The Haqqani Network

The Shadow Group Supporting the Taliban’s Operations

Perspective
-
Devin Lurie

September 2020 i
BOARD OF DIRECTORS

The Honorable Gary Hart, Chairman Emeritus Scott Gilbert

Senator Hart served the State of Colorado in the U.S. Senate Scott Gilbert is a Partner of Gilbert LLP and Managing
and was a member of the Committee on Armed Services Director of Reneo LLC.
during his tenure.

Vice Admiral Lee Gunn, USN (Ret.)

Governor Christine Todd Whitman, Chairperson
Vice Admiral Gunn is Vice Chairman of the CNA Military
Christine Todd Whitman is the President of the Whitman Advisory Board, Former Inspector General of the Department
Strategy Group, a consulting firm that specializes in energy of the Navy, and Former President of the Institute of Public
and environmental issues. Research at the CNA Corporation.

The Honorable Chuck Hagel

Brigadier General Stephen A. Cheney, USMC (Ret.), Chuck Hagel served as the 24th U.S. Secretary of Defense and
President of ASP served two terms in the United States Senate (1997-2009). Hagel
Brigadier General Cheney is the President of ASP. was a senior member of the Senate Foreign Relations; Banking,
Housing and Urban Affairs; and Intelligence Committees.

Matthew Bergman Lieutenant General Claudia Kennedy, USA (Ret.)

Matthew Bergman is an attorney, philanthropist and Lieutenant General Kennedy was the first woman
entrepreneur based in Seattle. He serves as a Trustee of Reed to achieve the rank of three-star general in the United States
College on the Board of Visitors of Lewis & Clark Law Army.
School.

Ambassador Jeffrey Bleich The Honorable John F. Kerry

The Hon. Jeffery Bleich heads the Global Practice for John Kerry is a distinguished fellow for global affairs at Yale
Munger, Tolles & Olson. He served as the U.S. Ambassador University. In 2013, Kerry was sworn in as the 68th secretary of
to Australia from 2009 to 2013. He previously served in the state of the United States. Kerry served for more than twenty-
Clinton Administration. five years as a U.S. senator from Massachusetts.

Alejandro Brito General Lester L. Lyles, USAF (Ret.)

Alejandro Brito is President of Brito Development Group General Lyles retired from the United States Air Force after
(BDG), LLP. In the last twenty years, Mr. Brito has overseen a distinguished 35 year career. He is presently Chairman of
the design, construction, development and management of USAA, a member of the Defense Science Board, and a member
over 1,500 luxury housing units in Puerto Rico. of the President’s Intelligence Advisory Board.

The Honorable Donald Beyer

Congressman Donald Beyer is the former United States Dennis Mehiel
Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein, as well as a Dennis Mehiel is the Principal Shareholder and Chairman of
former Lieutenant Governor and President of the Senate of U.S. Corrugated, Inc.
Virginia.

Lieutenant General Daniel Christman, USA (Ret.) Stuart Piltch

Lieutenant General Christman is Senior Vice Stuart Piltch is the Co-Founder and Managing Director
President for International Affairs at the United of Cambridge Advisory Group, an actuarial and benefits
States Chamber of Commerce. consulting firm based in Philadelphia.

Robert B. Crowe Ed Reilly

Robert B. Crowe is a Partner of Nelson Mullins Riley & Edward Reilly is a Senior Advisor to Dentons, the world’s
Scarborough in its Boston and Washington, DC offices. He largest law firm.
is co-chair of the firm’s Government Relations practice.

Lee Cullum LtGen Norman Seip, USAF (Ret)

Lee Cullum, at one time a commentator on the PBS Lieutenant General Norman R. Seip, USAF (Ret) served in the
NewsHour and “All Things Considered” on NPR, currently Air Force for 35 years. His last assignment was Commander of
contributes to the Dallas Morning News and hosts “CEO.” 12th Air Force.

Nelson W. Cunningham David Wade

Nelson Cunningham is President of McLarty Associates, the David Wade is a consultant helping global corporations and
international strategic advisory firm headed by former White organizations with strategic advice, public affairs and thought
House Chief of Staff and Special Envoy for the Americas leadership, crisis communications, political intelligence
Thomas F. “Mack” McLarty, III. gathering, and federal and legislative strategy.

Admiral William Fallon, USN (Ret.)

Admiral Fallon has led U.S. and Allied forces and played a
leadership role in military and diplomatic matters at the highest
levels of the U.S. government.
Asymmetric Operations In this Report:
The Haqqani Network functions as an autonomous branch of the Taliban that carries out
operational attacks and serves as a conduit for other terrorist organizations’ activities. By
avoiding the publicity of other terrorist organizations, the Haqqani Network has been
able to operate at a high-level, playing a double game of disrupting the peace agreement
signed in February 2020 in Doha, Qatar, while also signaling peaceful messages towards
American and allied forces as the U.S. leaves Afghanistan.

This report explores the history and capabilities of the Haqqani Network and offers policy
recommendations for the U.S. to consider as the February 2020 Doha peace agreement
continues to see American forces withdraw from Afghanistan. The Haqqani Network is
likely to play a significant role in events in the coming months.

Interact:
Join our discussion on Twitter with the hashtag #ASPAfghanistan
Discuss strategy for dealing with the Haqqani Network with the author @lurie_devin
Learn more about ASP at @amsecproject

IN BRIEF

• Beginning with its patriarch leader, Jalaluddin Haqqani, the group has been able to
establish relations with a variety of terrorist groups to further its objectives.
• Recent endeavors with al-Qaeda and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria–Khorasan
Province illustrate a growing trend of increased attacks on Afghan security forces
that will likely continue after American troops leave Afghanistan.
• Sirajuddin Haqqani’s roles as deputy emir and militant commander of the Taliban’s
forces have allowed the Haqqani Network greater influence over the Taliban’s
decision-making.
• The Haqqani Network aims to reestablish the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and
strives to support the Taliban in ruling over the country once again.
• U.S. policies will differ depending on whether the Doha agreement stands; However,
the U.S. must factor in the role of the Haqqanis when it comes to the U.S.’ goals in
the region.

