Math Connections, Course 2 PDF

Study Guide and Intervention
and Practice Workbook

To the Student This Study Guide and Intervention and Practice Workbook gives you
additional examples and problems for the concept exercises in each lesson. The exercises
are designed to aid your study of mathematics by reinforcing important mathematical skills
needed to succeed in the everyday world. The materials are organized by chapter and
lesson, with one Study Guide and Intervention and Practice worksheet for every lesson in
Glencoe Math Connects, Course 2.
Always keep your workbook handy. Along with your textbook, daily homework, and class
notes, the completed Study Guide and Intervention and Practice Workbook can help you
review for quizzes and tests.
To the Teacher These worksheets are the same as those found in the Chapter Resource
Masters for Glencoe Math Connects, Course 2. The answers to these worksheets are
available at the end of each Chapter Resource Masters booklet as well as in your Teacher
Wraparound Edition interleaf pages.
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ISBN: 978-0-07-881054-1
MHID: 0-07-881054-X Study Guide and Intervention and Practice, Course 2
Printed in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 047 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07
CONTENTS
Lesson/Title Page Lesson/Title Page
1-1 A Plan for Problem Solving ...................1 3-6 Measurement: Perimeter and Area .....47
1-1 A Plan for Problem Solving ...................2 3-6 Measurement: Perimeter and Area .....48
1-2 Powers and Exponents .........................3 3-7 Functions and Graphs.........................49
1-2 Powers and Exponents .........................4 3-7 Functions and Graphs.........................50
1-3 Squares and Square Roots...................5 4-1 Prime Factorization .............................51
1-3 Squares and Square Roots...................6 4-1 Prime Factorization .............................52
1-4 Order of Operations ..............................7 4-2 Greatest Common Factor....................53
1-4 Order of Operations ..............................8 4-2 Greatest Common Factor....................54
1-5 Problem-Solving Investigation: Guess 4-3 Problem-Solving Investigation: Make
and Check .............................................9 an Organized List ................................55
1-5 Problem-Solving Investigation: Guess 4-3 Problem-Solving Investigation: Make
and Check ...........................................10 an Organized List ................................56
1-6 Algebra: Variables and Expression .....11 4-4 Simplifying Fractions ...........................57
1-6 Algebra: Variables and Expression .....12 4-4 Simplifying Fractions ...........................58
1-7 Algebra: Equations ..............................13 4-5 Fractions and Decimals.......................59
1-7 Algebra: Equations ..............................14 4-5 Fractions and Decimals.......................60
1-8 Algebra: Properties .............................15 4-6 Fractions and Percents .......................61
1-8 Algebra: Properties .............................16 4-6 Fractions and Percents .......................62
1-9 Algebra: Arithmetic Sequences...........17 4-7 Percents and Decimals .......................63
1-9 Algebra: Arithmetic Sequences...........18 4-7 Percents and Decimals .......................64
1-10 Algebra: Equations and Functions ......19 4-8 Least Common Multiple ......................65
1-10 Algebra: Equations and Functions ......20 4-8 Least Common Multiple ......................66
2-1 Integers and Absolute Value ...............21 4-9 Comparing and Ordering Rational
2-1 Integers and Absolute Value............... 22 Numbers..............................................67
2-2 Comparing and Ordering Integers ......23 4-9 Comparing and Ordering Rational
2-2 Comparing and Ordering Integers ......24 Numbers..............................................68
2-3 The Coordinate Plane .........................25 5-1 Estimating with Fractions ....................69
2-3 The Coordinate Plane .........................26 5-1 Estimating with Fractions ....................70
2-4 Adding Integers ...................................27 5-2 Adding and Subtracting Fractions .......71
2-4 Adding Integers ...................................28 5-2 Adding and Subtracting Fractions .......72
2-5 Subtracting Integers ............................29 5-3 Adding and Subtracting Mixed
2-5 Line Plots Subtracting Integers ...........30 Numbers..............................................73
2-6 Multiplying Integers .............................31 5-3 Adding and Subtracting Mixed
2-6 Multiplying Integers .............................32 Numbers..............................................74
2-7 Problem-Solving investigation: Look 5-4 Problem-Solving Investigation:
for a Pattern ........................................33 Eliminate Possibilities..........................75
2-7 Problem-Solving investigation: Look 5-4 Problem-Solving Investigation:
for a Pattern ........................................34 Eliminate Possibilities..........................76
2-8 Dividing Integers .................................35 5-5 Multiplying Fractions and Mixed
2-8 Dividing Integers .................................36 Numbers..............................................77
3-1 Writing Expressions and Equations ....37 5-5 Multiplying Fractions and Mixed
3-1 Writing Expressions and Equations ....38 Numbers .............................................78
3-2 Solving Addition and Subtraction 5-6 Algebra: Solving Equations .................79
Equations ............................................39 5-6 Algebra: Solving Equations .................80
3-2 Solving Addition and Subtraction 5-7 Dividing Fractions and Mixed
Equations ............................................40 Numbers..............................................81
3-3 Solving Multiplication Equations .........41 5-7 Dividing Fractions and Mixed
3-3 Solving Multiplication Equations .........42 Numbers..............................................82
