic. When you have a choice of topics,
there are three general points to consider.

1. Your topic should be interesting to you. Because you will spend a great deal of time
working on your paper, it is important that your topic be interesting enough so that you can
maintain your enthusiasm over a period of time. If you choose a topic that does not interest you
every much, you will most likely become bored working on your paper. This situation can lead
to a weak paper.

2. your topic should be interesting to your instructor. How many times do you usually
read a book or see a movie? If you are like most people, one time is usually sufficient, unless you
liked the book or movie very much. Teachers are like most people in this matter. They tend to
get bored reading research papers about the same topics over and over again every semester. An
English composition teacher may have to read as many as 150 research papers every semester. It
is good “teacher psychology” to try to find a topic that your teacher will find fresh and
interesting.

3. there are several topics that are especially popular for research papers and should
therefore be avoided. Some of these are topics are:

Abortion Gun control Rock music

Alcohol Marijuana Suicide

As a matter of fact, some teachers forbid their students to use certain topics for their papers. It is
a good idea to ask your teacher if there are any topics you should avoid for your research paper.

7. Define fiction and short story.

Ans: Fiction is prose writing that tells about imaginary characters and events.
Short Story: Short story is a work of fiction that is brief enough to be read in one sitting and
Short stories usually focus on one main plot that is driven by a single conflict.

8. What do know about deductive and inductive grammar?

Ans: Deductive Grammar: The deductive approach derives from deductive reasoning where the
concept goes from general to specific. Rules, patterns, principles are presented first, then moves
to the examples. Deductive approach is also known as rule-driven teaching. The most favorable
method for this deductive teaching is Grammar translation Method where the grammar
instruction is commonly initiated by an explanation( basically in learners mother tongue) about
the grammar points.

Inductive Grammar: an inductive approach starts with some examples from which a rule is
inferred. In Grammar teaching, teachers present the examples at the beginning then
generalization rules from the given samples. Inductive grammar learning is commonly happen
for a native speakers of English, where they can produce a grammatically correct utterance but
they do not know the rules underlie it Inductive approach is often correlated with Direct Method
and Natural Approach in English teaching.

9. Define synthesis and explain it briefly.

Ans: a synthesis is a combination of information from two or more sources. You need to
synthesize when you find relevant information on the same specific topic in more than one
source, but when no one source contains every important point. You can easily see that, when
you write a research paper, you need to synthesize throughout the paper.

In order to make a synthesis you will need to use your decision-making skill, first to
select suitable sources, and then to select the relevant parts within those sources. You will then
need to use your paraphrase skills to put the relevant information into your own words. The
selected and paraphrased information from all the sources has to be made to fit together into one
continuous piece of writing. This has to be done in a logical way, so that connected points appear
together and no information is repeated.

10. What are the important tips for paraphrasing? Name and explain them briefly.

Ans: Tips for Paraphrasing

1. Structure: the grammatical structure should be changed if this can be done without
changing meaning. Often this can be done by joining up sentences or by dividing up long
sentences.
2. Meaning: your paraphrase must have the same meaning as the source; it should also have
the same relationship between main ideas and supporting details.
3. Words: use different vocabulary when possible, usually more common
synonyms/expressions and simpler phrases. Keep specialized vocabulary which has no
 synonyms ( e.g. calcium; plastic; theory; neutron), proper names (e.g. Europe; world
Health Organization), numbers and formulate ( e.g. 50%; 200KW/m; 1984).
4. Length: the length should not vary very much from the length of the original.
5. Style: should be your own and not an imitation of the source, even if your own style
seems less perfect to you.
11.What is a short story? Explain it and as an example write one consisting three
paragraphs.
Ans: Short story is a work of fiction that is brief enough to be read in one sitting and Short
stories usually focus on one main plot that is driven by a single conflict.
Come To the Window 
One night, there was a little baby who was still not asleep. His mother already tried rocking
the baby to sleep but he was still wide awake. So, his mother took him to the window to see
the stars. 

The stars shone on the sea. The mother told the baby some stories about the stars. She
said that there were two little stars that played peek-a-boo with two little fishes in the deep
blue sea. And there were two little frogs that cried ‘Neap, neap, neap. We also see a dear
little baby who should be asleep!’ 

The baby was happy and delighted. Soon, the little baby grew sleepy and fell asleep in his
mother’s arms.
12. Using more than 90 words.

13. What is a paragraph? Explain and write its important points.

Ans: Paragraph: is a group of related sentences which develops a single idea or Paragraph is a
group of sentences that develops one main idea.
A paragraph contains three major parts.
• Topic Sentence: A topic sentence of a paragraph is a very important sentence which
introduces the topic of the paragraph
• Supporting Sentences: supporting sentences explain the topic sentence and make up the
body of paragraph.
• Concluding Sentence: A concluding or closing sentence is a sentence which ends the
paragraph, and reminds the readers the main idea. (topic sentence)
14. Define a narrative paragraph and write one concerning a famous event.
Ans: Narrative paragraph tells a story or event or A narrative paragraph is a group of sentences
that tells a story; it tells about a series of events or actions. Tells a story and uses specific details
in chronological order.
Example:
Sunday is the most rewarding day for me because it is the only day when my family and I can do
what we like together. Every Sunday morning I get up at six. My two sons I go jogging around our
neighborhood. At about seven we come home and have breakfast together. At nine we go to church
and come home at about twelve. After having lunch, at about two we often go to the countryside for
a nice walk, or visit a relative, or go shopping. We often get home at about eight and have a small
dinner. After dinner, my sons prepare the school equipments they need in the following days. Then
we usually watch a film on TV and then go to bed at about ten. Before falling asleep, I often expect
that the next Sunday comes soon.
15. What is a descriptive paragraph? Define it and write one paragraph for example.
Ans: Descriptive paragraphs include details that appeal to the five senses: sight, taste, touch,
smell, and hearing. In a descriptive paragraph, the writer must convey information that appeals
to all the senses in order to give the best possible description to the reader.