About the Author

Devin Lurie is a current graduate student at Texas A&M University’s Bush School of Government
and Public Service. He obtained his BA in geography from California State University, Long
Beach.

www.AmericanSecurityProject.org
 AMERICAN SECURITY PROJECT

Intro
Considered by the U.S.-led Coalition and Afghan forces alike to be the “most lethal and sophisticated insurgent
group” operating in Afghanistan, the Haqqani Network functions both as an independent organization and as
a fierce branch of the Afghan Taliban.1 In recent years, the Haqqani Network has increased its influence in the
Afghan Taliban’s leadership circle, as leader Sirajuddin Haqqani was promoted to deputy emir of the Taliban, or
the second in command, as well as the commander of its military forces. Among the varying factions within the
Afghan Taliban, the Haqqani Network appears to be the most unified division largely because of its understanding
of how to connect differing organizations, both state and non-state actors, as well as its cohesive tactical approaches.2

In 2012, The United States Government designated the Haqqani Network as a Foreign Terrorist Organization
(FTO) because of its sustained engagement in the Afghan insurgency, ties with other terrorist organizations
including the Afghan Taliban and al-Qaeda, and ongoing assaults on U.S. and allied forces in the region.3 The
group utilizes brutal tactics including suicide attacks, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and well-coordinated
assaults to achieve its objectives.

The Haqqani Network strives to remain out of the public’s perception and has aligned with other terrorist
organizations to distance itself from some of its varying activities. As peace negotiations between the U.S. and
the Afghan Taliban have continued, the Haqqani Network has played a double game of continuing to fight while
simultaneously relaying peaceful messages to diplomatic emissaries of the U.S. to further the removal of U.S.
troops from Afghanistan.

Background
Group’s Beginnings

Founded by Mujahideen leader Jalaluddin Haqqani, the Haqqani Network was formally established in 1996.
Following the successful removal of Soviet troops from the Afghan-Soviet war, Jalaluddin allied with the Afghan
Taliban to establish Taliban rule in Afghanistan.4 Jalaluddin was a fearless Afghan commander who was a member
of the Hezb-e Islami faction.5

Based primarily in North Waziristan, Pakistan, the Haqqani Network was created as a Sunni Islamist militant
organization. The group engages in cross-border activities into eastern Afghanistan and Kabul and over time has
aligned itself with the Afghan Taliban, Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency, and al-Qaeda.6 While the
Haqqani Network operates independently, founder Jalaluddin and his son and current leader, Sirajuddin, each
pledged allegiance to the Afghan Taliban’s leadership.

Location and Tribal Ties

The Haqqani Network’s base of operations is located in North Waziristan, Pakistan, a region that borders
Afghanistan in remote mountains.7 Specifically, the group resides in Miram Shah, a town within Pakistan’s Federally
Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in the northern parts of the country.8 In Pakistan, the group operates “base
camps for conducting activities, including weapons acquisitions, the training of suicide bombers and logistical
planning for military operations.”9 While the Haqqanis reside in Pakistan, the network’s operations span across
the border into Afghanistan.
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In Afghanistan, the group’s stronghold spans the Loya-Paktia
region, which includes provinces in Paktia, Paktika, Khost, and
sections of Ghazni.10 The Khost region is particularly significant
as it offers routes that connect Afghanistan and Pakistan and
thus allows the flow of supplies, arms, and people to cross the
border more easily.11 Sirajuddin and his forces control these
regions through military might and the support of the local
populations.

Tied closely to the group’s longevity and identity, the region has
supported the Haqqani Network and is a driving force behind
its sustained success.12 The Haqqanis stem from the Zadran
tribe, which is one of the Pashtun tribes located throughout
Afghanistan and Pakistan.13 Both the Afghan Taliban and the
Haqqani Network are largely Pashtun and share a common
goal of increasing the number of Pashtuns in government
positions. Pashtun tribes comprise roughly 40% of the Afghan Map of the Haqqani Network’s base of operations.
Source: Office of the Director of National
population, yet are severely underrepresented in governing Intelligence
roles.14 It is important to note that while the Haqqanis strive
for more representation in the Afghan Government, they do not provide social welfare support to the public they
currently reside over. Instead, the group generally allocates funds towards military endeavors.

Goals and Ideology

The Haqqani Network’s primary goals include reestablishing the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and supporting
the reemergence of the Afghan Taliban’s authority over the country.15 Before this can happen, the Haqqanis believe
Western forces, i.e., the U.S.-led Coalition forces who support pro-democratic leaders in Afghanistan, must be
removed from the country. To achieve these aims, the group has favored a military-centric approach, opting for
committing high-profile assassination attempts, suicide attacks, and waging a war of insurgency against the West.
The group’s brutal approach has been widely successful as an effective fighting force and at attracting foreign
fighters.

Similar to the Afghan Taliban, the Haqqani Network adheres to a Sunni Islamic interpretation called Deobandi.16
The strict Deobandi interpretation believes that jihad is necessary to remove Western influence from Afghanistan
to attain its objectives.17 Jihad is the “holy war waged on behalf of Islam as a religious duty,” or the literal meaning
of “struggle or effort,” in defense of Islamic principles.18

Leadership
The Haqqani Network is a primarily clan-based and hierarchical organization. Almost all of its leaders are family
members, but the few who are not blood relatives graduated from the Dar al-Ulum Haqqaniyaa madrassa in
Pakistan, where the now-deceased patriarch Jalaluddin Haqqani once attended.19 The Dar al-Ulum Haqqaniyaa
madrassa, a religious school, is also known to have ties with the Taliban.20

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Jalaluddin Haqqani

The founder of the Haqqani Network, Jalaluddin Haqqani, was a “legendary

tribal fighter” who battled the Soviets in the 1980s with the Mujahideen during
the 10-year Afghan-Soviet war.21 During the war, his leadership and effective
tactics earned him a fierce reputation for his military prowess.22 Throughout
the Afghan-Soviet war, Jalaluddin established close relations with groups and
individuals throughout the Sunni Gulf states.23 These ties would later benefit
the Haqqani Network financially. Jalaluddin was highly respected by many
organizations and was often instrumental in solving disputes among bickering
jihadist factions in the Afghan-Pakistan region.

One of the friendships Jalaluddin made during the war was with Usama Bin
Laden, who Jalaluddin later mentored during al-Qaeda’s formulative years.24
In the mid-1990s, Jalaluddin allied with the Afghan Taliban. He became the
group’s Minister of Tribal and Border Affairs,25 a position he served in until the
Jalaluddin Haqqani. Source:
U.S. invasion in 2001.26 Wikimedia Commons

Following the 2001 U.S. invasion, Jalaluddin led some Afghan Taliban and Pashtun troops in the fight against
the U.S.-led coalition.27 As a close associate of Bin Laden, Jalaluddin also aided al-Qaeda members in escaping
to Pakistan,28 where he and his forces harbored the members following the collapse of the Taliban government.29

Jalaluddin remained the leader of the Haqqani Network until he became bedridden for several years.30 The Afghan
Taliban announced his death on September 4, 2018, but it is possible he passed away earlier.31 Jalaluddin was
succeeded by his son, Sirajuddin, who had taken over the Haqqani Network’s day-to-day operations.

