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Digital Assignment-1: Product Development and Management

Sketching provides a quick representation of an idea without dimensions, while graphic communication presents more detailed drawings with dimensions for clear understanding. Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) standards effectively communicate design intent using symbols. Good freehand lettering is neat, uniform, balanced, and properly spaced. The four types of projection are perspective, isometric, oblique, and orthographic. Constraint-based modeling uses two basic types of constraints - dimensional constraints that specify numerical values, and geometric constraints that define relationships between elements.

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Sanjit Ramesh
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
224 views9 pages

Digital Assignment-1: Product Development and Management

Sketching provides a quick representation of an idea without dimensions, while graphic communication presents more detailed drawings with dimensions for clear understanding. Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) standards effectively communicate design intent using symbols. Good freehand lettering is neat, uniform, balanced, and properly spaced. The four types of projection are perspective, isometric, oblique, and orthographic. Constraint-based modeling uses two basic types of constraints - dimensional constraints that specify numerical values, and geometric constraints that define relationships between elements.

Uploaded by

Sanjit Ramesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT-1
RAMESH KAVITHA SANJIT 18BME0677
G1 PROF.Dr. SRINIVASAN NARAYANAN
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Q1. When Sketching is used as a graphic communication and why are GD&T
standards are so important for members of engineering design team?
Sketching: According to the literal meaning of the Italian word "schizzo", from
which the term "sketch" derives, we talk about a
"hasty jotted" drawing. A sketch is a drawing which
is intended to represent the characteristics of the
subject or the model with just a few incisive
strokes. It is drawn quickly, and so it lives by the
freshness of the stroke and the immediacy of
expression.
Graphic Communication: Graphic communication
as the name suggests is communication through
graphics and graphical aids. It is the process of
creating, producing, and distributing material
incorporating words and images to convey data,
concepts, and emotions. The field of graphic
communications encompasses all phases of the
graphic communications processes from
origination of the idea (design, layout, and
typography) through reproduction, finishing and
distribution of two- or three-dimensional products
Sketching is a rough presentation of a product or an idea, without any
mention of the dimensions, scale, material used, etc. A Sketch is not well
communicated among the others. Hence, for a better communication
graphical mode is used which gives a more detailed presentation of the
product with its respective dimensions, materials, etc. which is well
understood. Graphic communication provides with an universal language
which is understood by the product developers.
GD&T standards: Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is used as a
symbolic way of showing specific tolerances on drawings. GD&T is a valuable
tool that effectively communicates the design intent to manufacturing and
inspection. It is governed by the technical standard ASME Y14.5-2018
Parts manufactured in a shop must meet specific design requirements shown
on engineering drawings. GD&T is a way of specifying engineering design and
drawing requirements with particular attention to actual function and
relationship of the part features. The best method for describing how the parts
should fit together and how they function should be one that is understood by
people in all stages of the process. GD&T can be thought of as an engineering
design drawing language and a functional production and inspection
technique. It aids manufacturers in sophisticated engineering designs as well as
meeting demands for more completeness, uniformity, and clarity.
This unique system uses standard, international symbols to describe parts in a
language that is clearly understood by any manufacturer that is familiar with
the standard.
Some of the instances that call for GD&T to be used:
• When part features are critical to function or interchangeability.
• When functional gauging techniques are desirable.
• When datum references are desirable to ensure consistency between
manufacturing and gauging operations.
• When computerization techniques in design and manufacture are
desirable.
• When standard interpretation or tolerance is not already implied.

Why??
• It saves money.
• Provides for maximum producibility of a part through maximum
production tolerances.
• Ensures that design dimensional and tolerance requirements, as they
relate to the actual function, are specifically stated and thus carried out.
• Adapts to, and assists, computerization techniques in design and
manufacturing.
• Ensures interchangeability of mating parts at assembly.
• Provides uniformity and convenience in drawing delineation and
interpretation, thereby reducing controversy and guesswork.
Q2. Describe the characteristics of good freehand lettering and what are the
four standard types of projection?
Text is an important part of a technical drawing. Not all information required
on technical drawings can be communicated graphically, the most obvious
being dimensions. Text on technical drawings consists of dimensions, notes,
legends, and other data that are best conveyed using alphanumeric characters.
Several different ways are used to create text on technical drawings. The
traditional method is by freehand lettering. Other methods include such
mechanical lettering techniques as scriber templates, typewritten notation,
and typed lettering generated by computer-aided drafting systems.
Good freehand lettering, regardless of whether it is uppercase or lowercase,
condensed or extended, vertical or inclined, must have certain characteristics.
These requisites include neatness, uniformity, stability, proper spacing, and
speed.
• Neat lettering is important so that the information being conveyed can
be easily read. Few things detract from the appearance and quality of a
technical drawing more than sloppy lettering.
• For uniformity, all letters should be the same in height, proportion, and
inclination. A necessary tactic for maintaining uniformity is the use of
guidelines. The customary heights of characters in technical drawing are
1/8" (3 mm) for regular text and 3/16" (4.5 mm) for headings and titles.
• The proper stability or balance of letters is an important characteristic in
freehand lettering. Each letter should appear balanced and firmly
positioned to the human eye. Top-heavy letters are not balanced
because they appear about to topple over.
• The proper spacing of letters and words is important, and it takes a lot of
practice to accomplish. A good rule of thumb to follow in terms of
spacing is to use close spacing within words and far spacing between
words.
• The proper positions of letters relative to one another in words is
accomplished by spacing the letters in the word equally in the area, not
by trying to equalize the spacing between letters. This becomes
automatic if the drafter concentrates on the word being lettered, not on
each letter. Another rule of thumb for spacing is to allow the width of
one round letter, such as 0, C, Q, or G, between words.
Projection: In engineering, 3-dimensonal objects and structures are represented
graphically on a 2-dimensional media. For obtaining the image of an object,
various points on the contour of an object, are thrown forward on to a plane by
means of straight lines or visual rays. The act of obtaining the image of an object
is termed “projection”. The image obtained by projection is known as a “view”.
Types of Projections in Engineering Drawing:
1. Perspective Projection
Perspective projection represents objects as perceived by the human
eye. It is a pictorial drawing by the intersection of observer’s visual rays
(lines of sight) converging on a plane (picture plane). The observer’s eye
- station point or point of sight - is located at a finite distance from the
picture plane. Depending on the position of the picture plane, the size of
the projection may vary.