About a Feeling
Judith watched as Kenneth, the man she had been in love with for what seemed like years, slowly and
affectionately intertwined his long, slender fingers with the petite fingers of another girl's hand. Judith
closed her eyes to block out the image, but the scent of coffee—rich, bold, and bitter—still lingered in the
air, and the knowledge that it was his coffee was enough to make the inside of her mouth taste and feel
like cotton. Kenneth and the other girl remained silent, but the silence spoke volumes about how intimate
the moment between them was. A large, painful lump was beginning to form inside of Judith's throat,
making it hard to breathe, and she felt as though she might suffocate if she did not flee from the room.
Her legs were frozen, however, and would not budge, leaving her with the faintest hope that perhaps the
rest of her would soon become just as numb.

16. What are the most significant skills for learning language and which one is the most
important? Why?

Ans; There are four significant skills as they are (Reading, writing , speaking and listening) for
learning language and the most important one is the listening because Listening is key to all
effective communication. Without the ability to listen effectively, messages are easily
misunderstood. ... If there is one communication skill you should aim to master, then
listening is it. Listening is so important that many top employers provide listening
skills training for their employees.
17. What is expository paragraph? Write one about someone/ something.

Ans: Gives information or explains something and uses logical order

School Uniforms

School uniforms are good for the development of children. First of all, everyone is dressed
unified. So no one has "better" clothes than others and no one can threaten others only because of
their clothes. In many schools ganging up on others because of what they are wearing is already
normal and uniforms are a way to protect the children from such acts. School uniforms also keep
everyone from having to buy expensive brands of clothes to be part of the society, which relieves
especially the parents and takes the pressure of being "cool" away from the children. School
uniforms also helps to put off children being overly concerned about keeping up with the latest
fashions. This gives young children more time to concentrate on more important developmental
things. Of course, there are also critics, who say that school uniforms make the children lose
their own individuality but in general it is possible to say, that school uniforms have a good
influence on most children.
18). What is persuasive paragraph? Explain it briefly?

Ans: Persuades people or readers to change their minds and it is based on a topic that is
manageable and debatable.

Education

There are many benefits in education. First, by education one can straighten his way .it means
that one can find the way very soon for example in a city, hotel, market, mall, etc. second, the
one who has gotten education he/she will be honored by the people, and they will respect him
every time. Third, education can remove obstacles from his /her way, and it paves the way for
making his/her good life, and it also can make your life comfortable. In last, in very part of the
life education is like the milk of the mother for her child.

19. write two sentences for this formula, then change them into passive voice if possible.

a. S+cut+his+adj+N+to+V+pre}+N.

1. He cut his soft finger to cut down tree.

Pass: His soft finger was cut by him to be cut down tree.

2. He cut his delicate gums to brush up teeth.

Pass: His delicate gums were cut by him to be brushed up teeth.

b. S+V+poss.adj+N+to+V+art.+N.

1.

2.

20. Make a correct reference for the following information on APA system.

An:

Dale, E. (1985). Grammar and Composition. Boston: Printice Hall, inc.

Nekmal , S. K. (2008). The role of Audiovisual Material in Teaching English. Khost: Hussain Ahmad Press.

21. What is meant periodical, name and explain it briefly.

Ans: In most libraries the term “ periodical” refers to magazines and journals only.

Periodicals are another valuable source of information. A periodical is any type of publication
that is published at regular intervals: weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, and so on. Libraries
receive hundreds of different periodicals every month, and many arrive each week. For this
reason the system libraries use for cataloging and arranging periodicals is different from the
system they use for books. Strictly speaking, a newspaper is also a periodical. However,
newspapers are usually cataloged and organized somewhat differently from magazines and
journals. When you want to study periodical in a library the key to finding periodical articles is
periodical index. A periodical index is a book that contains lists of titles of periodicals articles
arranged according to subjects of magazines and sometimes according to the authors.

22. Explain, some nouns are irregular both count and non-count.
Ans: Ans: Some nouns don’t follow the regular procedure they have different singular
and plural forms.as they are in the following example:

Some nouns are irregular.

a. A few non-count nouns end in –s news, mathematics, economics, physics

 criterion , phenomenon, nucleus

b. A few count-nouns have irregular (singular count nouns)
plurals.  criteria, phenomena, nuclei
(their irregular plural forms)

23. Write the difference between quantifier and modifier and give example for each one.
Ans: Quantifiers state the number or amount of something. Quantifiers can be singular
or phrases. Quantifiers are used with both nouns and pronouns.
Modifiers: Adjectives and noun modifiers usually come before the noun they modify.
The noun that is modified is the head noun.
Quantifiers state or show the number or amount of something (nouns) while modifiers
modify or describe another element.
Quantifier’s example: There’s some money in my account.
Most of us are going on the trip.
Khair Mohammad is an intelligent, hardworking student.
Modifier’s example: Prof. S.K.S. Nekmal is a famous English lecturer at Shaikh zayed
University.
Adjective modifier Noun modifier
Walid is the most popular Afghan basketball player.
I ate milk chocolate.
24.What is relative clause and which pronouns are used with relative clause, name them?

Ans: Relative clause , also called adjective clause, provide descriptive information about a noun.
These clauses can either be essential to the sentence(restrictive clauses) or non-essential (non-
restrictive clause). They are introduced by either a relative pronoun( who, whom, which that,
whose), or a relative adverb ( when, where, whenever).