Sirajuddin Haqqani

Sirajuddin Haqqani began leading the Haqqani Network when his father
Jalaluddin Haqqani became ill. Along with other close relatives, Sirajuddin is
the driving force behind the Haqqani Network’s operations.32 The younger
Haqqani is considered far more radical and violent than his father, evident in
his tactics of using suicide bombs and IEDs.33 Sirajuddin was the orchestrator
of the assassination attempt on Afghan President Hamid Karzai in April 2008,
and has shown minimal remorse for killing innocent civilians.34 Unlike his
father, Sirajuddin is in favor of utilizing criminal acts to achieve his objectives.
These actions include “drug trafficking and kidnapping for ransom” to assist the
network’s funding.35

In August 2015, Sirajuddin was named the deputy of the newly appointed
Afghan Taliban emir Mullah Akhtar Mohammed Mansur, which further aligned
the Afghan Taliban with the Haqqani Network.36 Sirajuddin remains in this role Haqqani Network leader
today. As deputy emir and military commander of the Afghan Taliban, Sirajuddin Sirajuddin Haqqani. Source:
has been largely responsible for the effective insurgency that has been waged in Federal Bureau of Investigation
Afghanistan since assuming leadership from his father.37

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Sirajuddin’s increased role in the Afghan Taliban has allowed the Haqqani Network more influence in the Afghan
Taliban’s day-to-day operations and leadership to exert the Haqqani’s power. He is well respected among jihadist
circles because of his persistent commitment for the Haqqani’s support of global jihad. Sirajuddin’s contributions
consist of “armed conflict to expand the Islamic world- by providing shelter, training camps and financing in
Afghanistan and Pakistan.”38 Similar to his father, Sirajuddin has been employed to diffuse disputes among varying
Taliban factions. The U.S. Department of State designated Sirajuddin Haqqani as a Specially Designated Global
Terrorist in March 2008, and is currently offering a $10 million reward for information that could lead to his
arrest.39

Yahya Haqqani

Yahya Haqqani, also known as Qari Saheb, is a senior member of the Haqqani
Network and brother-in-law of Sirajuddin Haqqani. Since mid-2009, Yahya
has served as the Haqqani Network’s main link to al-Qaeda.40 Yahya also acts
as Sirajuddin’s Arabic interpreter, and he is the primary liaison between the
Haqqani Network’s foreign fighters who are Arab, Uzbek, and Chechen.41
Additionally, Yahya engages in the group’s “financial, terrorist, and propaganda
operations,” and he has been instrumental in obtaining financial support for
the Haqqani Network’s operations. This role includes generating funds for the
Haqqani fighters and creating Afghan Taliban media for propaganda videos.42

The U.S. Department of the Treasury designated Yahya Haqqani as a Specially

Designated Global Terrorist in February 2014. There is a $5 million dollar
reward for information that may lead to his arrest.43
Yahya Haqqani. Source:
Aziz Haqqani Department of State

Aziz Haqqani is a brother of Sirajuddin Haqqani, and a senior figure in the

Haqqani Network. Aziz heavily engages in both the decision-making and
logistical processes of the Haqqani Network in its cross-border operations
against the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and the Afghan
Government.44 He additionally operates as the main channel for the Haqqani’s
activities in Kabul and for other major attacks in Afghanistan.45

Hafiz Azizuddin Haqqani

In a May 2020 United Nations (UN) Report, Hafiz Azizuddin is mentioned

to have allegedly taken command of a new joint unit comprised of 2,000
armed men in cooperation with al-Qaeda.46 The alleged new joint unit will be
financed by al-Qaeda. In addition to controlling the development of this new
unit, he also leads the joint front of operations in eastern Afghanistan.47
Aziz Haqqani. Source: Department
of State

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Major Events
The Haqqani Network is responsible for some of the highest-profiled attacks of the past two decades, and many of
the attacks have been located in Afghanistan, specifically in Kabul.48 Some of the attacks have been political, such
as the 2008 assassination attempt against Afghan President Hamid Karzai.49 Others have been aimed at Western
organizations in hopes of dispelling Westerners from the country. The map below highlights some of the violent
and deadly attacks that have transpired in the area. 

Map Key: Green markers illustrate confirmed Haqqani Network attacks. Red markers display events that
were likely orchestrated by the Haqqani Network, but are not confirmed.

Attacks on Western Interests

The Haqqani Network has been known to target Western actors and interests. In December 2009, the Haqqani
Network orchestrated a bombing against the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA) Forward Operating Base
Chapman. The bombing, called “one of the most lethal strikes against the agency in decades,” resulted in the
deaths of seven American intelligence officers.50 Two years later, in September 2011, a suicide truck bomber
targeted a NATO base in the Wardak Province of Afghanistan, which killed four Afghan civilians and wounded
seventy-seven U.S. soldiers.51 During the same month, the Haqqanis launched a day-long, multi-location attack
in Kabul which targeted the U.S. Embassy and the headquarters of the ISAF, resulting in sixteen deaths.52 In June
2012, the Haqqanis arranged for a suicide bomber to attack Forward Operating Base Salerno near the Pakistan
border.53 Two Americans were killed, and many more were close to being struck. Another base, Forward Operating
Base Goode, was targeted the following year in October 2013, but Afghan forces intercepted the truck bomb
deployed by the Haqqanis.54 The device, loaded with over 61,500 pounds of explosives, did not detonate, but was
the largest truck bomb ever constructed.
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U.S. and Afghan Response to the Haqqani Network

In February 2010, the U.S. targeted the youngest of Sirajuddin’s brothers, Mohammad, in a drone strike that
resulted in his death.55 A year later, the U.S. hindered the Haqqani Network in August 2012, when it conducted
a drone strike killing Badruddin Haqqani, the brother of Sirajuddin and a senior Haqqani leader.56 The Haqqani
Network was further disrupted in November 2013, when its former head of fundraising, Nasiruddin Haqqani, was
gunned down near Islamabad, Pakistan.57