2. Isometric Projection
“Iso” means “equal”and “metric projection” means “a projection to a
reduced measure”. An Isometric Projection is one type of pictorial
projection in which the three dimensions of a solid are not only shown in
one view, but also their dimension can be scaled from this drawing.
3. Oblique Projection
The word “oblique” means “slanting”. There are three axes-vertical,
horizontal and oblique. The oblique axis, called receding axis is drawn
either at 30o or 45o. Thus, an oblique drawing can be drawn directly
without resorting to projection techniques.

4. Orthographic Projection
“Ortho” means “right-angle” and “Ortho-graphic” means “right-angled
drawing”. When the projections are perpendicular to the plane on which
the projection is obtained, it is known as Orthographic Projection.
Q3. Constraint-based, or feature-based, modelling uses defined relationships
between model elements to control various features. What two basic types
of constraints?
Constraint-based systems allow the position and size of all geometric
elements or entities to be specified using variables. This enables the designer
to create a geometric model which is easily modified during the design
process. In the case of a simple 2D parametric model, for example, a triangle is
specified by the locations of three vertices, P 1 , P 2 and P 3.
Six equations are needed to fully specify the x- and y-coordinates of the three
points (in 2D). Information in the database concerning connectivity and entity
types associated with each point or vertex in the model is then used to
generate the desired geometry (line segments for the triangle), but the basic
geometry is fundamentally defined from the positions of a set
of data points or vertices. In its simplest form, the equations for the triangle
would consist of the assignment of values for each coordinate location (point
P1: x1 = 5, y1 = 4, etc.).
In this case there are no constraints or relations between the entities and the
model is fixed, with no variational or parametric capability. Using variables
instead of the constants in the assignment equations would allow the model
some variational capability. This leads to a highly flexible and very general
model of the triangle, but it is a very awkward model to use for design
purposes. Constraints are needed to control the shape and incorporate
assumptions typically used in design

Constraint types
1. Dimensional constraints provide numerical values for basic geometric
entities. For example, the length of one side of the triangle might be
specified using an equation of the form:
√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)^2 + (y2 − y2)^2 = L
where L is the dimension or design parameter for the length of the line
segment P 1 P 2 . Dimensional constraints may be used to indicate the size
of specific entities such as a line segment or radius of an arc, or they may
be applied to any two points on the model to control the distance
between those points.
2. Geometric constraint imposes relationships between geometric entities
such as tangency, collinearity, parallelism, perpendicularity , coincidence
of points, symmetry, etc. If two line segments, defined by points (x1 , y1),
(x2 , y2) and (x3 , y3), (x4 , y4) are perpendicular, for example, an equation
𝑦2−𝑦1 𝑥4−𝑥3
of the form: =− is required to impose the desired
𝑥2−𝑥1 𝑦4−𝑦3
constraint.

Feature-based modelling allows part geometry to be represented by higher


level entities that relate directly to certain design functionalities or
manufacturing characteristics.
Most solid modelers available today represent part geometry in terms of low-
level geometric and topological entities such as faces, loops, edges, surfaces,
curves, and points. These modelers do not provide higher-level abstractions of
the part that relate directly to certain design functionalities or manufacturing
characteristics. Feature-based modelling is an approach to provide these
desired higher-level abstractions. Feature-based modelling is attractive in
several ways.
• First, the modeler allows the user to express easily his or her design
intent by manipulating features directly, thus eliminating many tedious
intermediate steps.
• Second, the features database allows a geometric reasoning system to
perform tasks such as manufacturability analysis, design verification, and
heuristic design optimization.
• Third, features can contain knowledge to facilitate NC machine
programming, process planning, and automated finite element mesh
generation.
Q4. What dimensions are the same (width, height, or depth) between:
i. the top and front view?
ii. the front and right-side view?
iii. the top and right-side view?

The dimensions that are same between :


i. Top and Front view :– Width (DC)
ii. Front and Right-side view :- Height (BC)
iii. Top and Right-side view :- Length (EF)

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