25. Explain , what is participle adjective?

Participial or participle adjective: an adjective formed form present and past

participial forms of verbs. They are fallen into types : present- participle adjectives which
ending in “ing”, and past-participle adjectives which ending in “ed”.

e.g . The bored students were not paying attention to the boring speaker.

26. Write the ways of forming comparative and superlative adjectives.

Ans: the ways of forming comparative and superlative adjectives:

1. add “er” for forming comparative , and add “est” for forming superlative to the end of
one syllable adjectives.
Ex: tall—taller—tallest
Small—smaller—smallest
Strong—stronger—strongest
2. one syllable adjective ended in “e” add only “r” for forming comparative and add “st” for
forming superlative degree.
Ex: white—whiter—whitest
large—larger—largest
wide—wider—widest
 3. one syllable adjectives ended in a consonant and a vowel preceded the consonants ,
double the consonant then add “ er” for comparative and “est” for superlative.
Ex: red—redder—reddest
big—bigger—biggest
hot—hotter—hottest

Note: adjectives ended in(w/y) are excepted from the above mentioned rule.

Ex: New—newer—newest

Gray—grayer—grayest

4. more than one syllable adjective (except y ending) add (more/less + adjective + than) for
comparative and add (the most/ least + adjective) for superlative degree.
Ex: difficult—more difficult—the most difficult
dangerous—more dangerous—the most dangerous
5. More than one syllable adjectives ended in “Y”, change “y” to “I” than add “er” for
comparative and “est” for superlative.
Ex: Happy—happier—happiest
Easy—easier—easiest
Merry—merrier—merriest
6. A few adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative degrees.
Ex: good—better—the best
Bad—worse-the worst
Far—further / farther—the furthest/farthest
Little—less—the least
Many /much—more—the most

27. What are conditional sentences and give examples for first, second and third
conditional sentences?

Ans: Conditional sentences describe situations that occur(or do not occur) because of
certain conditions. They consist of two clauses, a dependent condition clause (also
called the if clause) and independent result clause. The examples are as follow:

First, Second, and Third Conditional

1. First conditional: If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
2. Second conditional: If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
3. Third conditional: If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.
28. Explain kinds of infinitive?
 Infinitive
To + verb or a verb which doesn’t depend to any subject and number of tense is called
infinitive.

1. Full / Absolute Infinitive: (To + verb)

He likes to be honest.
2. Bare Infinitive:
Infinitive without to is called bare infinitive, which can be used after auxiliary
verbs and after causative verbs. He
made his brother study hard.
3. Split Infinitive:
Split infinitive is to put a word between to and a verb, the word can be
mainly an adverb.
To completely understand the lessons the students should be present daily.
4. Uncompleted Infinitive: An
infinitive phrase is not completed following to when the meaning is clearly understood to
repeat the idea that came immediately before. I’ve never met her, but I’d like
to.
5. Perfect or past Infinitive: (To have + Past participle) It can
be used to show that a planned event did not happen. I was to have
started work last week, but I changed my mind.
6. Passive Infinitive: (To be + Past participle)
Passive infinitive have the same kind of meaning as other passives. There
is a lot of work to be done.
7. Past passive Infinitive: (To have been + Past participle) People
are to have been suffered by the hot weather.
8. Progressive Infinitive: (To be + verb,ing)
Progressive infinitive is used to suggest that actions and events are / were/ will
be continuing around the time we are talking about. It’s nice to be
sitting with you here.

29. How can we recognize complement and object in a sentence?

Ans: Object is something done by subject. It refers to an action (done by subject).
Complement is to give more information about the verb.

We can recognize complement and object that complement can be

noun or adjective (phrase) , adverb, ,and object after the main very
can be a noun or pronoun.
30. What are these words (although, even though, though ) and how can we
use them?
Ans: although: is conjunction it means ( in spite of the fact, while ) which used to
introduce a fact that makes another fact unusual or surprising
 Ex: Although the car’s old, it still runs well.

Even though: is a conjunctive adverb used for introducing a fact that makes the main
statement in your sentence seem very surprising.

Ex: I haven’t lost any weight, even though I’ve been exercising a lot.

Though : is a conjunction and adverb (used in introducing a subordinate clause, which is

often marked by ellipsis) notwithstanding that; in spite of the fact that; although: (used in
introducing a subordinate clause, which is often marked by ellipsis) notwithstanding that; in
spite of the fact that; although:

Ex: Though she is retired; she is still very active. (

adverb
for all that; however
used after a fact, opinion, or question that seems surprising after what you have just
said, or that makes what you have just said seem less true or important:
ex: I’m busy today. We could meet tomorrow, though.
It sounds like fun. Isn’t it dangerous, though?
31. Write five prepositions which can be used as adverbs too. Use their both kinds
in sentences properly.

Ans: Many prepositions can also be used as adverbs. When in doubt which one a
certain words is, ask the question: whom or what after it. If there is a noun or pronoun to
answer the question, the word is a preposition; if not, it is an adverb.

The five prepositions are as follow which are used in both ways :

In: I am in the class. ( preposition + NP) in this sentence is preposition.

As adverb: She pushed the box toward me so that I could put my money in.

About: as Preposition: We talked about you.

As adverb: I am about 25 years old.

Above: as Pre: I had a bruise above his eyes.

As Adv: I demanded from my father a TV set 25 inches or above.

On: as pre: My computer is on the desk.

As adv: Go on. I’m listening.

Over: as pres: I installed light over my desk.

As adv: I got so dizzy that I almost fell over. Lets og over there.

21). Write 3 sentences for this formula, then change them into passive voice.
S + cut + his + adj + N + to + V + pus.

Act: He cut his short finger to remove pus.

Pass: His short finger was cut by him to be removed pus.

Act: He cut his soft lips to rub pus. Pass: His soft lips were cut by him to be rubbed pus.