In November 2019, three prominent Haqqani Network leaders were exchanged for 10 Afghan National Defense
and Security Forces (ANDSF) personnel.58 Haji Malik Khan, Hafiz Abdul Rashid Omari, and Anas Haqqani,
brother of Sirajuddin, were exchanged for the ANDSF members along with two Western professors, Kevin King
and Timothy Weeks, who had been held hostage for years.59 More recently, in May 2020, Afghan forces arrested
eight in a network comprised of both Haqqani forces and Islamic State of Iraq and Syria-Khorasan Province
(ISIS-K) militants.60 The raid killed five members of the joint network which was responsible for attacks during
Afghan President Ashraf Ghani’s official swearing-in ceremony in March, and on the Bagram airbase in April.61

Current Roles and Capabilities

Size

It is challenging to discern the exact number of militants in the Haqqani Network, but experts believe there are
roughly 10,000 members, which composes roughly 20% of the Taliban’s fighting forces.62 Many in the Haqqani
Network are recruited from northern Pakistan and southeastern Afghanistan. However, senior leadership has
extended recruitment outreach beyond the immediate region, and the Haqqani Network has attracted foreign
fighters from Uzbekistan, Chechnya and Turkey.63

Capabilities

Operating in Pakistan and Afghanistan, the Haqqani Network utilizes

a wide array of tactics to achieve its goals. The Haqqani Network was
the first terrorist organization to “regularly use suicide bombings in
Afghanistan,” and is responsible for some of the most violent attacks
the country has experienced.64 In addition, the group routinely employs
IEDs, a tactic often used by al-Qaeda.65

When not conducting operations, Haqqani forces are often training

their militants in base camps for future attacks. The group’s control
Haqqani Network weapons cache seized by
of southeastern Afghanistan forces other organizations to first obtain Afghan and coalition security forces in July
approval before engaging in activities in the region.66 2011. ISAF photo

The Haqqanis’ most beneficial role is as a conduit for other group’s operations. From the connections that founder
Jalaluddin established, the Haqqani Network has fostered relations with a variety of organizations and actors,
including terrorist groups and nations. The Haqqanis have established a unique role that allows the group to be
“able to diversify the resource mobilization of networks to which it has access.”67 This position has allowed for the
group, and other actors, not to overburden themselves by spreading too thin.
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Finances

With the ascension of Sirajuddin as the Haqqani Network’s leader, the group has transitioned to crime for
financing its operations. Once compared to the Sopranos of Afghanistan, the Haqqanis employ a variety of means
to generate money.68 Some of the illegal activities the group engages in include extortion, kidnapping for ransom,
and trafficking rare gems and drugs.69 The group is also funded through wealthy Arab Gulf individuals, dating
back to when Jalaluddin would travel around the region. Jalaluddin’s sons continue to frequently visit the Arab
Gulf to solicit funds for the Haqqani’s operations.70 It is also believed that Pakistan has long supported the terrorist
group financially due to its ties with the Pakistani ISI.

In addition to these engagements, the Haqqanis have also diversified their business interests to include additional
legal business operations. These businesses include car dealerships, construction companies, and commercial and
residential real estate holdings, but the companies are believed to be fronts used to develop the supplies necessary
for constructing bombs.71

External Relations – State Actors

The Haqqani Network has developed strong ties with other organizations and has positioned itself well to fulfill
the desires and needs of other groups. The strategic alliances formed with non-Taliban groups allows the Haqqani
Network to continue operating at high-levels in both Afghanistan and Pakistan.72 The Haqqani Network held
close relations with the U.S. in the past, and has ongoing ties with Pakistan, along with non-state actors including
al-Qaeda, ISIS-K, and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT). These close relations aid in the group’s survival by allowing it to
operate in the shadows and to finance its operations. The Haqqani Network has also worked with other smaller
terrorist organizations such as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP).

United States

During the Afghan-Soviet war in the 1980s, the “Haqqanis were once the U.S.’ closest allies in Afghanistan.”73 In
particular, the CIA established a close working relationship with Jalaluddin Haqqani by supplying the patriarch
with Stinger missiles to shoot down Soviet aircrafts. Jalaluddin also had a
positive relationship with the late Texas Democrat, Charlie Wilson, who
visited and championed the Mujahideen’s cause.74

In 2002, Jalaluddin sent messages to former allies at the CIA stating

he was open to working with the Agency once again to ally with the
U.S.-friendly Afghan Government led by President Hamid Karzai.75 The
CIA held talks with Jalaluddin’s brother Ibrahim and established plans
to meet with Jalaluddin who at the time was leading Taliban troops.
U.S. paratroops receiving airdropped
However, in Fall 2002, the U.S. military arrested Ibrahim in eastern supplies in Paktika province in 2007.
Afghanistan as a potential terrorist threat.76 The U.S. released him nine Source: U.S. Army
months later, but the prolonged response alienated Jalaluddin and
relations quickly deteriorated. The negotiations fell through after terms could not be agreed upon, which led to
chaos and subsequent American attacks on a family compound that resulted in the deaths of Haqqani children and
women.77 The two sides have since had tense relations.

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Pakistan

Pakistan’s ties with the Haqqani Network stem back to the anti-Soviet era. The ties persist as a means to counter
Indian influence in the region and to provide the Pakistani ISI a proxy to engage in various activities it would
otherwise be unable to.78 Pakistan’s ISI has provided the group “weapons, training, and money,” while also allowing
it safe havens to reside within the state’s borders.79 The ISI also permits the Haqqanis to orchestrate attacks and
“cross over into neighboring Afghanistan to carry them out.”80 As of 2012, the ISI “admits that it maintains regular
contact with the Haqqanis, but denies providing operational support.”81 Some scholars argue that Pakistan views
the Afghan Taliban and Haqqani Network as “armed allies,”82 as the state generally leaves the organizations alone
to operate, while at other times aids them during conflict.83 Other senior U.S. intelligence officials have suggested
that the ISI “gives advance warning to the Haqqani Network prior to launching select military operations in order
to protect its terror proxy.”84

While Pakistan denies overtly protecting the group, U.S. and Afghan officials have long stated the ISI provides
sanctuaries for its forces.85 In 2011, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mike Mullen labeled the Haqqani
Network as “a veritable arm of Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence” agency.86 Other military officials have echoed
this sentiment, including former U.S. Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis and General John Nicholson.87 The U.S.
has attempted to cease Pakistan’s aid to the Haqqani Network, but Pakistan has yet to comply. In response to
American demands, Pakistan has affirmed that it does not have the military capabilities to launch an offensive
against the group in North Waziristan without spreading its forces too thin.88

In 2020, the U.S. State Department’s annual terrorism report suggests Pakistan is not doing enough to counter
terrorism in the country.89 The report alludes to the ongoing support of the Haqqani Network as a proxy. Pakistan
denies providing operational assistance to the Haqqanis, but its association with the Haqqani Network is believed
to have aided the ongoing peace deal with the Taliban.90

External Relations- Non-State Actors

Al-Qaeda

The relationship between the Haqqani Network and al-Qaeda formed through years of working together. Dating
back to Jalaluddin’s time spent with Usama Bin Laden, the two networks have a strong bond built on “friendship,
a history of shared struggle, ideological sympathy, and intermarriage.”91 Al-Qaeda has historically depended on the
Haqqanis to allow safe havens for its militants, and in return, the Haqqani Network has benefitted from al-Qaeda’s
military expertise and financial ties to Arab states.92 The alliance also enables al-Qaeda members to act as religious
mentors to Taliban and Haqqani fighters.93

Despite the Afghan Taliban agreeing to not allow terrorist groups to use Afghan soil to formulate terror plots, the
relationship between al-Qaeda and the Taliban, and thus the Haqqani Network, persists. Al-Qaeda continues to
operate covertly in Afghanistan and receives assurances from Afghan Taliban leaders that the Taliban will honor
the groups’ historical relations.94

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Al-Qaeda and the Haqqani Network continue to work closely together. In February 2020, prior to the signing of
the U.S.-Taliban peace deal in Doha, Qatar, senior Haqqani leaders met with senior al-Qaeda leaders to discuss
the peace process. Aiman Muhammed Rabi al-Zawahiri, al-Qaeda’s leader since the 2011 death of Usama Bin
Laden, met with Yahya and Hafiz Azizuddin Haqqani to assure al-Zawahiri of the group’s loyalty, and to discuss
the formation of a new joint unit.95 The new joint force would be comprised of 2,000 armed fighters coming from
the Haqqani and al-Qaeda ranks to entrench al-Qaeda’s militants among the Taliban’s forces. The new force would
be financed by al-Qaeda and would be split into two different operational zones. Hafiz Azizuddin Haqqani would
lead the overall unit, as well as forces located in the Loya-Paktiya area. This area includes the prominent Khost
Province, in addition to Logar, Paktika and Paktiya. The head of the Haqqani’s intelligence, Shir Khan Manga,
would command the remaining forces in the Kunar and Nuristan regions.96

Islamic State in Iraq and Syria – Khorasan Province

ISIS-K is another terrorist organization that has benefitted from relations with the Haqqani Network. While
the group’s operational capacity is not strong, the group has claimed credit for recent attacks that appear far
greater than its capabilities. The May 2020 UN Report suggests the Haqqani
Network may have aided ISIS-K with some of its assaults by providing
“tactical accommodations.”97 As ISIS-K lacks the ability to launch the high
degree of attacks that have occurred, it is likely that the Haqqani Network
has been behind some of the operations. Such an alliance does not bode
well for the region, as it permits attacks to inflict casualties on military and
civilian forces alike, while shirking the responsibility of the group which
committed the assaults.98 Thus, counterterrorism funding might be diverted
from countering more dangerous groups to smaller organizations that are
ISIS-K Flag. Source: Office of the not as significant.
Director of National Intelligence

Lashkar-e-Taiba

Sirajuddin Haqqani is responsible for establishing Haqqani ties with the Pakistani terror group LeT.99 The
relationship between the two organizations is emerging, and so far, appears more “transactional than ideological.”100
The LeT is able to smuggle weapons and fighters across Pakistan’s border into Afghanistan, while also providing
explosive training and a willingness to conduct assassination attempts. The Haqqanis control large areas in the
southeastern Afghan region, as well as in Pakistan, which would allow the LeT to conduct its activities in a larger
area than it would otherwise be able to access.101 The more this alliance develops, the more dangerous a threat it
presents to civilian and Afghan forces alike.

Taliban and the Peace Deal

Relations with the Afghan Taliban

Similar to its unique position among other terrorist organizations, the Haqqani Network plays a special role within
the ranks of the Afghan Taliban. Although the group operates autonomously, the Haqqani Network’s leaders have
pledged allegiance to the Taliban. By deploying the Haqqani Network to orchestrate some of the Taliban’s attacks
against Afghan and U.S.-allied forces, the Taliban’s goals can be more easily attained. Should U.S. forces vacate
Afghanistan completely, experts believe the Haqqanis will continue fighting against Afghan security forces.102
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Currently, roughly 50-60% of Afghanistan is contested, with
power claimed by both the Taliban and Afghan Government
forces.103 As the Taliban has increasingly come under scrutiny
since signing the Doha agreement, the group has shifted
more of its operational control to the Haqqani Network.
While the Afghan Taliban as a whole is divided, the Haqqani
Network remains a strong, unified militant fighting force.

Taliban and al-Qaeda relations

The Afghan Taliban and al-Qaeda relationship has survived

over two decades.104 The alliance has remained throughout Taliban representatives at the Doha peace agreement,
the U.S.-led Global War on Terror, as the two organizations on February 29, 2020. Source: Department of State
have a common goal of removing U.S. forces from the
region. Although the Doha peace agreement stipulates that the Taliban cannot allow terrorist organizations to
use Afghanistan to launch attacks against the U.S. or its allies, the relationship between the Taliban and al-Qaeda
remains.105

The Taliban has yet to publicly denounce its ties with al-Qaeda and likely will not do so. If the group does, there is
a high probability it would merely be a ploy to illustrate it is meeting obligations for the peace deal. In reality, the
two terrorist groups’ alliance has become increasingly clandestine as al-Qaeda has attempted to publicly distance
itself from the Taliban to realize their shared objective of a U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan. However,
a May 2020 UN Report states that over the last year, senior leadership between the two sides met a reported six
times to discuss training, operations, and offer safe havens for al-Qaeda within Afghanistan.106 Should a new joint
Taliban-al-Qaeda unit form, it would break the conditions agreed to in late February at the peace signing.107

There is a low probability of the Afghan Taliban breaking its historical ties with al-Qaeda. In the unlikely event the
Taliban disassociates with al-Qaeda, the organization risks losing other regional groups that are loyal to al-Qaeda,
thus decreasing its operational capacity. The U.S. needs to realize that despite the peace deal stipulations, the
Taliban and al-Qaeda have a rich history of collaboration and share similar goals, and are thus likely to continue
working together.