Act: Amanullah cut his white chest to oil pus.

. Pass: Amanullah cut his white chest to be oiled pus.

32. Define the following terms and give one example illustrating each term.

Ans: Morpheme: morphemes are the minimal units of words that have a meaning and cannot be
subdivided further. Like free morpheme like girl, boy, mam and bound morpheme like (ly, s, dis,
in, un etc).

Prefix: an affix that goes on the front or an affix that comes at the beginning of the root.

e.g. Connect== Disconnect History= Prehistory

Suffix: an affix that goes on the end or an affix that attaches at the end of the root.

e.g. Teach= Teacher close = Closely

Root. A root is an element that forms the core meaning of many related words.

Like free root: take, walk, etc , and bound root , cap, ceed, fac, sript, ect,
33. Change the following morphemes by adding the relevant suffixes.
a. erode (eroded, erodent, erodible) c. Mistreat (mistreated, mistreatment, mistreating)
e. conclude (concluding, concluding, concludable)
b. close( closely, closelessness) d. atomic ( atomical , atomically)

34. explain the difference between compounds and blends?

Ans: Compound: Compounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes

combine into a single new word and Blending is the word formation process in which parts of
two or more words combine to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the
original words. That is, in compounding the whole lexemes ( words” are combined create new
word ,and blending the parts ( initial, middle, end) of words are joined and make new word.

35:explain content words and function words?

Ans: Words are two types: Content words and function words
• Lexical words: these are the words which have meaning that can be understood fully in and
of itself. Noun, verb, adjective and adverb are called lexical words.

• Function words: are the words, on the other hand can be understood completely only when
they occur with other words. These include pronoun, conjunction, articles, and preposition.

36. what is Acronyms and explain its difference with abbreviations?

Ans: Acronyms are words derived from the initials of other words, but pronounce like one word.

Both are made up the initial of the words The main difference between Acronyms and
abbreviations is in their pronunciation, that is, Acronyms pronounce like one word and
abbreviation pronounce letter by letter.

37. What is lexical semantics?

Ans: Lexical semantics is concerned with the meanings of words and the meaning of
relationships among words or Lexical semantics deals with the meanings of words and
other lexical expressions.

38. Define the following terms with example.

Ans: Hyponym: Hyponymy: is the state or phenomenon that shows the relationship
between more general term (lexeme-representation) and the more specific instances of it.

 The concrete forms of sets of word ( the specific instances) are called hyponym.
a. Hyponym: A word with a particular meaning that is included in the meaning of a more
general word, for example ‘dog’ and ‘cat’ are hyponyms of “animal”.
Thus we can say that “red” is a hyponym of color and son on.

Synonym: Synonymy. Another kind of semantic relation is synonymy. Two words are
synymous if they have exactly the same reference. In other words, synonym are word or
expressions that have the same meaning in some all contexts. It has been said that there are no
perfect synonym– that is, no words ever have exactly the same meaning, but couch/sofa, and
quick/rapid come close.

Note: The concrete form of synonymy is called synonym. Or words or items that they have the
same meaning they are called synonyms. Like
Mother and father=== Parents
Politician ======== statesman
Homonyms: (also called homophones) are words that have different meanings but are
pronounced the same, and may or may not be spelled the same. To, too, and two are homonyms
despite their spelling differences.
Polysemy: is the state or phenomenon in which the words that have more than one meaning, in
other words, it can be described as multiple meanings of words. The words are considered to be
related etymologically.
For example, the word diamond referring to a geometric shape and also to a baseball
field that has that shape is polysemous.
Antonym. A third kind of semantic relation is antonymy. The basic notion of antonymy is of
being “opposite” in some sense. In order for two words to be antonyms of one another, they must
have meanings that are related, yet these meanings must contrast with each other in some
significant way.
Antonyms: words with opposite meaning is called antonyms or words or items which have
opposite meaning.
Like; Happy== Sad
Dry==Wet
Metonym: is a word that substitutes for an object the name of an attribute or concept associated
with the object. The use of crown for king, scepter for sovereignty, Scotland yard refers to the
Criminal Investigation Department in the United Kingdom.
39. what does tautology express? Give an example.

Ans: Tautology is a way to express something by repeating or saying it in a different way.

This can be used for emphasis, to convey something important, or to add literary beauty to
a text. Or tautology is a proposition that is always true, that is, tautology expresses
something true or in real-world.

a restricted number of sentences are always true, no mater which situation you utter them in. they are
called tautologies (the term analytic is also used for such sentences.) For example, Circles are round.

40. What do semantic roles tell us?

Ans: Semantic Roles describe the relation of the constituents of an utterance to their meaning. Every
simple sentence --- every proposition--- has one predicate and a varying number of referring expressions,
or argument. The meaning of a predicate is determined in part by how many arguments it may have and
what role those arguments have.

e.g. Ali cut the cake

tells us about something that happened in reality.

A boy Ali, did an action [cut] to a real thing [cake]

Thus the sentence describes a situation. And, the words used in the sentence fulfill some ‘roles’
in the given situation.

The verb of the sentence describes the action that took place, i.e. cutting the cake.

The noun phrases describe what roles were played by the entities involved in the action.
 ‘boy’ had the role of the cutter

‘cake’ had the role of the one who was cut

These roles are called Semantic Roles

Semantic roles tell us about something happened in reality.

41. How fast do you read? Explain the steps.

Ans:

 You need a watch with a second hand and a pencil or pen.

 Write down the time you start reading. (Allow a few seconds for this.) As soon as you have
finished, note the time and write it down.
 The passages you are going to read are followed by some easy type comprehension
questions, which you should answer without referring back to the text.
 Calculate your reading speed by dividing the minutes it took you to read the passage by the
total number of the words in the passage. This stage is to be done before answering the
comprehension questions,
 For comprehension questions, four correct answers are satisfactory.

42. write the steps of Goal Setting?

Ans: there are five main steps of goal setting, which are as below:

1. Tentative Goal Statement

2. List of Obstacles
3. List of Resources
4. Review Goal Statement
5. Polished Goal Statement

43. Write the Basic Time Management Principles.

Ans:

1. Adjust your attitude.

2. Be organized
3. Follow a routine
4. Write down your goals
5. Be selective
6. Prioritize
7. Give yourself extra time
8. Track what you do
9. Find shortcut .
44. What is concentration?

Ans: Concentration means to focus your attention on a purpose or topic. It would be easy to
concentrate on a topic when you are interested in. since there are close connections between
concentration and memory, learning. Below are some of the most practical ways to improve your
concentration.

1. Motive: if you become clear about your purpose, you will have a motive for studying and
find it easier to concentrate.
2. Active Participation: a good learner will think for himself and not let others to think for
him.
3. Warm up: do something easy first before tackling the more difficult one tasks. Your mind
is similar to your muscles, it needs a warm up period.
4. Worries: try to forget all personal worries during study periods. Keep a pad next to you to
write down any outside problem that comes to your minds while studying, thus allowing
yourself to concentrate on the lesson at hand.

45. Explain the main ways of reviewing notes?

Ans: there are generally three main ways to review notes they are as follow:

1. Recite From the Headings: you can review your notes by using the heading or topics to
prompt your memory. After you review your notes by reciting them loud, cover the
information under each heading and try to recall the points related to that topic.
2. Recite from the Recall column: when you think that you know the information in your
notes, use the recall questions to test your memory the main points and supporting details.
Put your hand or piece of paper over notes so that you can see only the recall questions.
Then recite the answers out loud. If you can’t say the answer out loud, you may not really
know it.
3. Talk about information with others: another way to study the information in your notes
is simply to talk about it. Putting information in your own words and explaining it to
others in an excellent way to move it into long-term memory.

46. What are the objectives of Academic Reading?

Ans: There are a number of objectives, which academic reading aims to achieve:

 Reading to understand a theoretical concept.

 Reading to enhance understanding.
 Reading to expand one’s applied knowledge of a subject.
 Reading to find out about possible alternative viewpoint in order to consolidate one’s
own ideas.
47. Explain the following terms
 -Encoding: interpreting information in a meaningful way. Suppose you want to remember what a
tree looks like.
- academic Success: Academic success is the outcomes of education. It is commonly measured
by examinations or continuous assessment.
Academic success is the educational goal that is achieved by a student, teacher or institution
achieves over a certain period of time.
48. Write Roman numeral Outline?
Ans: Roman numeral outline is as follow:
I. First main idea
A. First supporting point for I
1. First detail for A
a. First detail for 1
2. Second detail for A
B. Second supporting point for I
1. First detail for B
2. Second detail for B
a. First detail for 2
1) First detail for a
II. Second main idea
A. First supporting point for II
1. First detail for A
2. Second detail for A
B. Second supporting point for II
1. First detail for B
2. Second detail for B
III. Third Main idea
A. First supporting point for III
1. First detail for A
a. First detail for 1
2. Second supporting point for A
49. Write the top five Tips for working in groups.

Ans: Top five tips for working in groups

1. Remember that group work is about creating a solid final product, not competition.
2. Respect the ideas of others, but feel free to disagree.
3. Offer encouragement and potential solutions when introducing a problem or difficulty.
4. Do not procrastinate.
5. Communicate difficulties as soon as possible to avoid creating additional issues.
50. What major points should be kept in mind when leading a meeting?
Ans: they are as follow:
  Get people involved.
 Do not let one or two people dominate the meeting.
 Do not talk over everyone else.
 Manage conflict between participants.
51. What is superstructure?
Ans: superstructure is the basic outline or recommended sections for certain document types. It
refers to the general report segments that are include in complex documents, such as technical
reports, instructions, and proposals. The superstructure will be modified slightly depending on
audience and purpose, but it is provided to give writers a template forms which to work.
52. Explain the abstract to a feasibility report.
Ans: An abstract to a feasibility report is a short summary that explains the initial problem, the
solution(s), that has been researched, and the criteria, and then states the outcome. This is written
in brief prose that gives the reader only basic information contained in the rest of the report.
53. Where we can use technical report and write the general superstructure for empirical
research report?
Ans: We can use technical report science, business, medicine, or other professional fields, like
in the writing feasibility, recommendation, progress, and empirical research reports. And the
following five section usually included in the general superstructure of empirical research
report:
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
4. Recommendation
5. Conclusion
54: What should be included in the policy and procedure manual?
Ans: Minimally, the eight sections listed below should be included.
1. Introduction: This section should clearly set the tone for the manual and the company as
a whole.
2. Table of contents: This allows readers to easily navigate to the information most
pertinent to their needs.
3. Contact information: This section should be listed logically so an employee knows who
to contact for further information on a given topic.
4. Policies: This section details policies that are necessary to document along with the
consequences for not adhering to these policies.
5. Procedures: This defines the procedures related to tasks that employees are likely to
undertake while with the company.
6. Employee benefits. This details benefits and additional information not included in the
previous sections.
7. Conclusion: This should leave a positive impression on the reader.
 8. Sign-off Verification form: This is a form that each employee must sign after reading
and understanding the policy and procedure manual.
55. What should be consider for document design?
Ans: For the document design should be consider the following points:
 Functionality
 Visual Appeal
 Logo usage
 Media flexibility
 Formatting (modular)
56. How many standard numbering formats are there for technical documents?
Ans: There are three Standard numbering formats for technical documents they are as follow:
1. Traditional outline system: This follows the pattern Roman numeral, upper-case,
standard number, and lower-case letter. This format can be confusing for documents with
large sections and extensive information.
2. Century-decade-unit system. This is also known as the Navy system. The pattern begins
with 100 for a subsection; the next main section would be 200, with a subsection of 210.
3. Multiple decimal system. The pattern begins with 1.0 and subsections add on to the
decimal place (e.g. 1.1, 1.2, 1.2.1); the next main section begins with 2.0. this method can
get confusing if there are several levels of sub sections that need to be numbered.
57. What are technical specifications?
Ans: Technical specifications, also referred to as functional requirements specifications, are
detailed descriptions of software, websites, or other consumer products being developed by a
company or organization. Although specifications can be written after the product is developed,
it is ideal to write them prior to beginning the development process. Like blueprints, the
specification will serve to clearly portray the expectations of everyone involved in creating the
new product, including features, functionality, dimensions, and appearance. The focus of the
specifications is only on the product, not on how to actually create the product.
58. Write the seven steps of technical report in correct order.
Ans: the seven steps in general technical report are as follow:
59. Write the descriptive essay guidelines.