Peace Deal and Implications

The peace deal has been widely acclaimed as a positive development in a region that has struggled for peace.
However, recent developments, including Russian bounties and increased violence against Afghan security forces
further risk derailing the U.S.-Taliban peace agreement.108 Additionally, experts state that the Taliban does not
appear ready to sever ties with al-Qaeda,109 and is thus planning to violate the condition that the Taliban will not
allow any terrorist group to recruit, train, or fundraise in Afghanistan.110

Al-Qaeda believes negotiations with the U.S. are positive, and even celebrated the Doha agreement as a Taliban
victory.111 The current Taliban emir Mullah Haibatullah Akhundzada issued a statement on July 28, 2020 on the
Taliban’s official website, the Voice of Jihad, stating that the Taliban’s Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, what the
Taliban refers to itself as, is “on the threshold of establishing an Islamic government.”112 As events continue to
unfold, it is becoming increasingly evident that the Taliban is not meeting its obligations of the agreement.

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 AMERICAN SECURITY PROJECT

Policy Recommendations
If the U.S. Withdraws from Afghanistan

The U.S. wants to vacate its military forces from Afghanistan. Recent destabilizing events, including alleged
Russian bounties and increased violence against Afghan security forces, further risk jeopardizing the February
2020 U.S.-Taliban peace deal. The current U.S. administration appears firmly committed to reducing its troop
presence in the country. Should the U.S. troop withdrawal continue in this trajectory, the U.S. should pursue the
following policy objectives to ensure its goals in the region may be reached. 
First, the U.S. should engage with the international community and its partners to establish a plan to support
the continued peace process and to respond in the event that negotiations collapse. As U.S. forces withdraw from
Afghanistan, there is a risk of the peace process failing. If this occurs, an inevitable power struggle will ensue. The
Taliban has illustrated it will continue attacking Afghan forces using the Haqqani Network’s relations with other
terrorist groups to carry out its assaults. Sirajuddin Haqqani himself said that “another challenge will be keeping
the international community interested and positively engaged during the transition to peace,” in a New York
Times Op-Ed piece published days before the agreement was reached.113 The international community would
benefit from Afghanistan not devolving into chaos once the U.S. leaves, and preventative measures may prove
impactful.

Second, the U.S. must ensure that it maintains its ability to conduct counterterrorism missions within the region.
As the region is a hotbed for terrorism, the U.S. will need to offer the military and Intelligence Community
opportunities to counter actors that threaten the security of both the U.S. and the international community. To
accomplish this, the U.S. should maintain agreements with other countries in the region that will allow the U.S.
the ability to act in its national security interests. Countering the activities of radical extremists requires bases for
the U.S. military to operate out of. The U.S. will need regional states to assist it in this challenge.

If the U.S. Does Not Withdraw from Afghanistan

While the U.S. wants to remove its troop presence in Afghanistan, recent developments may see the February
2020 Doha agreement fall apart. As the November 2020 election cycle looms nearer, a change in administration
may see the U.S. pursue an alternative course of action regarding troop deployments. Should the Doha agreement
not come to fruition, the U.S. should pursue the following to reach its aims in the region. 
First, the U.S. should push for a new deal negotiated with an increased focus on the Haqqani Network and the
roles it plays, while acknowledging its increased influence over the Taliban. When constructing a new agreement,
the U.S. may consider including wording for what will happen between the Afghan Government and the Afghan
Taliban after American forces leave, to decrease the potential for civilian casualties. The agreement should also force
the Taliban to publicly denounce its relations with al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups. While such proclamations
may not be made earnestly, it could create tensions among the terrorist groups. By creating a cohesive, well-
organized agreement that is agreed to and realized by all signing parties, the likelihood of conflict may be reduced.

Second, the U.S. might attempt informal talks with senior Haqqani leadership. Sirajuddin Haqqani is not Jalaluddin
Haqqani; he is more radical and lacks the historical ties with U.S. Government agencies (CIA) to help foster new
relations with his network. However, if the U.S. does not try to establish talks with senior Haqqani leaders, the

11
U.S. will not know if they would be willing to negotiate. Creating informal channels of communication may be
beneficial for securing peace.

Third, if the U.S. does reach out and discovers that Sirajuddin and his network have no interest in negotiating,
the U.S. should consider reallocating resources that are already directed towards the Afghanistan-Pakistan region
to disrupt the Haqqani Network. As the conduit for terrorist organizations on each side of the Afghan-Pakistan
border, targeting the Haqqani Network’s activities would boost counterterrorism measures in the surrounding
areas.

Fourth, the U.S. should establish clear and concise goals for the region. To fully implement policy change, or assist
states in regional issues, the U.S. must first have its own realistic policy objectives in order. As it stands, the U.S.
mission in Afghanistan and the region is unclear and would benefit from a revamp. An updated list of regional
aims would guide America’s policy forward and allow it better chances for stabilizing relations in the region.

Regardless of the U.S. Leaving

In either scenario, the U.S. can and should strive for the following policy objectives regardless of its decision to
stay in or leave Afghanistan. 
First, the U.S. should consider pausing the troop removal until the Taliban, and the Haqqani Network, meet their
obligations. While the Taliban has met some stipulations, such as not attacking U.S.-led Coalition forces, it has
not fulfilled its obligation of severing ties with al-Qaeda, nor has it pursued intra-Afghan negotiations. Until the
Taliban and the Haqqani Network demonstrate they are adhering to all of the agreed-upon rules, the U.S. troop
withdrawal may be premature.

Second, the U.S. should more seriously factor in the role the Haqqanis play in peace negotiations. The U.S. would
benefit from having a more holistic approach to negotiations by bringing the Haqqani Network directly into
discussions. By leaving the wider Haqqani Network out of talks, the U.S. is allowing the Taliban a certain level of
ambiguity to run the Haqqanis as an operational force.

Third, the U.S. needs to pressure Pakistan to finally sever its ties from its proxy, the Haqqani Network, or else face
consequences such as losing military and financial aid. Pakistan and its ISI have served as a protector and enabler
of the Haqqani Network’s operations for too long. If Pakistan cuts ties with the Haqqanis, the terror group will no
longer have safe havens for promoting jihad training, orchestrating attacks on Afghan and Western forces, and will
be forced to adapt its tactics and strategies to survive. Pressure from the international community, whether that
be condemnation for supporting the Haqqani Network or losing foreign aid, may compel Pakistan to reconsider
helping the terror group. The U.S. may also attempt to improve relations between India and Pakistan in order
to reduce the security concerns that lead Pakistan to see working with groups like the Haqqanis as beneficial. A
recent U.S. Department of State report contends that Pakistan has done too little to counter terrorism in the
region.114 Hindering the Haqqani Network’s activities would demonstrate its commitment to thwarting terrorist
organizations.