Ans: The descriptive essay guidelines are as follow:

 Remember to give your essay a title.

 Double-space your essay.
 Write as legibly as possible (if you are not using a computer).
 Decide whether you are going to organize your ideas according to time or space.
 Include a short introduction that serves as background information, three body paragraphs
that effectively describe the scene, and an appropriate conclusion.
 Use a variety of descriptive adjectives that focus on the senses in your writing.
 Try to give yourself a few minutes before the end of the activity to review your work.
Check for spelling, verb tense, and subject-verb agreement mistakes.

60. Write the five proofreading strategies.

Ans: The five proofreading strategies are as below:

1. Take a break from the work. Give yourself time after you have finished writing. The
more time you take, the better your proofreading will be. A day or more is ideal, but even
a break of 30 minutes helps.
2. Read your writing aloud. Reading your work aloud, even if you are just mumbling it to
yourself, does two things. It helps you to read your work more carefully and slowly, and
it helps you to catch more errors.
3. Read your paper backward. Start proofreading your writing with the last sentence.
Then read the second to last sentence, the third to last, and so on. This technique can help
you to find more grammatical errors.
4. Cover your work. With another piece of paper, cover up everything except the line that
you are reading. This method may help you to focus more closely on each line.
5. Pretend that you are someone else. Read your paper as a reader, not as a writer.
Reading your work through the eyes of the reader will help you to identify phrases or
sentences that might be unclear.
One way to do this even more effectively is to read your paper after you have taken a
break from it for two or three days(or longer). You will be amazed at how many words,
ideas, and sentences you will want to change.

61. Write the five most common points for writing a hook with examples.

Ans:
 1. Ask a Question. How many people begin their mornings—every day –by checking their
cell phones?
2. Use an interesting observation. E.g. European economists are not sleeping well these
days.
3. Use a unique scenario to catch readers’ attention. E.g. Traveling at more than one
hundred miles an hour, he feels as though he is not moving. He is engulfed in complete
silence. For a moment, it is as if he has entered another dimension.
4. Begin with a famous quote. e.g. “ I have a dream.”
5. Use a surprising or shocking statistic.
e.g. The divorce rate in the united States is well over 50 percent.

62. Write guidelines for narrative essay guideline.

Ans: Narrative Essay Guidelines are

 Remember to give your essay a title.

 Double-space your essay.
 Write as legibly as possible ( if you are not using a computer).
 Select an appropriate principle of organization for your topic.
 Include a short introduction that serves as background information, three body paragraphs
that tell the narrative, and an appropriate conclusion.
 Try to give yourself a few minutes before the end of the activity to review your work
Check for spelling, verb tense, and subject-verb agreement mistakes.

63. What is Romanticism?

 Ans: Romanticism : a style of art, literature, etc., during the late 18th and early 19th
centuries that emphasized the imagination and emotions or the quality or state of being
impractical or unrealistic : romantic feelings or ideas

64. Write the definition of rhyme and where the lines in poetry take rhyme.

Ans: rhyme is the repetition of the same stressed vowel sound and any succeeding sounds in
two or more words. Or rhyme is the repetition of similar sounds in two or more words.
Usually the lines in poetry take rhyme at the end, and sometimes in the middle.

65. What is Alliteration?

Ans: Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sound at the beginnings of words.

66. What is the difference between subjective and objective poetry?

Ans: : Subjective poetry: The subject matter of the subjective poetry is concerned with the
poet's own thoughts and feelings. The poet describes 'his own reflection' upon what he has seen
or heard. Whatever the subject may be the poet's mind is centered on his own thoughts and
feelings. Subjective poetry is the product of civilization. The lyric and elegy represent subjective
poetry. Another characteristic of subjective poetry is that subjective poetry is personal.
Objective Poetry: In objective poetry the poet focuses his attention on the object that appeals
to one of the five senses. The objective poetry is older and is a product of uncivilized races. The
epic and drama can be considered the forms of objective poetry. Also objective poetry is
impersonal.
Shortly, subjective poetry is personal and objective poetry is impersonal.

67. Explain the aspects of drama character.

• Ans: Physical identifies peripheral facts such as age, sexual category, size, race and
color. It deals with external attributes which may be envisaged from the description of the
playwright or deduced from what the characters say or what other characters verbalize
about his appearance.

• Social embraces all aspects that can be gleaned from the character’s world or
environment as exemplified by the economic status, occupation or trade, creed, familial
affiliation of the characters.

• Psychological discloses the inner mechanism of the mind of the character as exemplified
by his habitual responses, attitudes, longings, purposes, likes and dislikes. It is considered
as the most indispensable level of character categorization because routines and
emotions, thoughts, attitude and behavior enable the readers to know the character
intrinsically.