Fourth, the U.S. would benefit from factoring the Haqqani Network’s political objectives into its strategic approach.
On the exterior, the group appears to be largely religiously motivated. However, the group has shown that it also
has political ambitions.115 To develop a strategy to best work with, or disrupt the Haqqanis’ operations, the U.S.
will first need to view their objectives correctly.

12
 AMERICAN SECURITY PROJECT

Conclusion
No matter the outcome of the eventual U.S. decision to remove troops from Afghanistan, the U.S. must consider
all of the ramifications of leaving the country before declaring any form of victory. Moving forward, the Haqqani
Network should be included in any peace discussions. The group likely has a more significant influence on the
Taliban’s stances and a larger role in its operations than the international community gives it credit for. As events
have unfolded, the Haqqanis have purposefully remained in the shadows, continuing to operate at high levels,
relatively unchecked. The Haqqanis favor a military-centric approach for realizing its political and religious aims,
and will likely continue, if not increase, attacks on Afghan government forces upon the withdrawal of American
troops from Afghanistan. Regardless of what the U.S. decides to do with its forces in the country, it should not
forget to factor in the Haqqanis.

Endnotes

1. “Haqqani Network.” Counter Terrorism Guide, National Counterterrorism Center, http://www.dni.gov/nctc/groups/haqqani_

network.html.
2. Rassler, Don, and Vahid Brown. 2011, The Haqqani Nexus and the Evolution of Al‐Qa’Ida, https://ctc.usma.edu/the-haqqani-nexus-
and-the-evolution-of-al-qaida/, pg. 10.
3. “Haqqani Network.”
4. “Sirajuddin Haqqani.” Rewards for Justice, U.S. Department of State, https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/sirajuddin_haqqani.html.
5. “Haqqani Network.”
6. Ibid.
7. Solomon, Jay. “Failed Courtship of Warlord Trips Up U.S. in Afghanistan.” The Wall Street Journal, 8 Nov. 2007, http://www.wsj.
com/articles/SB119448472303085968.
8. Anwar, Madeeha, and Noor Zahid. “What Is the Haqqani Network?” Voice of America, 1 June 2017, http://www.voanews.com/
extremism-watch/what-haqqani-network.
9. Ibid.
10. Ishfaq, Sarmad. “South Asia’s Most Notorious Militant Groups.” The Diplomat, 31 Dec. 2019, https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/
south-asias-most-notorious-militant-groups/.
11. “Haqqanis: Growth of a Militant Network.” BBC News, 14 Sept. 2011, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14912957.
12. Rassler, pg. 8.
13. “Haqqani Network.”
14. Solomon.
15. Simmons, Ann M. “Many Americans Have Never Heard of the Haqqani Network, One of the World’s Most Lethal Terror Groups.”
Los Angeles Times, 6 Jan. 2018, http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-haqqani-network-20180105-story.html.
16. Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban. Yale University Press, 2010, pg. 88.
17. Ishfaq.
18. “Jihad.” Merriam-Webster, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jihad. “Religions: Jihad.” BBC, 3 Aug. 2009, http://www.
bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/jihad_1.shtml.
19. Rassler.
20. Anwar.
21. Dreazen, Yochi. “The Taliban’s New Number 2 Is a ‘Mix of Tony Soprano and Che Guevara’.” Foreign Policy, 31 July 2015, https://
foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/31/afghanistan-taliban-war-terrorism-alqaeda-cia-mullahomar-haqqani/.
22. Solomon.

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23. Anwar.
24. “Haqqani Network.”
25. Ibid.
26. Simmons.
27. Solomon.
28. Ibid.
29. Perlez, Jane. “Rebuffing U.S., Pakistan Balks at Crackdown.” The New York Times, 14 Dec. 2009, http://www.nytimes.
com/2009/12/15/world/asia/15haqqani.html.
30. Roggio, Bill. “Taliban Announces Death of Jalaluddin Haqqani.” FDD’s Long War Journal, 4 Sept. 2018, http://www.longwarjournal.
org/archives/2018/09/taliban-announced-death-of-jalaluddin-haqqani.php.
31. Ibid.
32. “Haqqani Network.”
33. Fantz, Ashley. “The Haqqani Network, a Family and a Terror Group.” CNN, 7 Sept. 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/07/world/
who-is-haqqani/index.html.
34. Dreazen.
35. Ibid.
36. “Haqqani Network.”
37. Roggio.
38. Simmons.
39. “Sirajuddin Haqqani.”
40. Eleventh Report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team Submitted Pursuant to Resolution 2501 (2019)
Concerning the Taliban and Other Associated Individuals and Entities Constituting a Threat to the Peace, Stability and Security of
Afghanistan, 27 May 2020, http://www.undocs.org/S/2020/415.
41. “Yahya Haqqani.” Rewards for Justice, U.S. Department of State, https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/yahya_haqqani.html.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. “Aziz Haqqani.” Rewards for Justice, U.S. Department of State, https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/aziz_haqqani.html.
45. Ibid.
46. Eleventh Report.
47. Ibid.
48. “Haqqani Network.”
49. “Sirajuddin Haqqani.”
50. Nasaw, Daniel. “Taliban Suicide Attack Kills CIA Agents at US Outpost in Afghanistan.” The Guardian, 31 Dec. 2009, http://www.
theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/31/taliban-cia-agents-killed-afghanistan.
51. Graham-Harrison, Emma. “Truck Bomb Kills 4 Afghans, Wounds 77 U.S. Troops.” Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 11 Sept. 2011, http://
www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-blast/truck-bomb-kills-4-afghans-wounds-77-u-s-troops-idUSTRE78A11U20110911.
52. “Haqqani Network.” Healy, Jack, and Alissa J. Rubin. “U.S. Blames Pakistan-Based Group for Attack on Embassy in Kabul.”
The New York Times, 14 Sept. 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/15/world/asia/us-blames-kabul-assault-on-pakistan-based-
group.html.
53. Healy.
54. “Haqqani Network.”
55. DeYoung, Karen. “U.S. Steps up Drone Strikes in Pakistan against Haqqani Network.” The Washington Post, 14 Oct. 2011, http://
www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/us-drone-strike-kills-haqqani-insider/2011/10/13/gIQA5rT3gL_story.html.
56. “Haqqani Network Militant Killed, Afghanistan Says.” CNN, 26 Aug. 2012, https://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/26/world/asia/
afghanistan-haqqani-dead/index.html.