• Moral discloses the decisions of the characters, either socially acceptable or not,
exposing their intentions, thus projecting what is upright or not.

68. How does Aristotle define comedy?

Ans: Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of laughable people that involves some kind
of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster. For Aristotle, comedy represents
human beings as "worse than they are," but he notes that comic characters are not necessarily
evil, just ridiculous and laughable.

69. What is the difference between drama and close drama?

Ans: Drama is a part of literature equipped with arms, legs, tears, laughs, whispers, shouts and
gestures that are alive and immediate. Or Drama is a story written to be presented by the
actors on a stage.
Close Drama: Some plays written to be read rather than performed are called closet drama or a
play to be read rather than acted.
The main difference between them is that drama is performed on stage, and close drama is in
written form that just can be read.
70. What do you know about non-fiction?
Ans: Non-fiction is an account of representation of a subject, which is presented as fact, and in
Non-fiction includes most of the writing with read in newspapers, magazines and textbook.
Some nonfiction stands out as creative and imaginative literature the essay is the broadest form
of nonfiction it allows an author to record thought any subject.

71. What are the characteristics of non-fiction?

Ans: characteristics of non-fiction are as follow:

 The people, events, places and ideas, presented in nonfiction are real not another
invented.
 Nonfiction is narrated by an author who is a real person.
 It presents facts, describes true experiences, or discusses ideas.
 Nonfiction is written for a specific audience, or group of readers. In addition, addresses.

72. What is refrain in Literature?

Ans; A refrain is a form of repetition. In some poems the same line, or part of it, is repeated at
the ends of each verse. Such as repeated line or phrase is called a burden or refrain.

73. What is the primary difference between Short story and Novel?

And: The primary difference between them is the length. Short story is shorter than Novel. Due
to this difference in length, some other significant differences arise between short stories and
novels.

Length

Short Stories are shorter than novels.

Novels are longer than short stories.

Sitting and Effect

Short Stories are intended to be read in a single sitting and designed to produce a single effect.

Novels are not intended to be read in a single sitting and not designed to produce a single effect.

Plot

Short Story contains one basic plot.

Novels can contain many subplots and a complex main plot.

Characterization

Short Stories focus on one or two characters.

Novels can focus on multiple characters.

Time period

Short Stories generally cover a very short time period.

Novels can cover very long periods.

74. What is Historical Novel?

Ans: Historical novel, a novel that has as its setting a period of history and that attempts to
convey the spirit, manners, and social conditions of a past age with realistic detail and fidelity
(which is in some cases only apparent fidelity) to historical fact.

Or The historical novel is a genre of literature whose story is set during a period that predates the
author's own time, often by a significant number of years. A historical novel generally involves
substantial research by the author concerning details of the period. A prominent example of a
historical novel that deals with the notion of time is Mika Waltari's The Egyptian, published in
1945.

75. Explain the Heroic tragedy and Greed Tragedy?

Ans:

 Heroic tragedy: Mostly popular during the English Restoration, heroic tagedy or
tragicomedy usually used bombastic language and exotic settings to depict a noble
heroic protagonist and their torment in choosing between love and patriotic duties.
A typical example would be John Dryden’s The Conquest of Granada.
 Greed Tragedy: Ancient Greek tragedies typically consisted of a protagonist of high
rank who makes an error of judgment (flawed) and accepts his fall from grace. Other
important elements include Gods, mythology, conflict, suffering and catharsis. The great
Greek tragedians were Sophocles, Euripides and Aeschylus. Sophocles’ play Oedipus
Rex is often considered the perfect tragedy.

76. Write the main branches of phonetics with detail?

Ans: The main three branches of phonetics are as below:

1. Articulatory phonetics: is concerned with the articulation of speech the position, shape,
and movement of articulators or speech organs, such as the lips, tongue, and vocal folds.
 2. Acoustic phonetics: is concerned with acoustics of speech: the properties of the sound
waves, such as their frequency and harmonics.
3. Auditory phonetics: is concerned with speech perception; how sound is received by the
inner ear & psychologically perceived by the brain.
77. Draw the vowel diagram.
Ans: Front Cente Back
r u:
i:
Clo
ɪ ʊ
se

e
Mid ə ɜ: ɔ:

ʌ
ɒ
78. What does an independent vowel glide in the
mean in the definition of a diphthong? ᵆ ɑ:
Ans: By a vowel-glide we mean that the speech-organs start in the position of one vowel and
ope
move in the direction of another vowel. By independent wen mean that the glide is expressly
made, and is not merely an unavoidable concomitant of sounds preceding and following.

79. Explain the Nasal Consonants?

Ans: Nasal consonants: are formed by making a complete closure in the mouth and lowering the
soft palate, thus allowing the air to escape through the nasal cavity. There are three nasal
consonants in English. They correspond to three oral plosive areas of articulation: Bi-labial /m/,
corresponding to /p/, /b/; alveolar /n/ corresponding to /t/, /d/; and velar /ȵ/ corresponding to
/k/, /g/.
/m/. : Description
Voiced bi-labial nasal consonant. In the articulation of the /m/ phoneme, the mouth

80. Explain the English fricative /v/.

Ans: Description: 1). The principal English V is formed like the principal English /f/ except that
vocal cords are made to vibrate. This formation may be expressed shortly by defining the sound
as a voiced labio-dental fricative Consonant.
2). The English sound v has the same lip-position as f, and is acquired by simply pressing the
lower lip firmly against the upper teeth ( taking care to keep the upper lip out of the way) and
producing voice, forcing the air through the narrow passage thus formed.

3). Forms of spelling: (V), as in van, have; (ph),, as in nephew

4). Pahtans usually substitute this sound with a variety of w-sound.
5). There exist unimportant subsidiary members of the English V-phoneme formed by
approximating the positions of the tongue, and to some extent the lips, to the positions required
for adjacent vowels in connected speech.

81. Write the final position of English plosive consonants.

Ans: Final position (VC) is written as follow:
Final b,d, g normally have little voicing, if there is voicing, it is at the beginning of the hold
phase, p, t, k are of course, voiceless. The plosion following the release of p,t, k, and b, d, g is
very weak and often not audible. The difference between p, t, k, and, b, d, g is primarily the fact
that vowels preceding p, t, k are much shorter. The shortening effect of p, t, k is most noticeable
when the vowel is one of the long vowels or diphthongs.

82. Write the consonants charts?

Ans: consonants chart is as below:
Palato-
Labio- alveolar(p
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glaottal
dentals’ ost-
alveolar)
Plosive P, b t,d k,g
Fricative f,v ɵ,ᵭ s,z ʃ,ɜ h
Affricative ʧ,ʤ
Nasal M n ȵ
Lateral L
approximant W r j

83. Write the formal description of English diphthong /eə/

Ans: formal description is as follow:
 Height of tongue: half-open.
 Part of tongue raised: the front.
 Position of lips: Spread to neutral.
 Opening between the jaws: rather wide.
The tip of the tongue is touching or nearly touching the lower front teeth, and as in the
case of all normal vowels, the soft palate is in its raised position and the vocal cords are
in vibration.
84. What is transformational drill?
Ans; in a transformation drill the teacher gives students a certain kind of sentence, an affirmative
sentence for example. Students are asked to transform this sentence into a negative sentence.
Other examples of transformations to ask of students are changing a statement into a question, an
active sentence into a passive one, or direct speech into reported speech.

85. Who discovered the total physical response method or TPRM?

Ans: James Asher’s discovered the Total Physical Response Method.

86). Why the Grammar translation method is called classical method?

Ans; Since it was first used in the teaching of classical languages, Latin and Greek.

87). Which area of language is emphasized in audio-Lingual method?

Ans: the strong emphasis was placed on aural-oral training or the emphasis was the oral/aural
skills.
88). What are the goals of teachers who use the Audio-lingual method?
Ans: Teachers want their students to be able to use the target language communicatively. In
order to do this, they believe students need to overlearn the target language, to learn to use it
automatically without stopping to think. Their students achieve this by forming new habits in the
target language and overcoming the old habits of their native language.
89). What are techniques of communicative approach?
Ans; They are as follow:
1. Authentic Materials
2. Scrambled Sentences
3. Language Games
4. Picture Strip Story
5. Role-Play
90. Define feedback.
Ans; Feedback is an esse ntial element of the learning process. In its many forms, feedback
allows students to reflect on their learning; clarifies areas where students can improve; and
provides students the opportunity to self-assess their skills and capabilities. It can be provided
individually or to groups, not only by academic staff but by self-assessment, fellow students
and Personal and Academic Support Tutors.
91: what are the criteria for effective questioning?
Ans:
1. Clarity
2. Learning value
3. Interest
92. How does Noam Chomsky define cognitivist?
Ans: the term is used loosely in which students are asked to think rather than repeat
simply.
93. Describe origin of the translation term.
Ans: etymologically, “Translation” refers to “ bringing across” or “ carrying across”. Originated
from the Latin word “ translation”, the perfect passive participle of which is “ translatum” or
“transferre” . Trans implies “ to transfer” and “ferre” implies to “ to carry to bring across”. For
the modern Roman, Germany and Slavic European Language, the word “traducer” is used for
translation which implies “ to bring across” or “ to lead across” in English. The Greek term for
translation is “ metaphases” which implies “ a speaking across”. “Metaphrase” implies a word-
for-word translation or literal translation while “ paraphrase” in Greek means a saying in other
words.
94. What is idiomatic translation?
Ans: Idiomatic translation: it translates the message of the original text but tends to distort the
original meaning at times by preferring colloquialisms and idioms.
95. What is technical procedure in translation?
Ans: Technical procedure: This implies an analysis of the source and target languages and a
complete study of the SL text before translating it.
96). What is Scholarly translation?
Ans: is the translation of specialized texts written in an academic environment. Scholarly
translation should not be confused with pedagogical translation.
97). Write the types of specialized Translation?
Ans: a. Commercial Translation: is the translation of commercial (business) texts. Thei
category may include marketing and promotional materials directed to consumers, or the
translation and administrative text.
b. Computer Translation: The translation of computer program is a kind of technical and
related documents (manual help files and web sites.).
c. Video Game Translation: is the translation of video games is a very recent and specialized
area within translation studies. Video game translation presents a variety of challenges to
translators, as they must convey the intricacies of both technical and colloquial language to the
target text.
d. Medical translation: the translation of works of a medical nature like pharmaceutical
translation, medical translation is a specialty in which a mistranslation can have grave
consequences.
98. Write the Requirements that are to be fulfilled for the success of translation.
Ans: For the success of translation, four requirements are to be fulfilled.
 Making sense.
 Displaying the spirit and manner of the original.
 The translated document has a natural and easy form of expression.
 The translated document produces a similar response.
99. Write the just names of the branches of translation.
Ans: The names of the branches of translation are as follow:
1. Specialized Translation
2. General Translation
3. Pedagogic Translation
4. Science Translation
5. Scholarly Translation
6. Technical Translation
7. Dubbing and Subtitling translation
8. Machine Translation
9. Computer Assisted Translation
10. Cultural Translation
100. Describe the literal Translation.
Ans: Literal translation: here the source language grammatical constructions are translated to
their nearest target language. However, the lexical words are translated singly, out of context.