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57. Walsh, Declan, and Ihsanullah Tipu Mehsud. “Militant Leader Is Killed in Pakistan.” The New York Times, 11 Nov. 2013, http://
www.nytimes.com/2013/11/12/world/asia/leader-in-insurgent-network-is-killed-in-pakistan.html.
58. Eleventh Report.
59. Roggio, Bill. “3 Senior Haqqani Network Leaders to Be Freed in Prisoner Exchange.” FDD’s Long War Journal, 12 Nov. 2019, http://
www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2019/11/3-senior-haqqani-network-leaders-to-be-freed-in-prisoner-exchange.php.
60. “Members of Islamic State-Haqqani Network Arrested Over Kabul Attacks.” U.S. News & World Report, 6 May 2020, http://www.
usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-05-06/members-of-islamic-state-haqqani-network-arrested-over-kabul-attacks.
61. Ibid.
62. Simmons. Ahmad, Javid. “The Taliban’s Emerging Tactical Terror Alliances.” The Hill, 11 June 2020, https://thehill.com/opinion/
international/502358-the-talibans-emerging-tactical-terror-alliances. Eleventh Report.
63. Fantz.
64. Dreazen.
65. Solomon.
66. Rassler.
67. Rassler, pg. 47.
68. Mazzetti, Mark, et al. “Brutal Haqqani Crime Clan Bedevils U.S. in Afghanistan.” The New York Times, 24 Sept. 2011, https://www.
nytimes.com/2011/09/25/world/asia/brutal-haqqani-clan-bedevils-united-states-in-afghanistan.html.
69. Ibid. “Haqqani Network.” Dreazen.
70. Anwar.
71. Fantz. Mazzetti.
72. Shah, Kriti M. “The Haqqani Network and the Failing US-Taliban Deal.” Observer Research Foundation, 29 June 2020, http://www.
orfonline.org/expert-speak/haqqani-network-failing-us-taliban-deal-68690/.
73. Dreazen.
74. Mazzetti.
75. Dreazen.
76. Solomon.
77. Dreazen.
78. Rassler, pgs. 12-14.
79. Dreazen.
80. Ibid.
81. Walsh, Declan, and Eric Schmitt. “New Boldness From Militants Poses Risk to U.S.-Pakistan Ties.” The New York Times, 31 July
2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/world/asia/haqqani-network-threatens-us-pakistani-ties.html.
82. Staniland, Paul, and Asfandyar Mir. “Analysis | Will U.S. Threats to Pakistan Help Crack down on Terrorism? Not Really.” The
Washington Post, 5 Jan. 2018, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/08/29/will-u-s-threats-to-pakistan-
help-crack-down-on-terrorism-not-really-for-these-5-reasons/.
83. Khattak, Daud. “Pakistani Offensive Seen As Sparing Taliban Factions.” Gandhara, 25 July 2014, https://gandhara.rferl.
org/a/25470427.html.
84. Skorka, Melissa. “Afghanistan Endgame, Part Two: How Does This War End?” Council on Foreign Relations, 16 Aug. 2019, https://
www.cfr.org/blog/afghanistan-endgame-part-two-how-does-war-end.
85. Anwar.
86. Bumiller, Elisabeth, and Jane Perlez. “Pakistan’s Spy Agency Is Tied to Attack on U.S. Embassy.” The New York Times, 22 Sept. 2011,
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/world/asia/mullen-asserts-pakistani-role-in-attack-on-us-embassy.html.
87. Gul, Ayaz. “Haqqani Network Remains Primary Source of Pakistan-US Tensions.” Voice of America, 29 Nov. 2017, http://www.
voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/haqqani-network-remains-primary-source-pakistan-us-tensions.
88. DeYoung, Karen. “U.S. Goes after Haqqani Network.” The Washington Post, 15 Oct. 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/
national-security/us-goes-after-haqqani-network/2011/10/14/gIQAj2i6kL_story.html.

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89. Gannon, Kathy. “US Report: Pakistan Doing Too Little to Counter Terrorism.” Associated Press, 26 June 2020, https://apnews.com/
afcdb8ab14e90e61f2f0130d0b6d2e66.
90. Ibid.
91. Eleventh Report.
92. Ahmad, Javid, and Husain Haqqani. “The Taliban Still Hasn’t Broken with Al-Qaeda.” The Washington Post, 7 Oct. 2019, http://
www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/10/07/taliban-still-hasnt-broken-with-al-qaeda/.
93. Ibid.
94. Eleventh Report.
95. Ibid.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid.
98. Ahmad.
99. Dreazen.
100. Ahmad.
101. Ibid.
102. Eleventh Report, pg. 8.
103. Ibid.
104. Sarkar, Saurav. “The Taliban and Al-Qaeda: Enduring Partnership or Liability?” The Diplomat, 16 June 2020, https://thediplomat.
com/2020/06/the-taliban-and-al-qaeda-enduring-partnership-or-liability/.
105. U.S. Department of State, 2019, Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Which Is
Not Recognized by the United States as a State and Is Known as the Taliban and the United States of America, https://www.state.gov/
wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Agreement-For-Bringing-Peace-to-Afghanistan-02.29.20.pdf.
106. Eleventh Report, pg. 10.
107. U.S. Department of State.
108. Savage, Charlie, et al. “Russia Secretly Offered Afghan Militants Bounties to Kill U.S. Troops, Intelligence Says.” The New York
Times, 26 June 2020, http://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/us/politics/russia-afghanistan-bounties.html?action=click&module=R
elatedLinks&pgtype=Article. Mashal, Mujib, and Najim Rahim. “Taliban Stage a Major Attack, as Violence Intensifies in Northern
Afghanistan.” The New York Times, 13 July 2020, http://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/13/world/asia/afghanistan-attack-aybak.html.
109. Eleventh Report.
110. U.S. Department of State, pg. 3.
111. Eleventh Report, pg. 13.
112. Roggio, Bill. “Taliban Tells Fighters Group Is ‘on the Threshold’ of ‘Pure Islamic Government’.” FDD’s Long War Journal, 29
July 2020, http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2020/07/taliban-tells-fighters-group-is-on-the-threshold-of-pure-islamic-
government.php.
113. Haqqani, Sirajuddin. “What We, the Taliban, Want.” The New York Times, 20 Feb. 2020, http://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/20/
opinion/taliban-afghanistan-war-haqqani.html.
114. Gannon.
115. Skorka.

16
The American Security Project (ASP) is a nonpartisan
organization created to educate the American public and the
world about the changing nature of national security in the 21st
Century.
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