3-4 Problem-Solving Investigation: Work 6-1 Ratios ..................................................83
Backward.............................................43 6-1 Ratios ..................................................84
3-4 Problem-Solving Investigation: Work 6-2 Rates ..................................................85
Backward.............................................44 6-2 Rates ..................................................86
3-5 Solving Two-Step Equations................45 6-3 Rate of Change and Slope .................87
3-5 Solving Two-Step Equations................46 6-3 Rate of Change and Slope .................88
iii
Lesson/Title Page Lesson/Title Page
6-4 Measurement: Changing Customary 8-9 Misleading Statistics..........................133
Units ....................................................89 8-9 Misleading Statistics..........................134
6-4 Measurement: Changing Customary 9-1 Simple Events ...................................135
Units ....................................................90 9-1 Simple Events ...................................136
6-5 Measurement: Changing Metric 9-2 Sample Spaces .................................137
Units ....................................................91 9-2 Sample Spaces .................................138
6-5 Measurement: Changing Metric 9-3 The Fundamental Counting
Units ....................................................92 Principle ............................................139
6-6 Algebra: Solving Proportions...............93 9-3 The Fundamental Counting
6-6 Algebra: Solving Proportions...............94 Principle ............................................140
6-7 Problem-Solving Investigation: Draw 9-4 Permutations .....................................141
a Diagram............................................95 9-4 Permutations .....................................142
6-7 Problem-Solving Investigation: Draw 9-5 Combinations ....................................143
a Diagram............................................96 9-5 Combinations ....................................144
6-8 Scale Drawings ...................................97 9-6 Problem-Solving Investigation:
6-8 Scale Drawings ...................................98 Act it Out ...........................................145
6-9 Fractions, Decimals, and Percents......99 9-6 Problem-Solving Investigation:
6-9 Fractions, Decimals, and Percents....100 Act it Out ...........................................146
9-7 Theoretical and Experimental
7-1 Percent of a Number .........................101 Probability .........................................147
7-1 Percent of a Number .........................102 9-7 Theoretical and Experimental
7-2 The Percent Proportion .....................103 Probability .........................................148
7-2 The Percent Proportion .....................104 9-8 Compound Events.............................149
7-3 Percent and Estimation .....................105 9-8 Compound Events.............................150
7-3 Percent and Estimation .....................106
7-4 Algebra: The Percent Equation .........107 10-1 Angle Relationships ..........................151
7-4 Algebra: The Percent Equation .........108 10-1 Angle Relationships ..........................152
7-5 Problem-Solving Investigation: 10-2 Complementary and Supplementary
Determine Reasonable Answers.......109 Angles ...............................................153
7-5 Problem-Solving Investigation: 10-2 Complementary and Supplementary
Determine Reasonable Answers.......110 Angles ...............................................154
7-6 Percent of Change ............................111 10-3 Statistics : Display Data in
7-6 Percent of Change ............................112 a Circle Graph ...................................155
7-7 Sales Tax and Discount.....................113 10-3 Statistics : Display Data in
7-7 Sales Tax and Discount.....................114 a Circle Graph ...................................156
7-8 Simple Interest ..................................115 10-4 Triangles ............................................157
7-8 Simple Interest ..................................116 10-4 Triangles ............................................158
8-1 Line Plots ..........................................117 10-5 Problem-Solving Investigation:
8-1 Line Plots ..........................................118 Use Logical Reasoning .....................159
8-2 Measures of Central Tendency and 10-5 Problem-Solving Investigation:
Range................................................119 Use Logical Reasoning .....................160
8-2 Measures of Central Tendency and 10-6 Quadrilaterals ....................................161
Range................................................120 10-6 Quadrilaterals ....................................162
8-3 Stem-and-Leaf Plots .........................121 10-7 Similar Figures ...................................163
8-3 Stem-and-Leaf Plots .........................122 10-7 Similar Figures ...................................164
8-4 Bar Graphs and Histograms .............123 10-8 Polygons and Tessellations ................165
8-4 Bar Graphs and Histograms .............124 10-8 Polygons and Tessellations ................166
8-5 Problem-Solving Investigation: 10-9 Translations........................................167
Use a Graph......................................125 10-9 Translations........................................168
8-5 Problem-Solving Investigation: 10-10 Reflections .........................................169
Use a Graph......................................126 10-10 Reflections .........................................170
8-6 Using Graphs to Predict....................127 11-1 Area of Parallelograms......................171
8-6 Using Graphs to Predict....................128 11-1 Area of Parallelograms......................172
8-7 Using Data to Predict ........................129 11-2 Area of Triangles and Trapezoids ......173
8-7 Using Data to Predict ........................130 11-2 Area of Triangles and Trapezoids ......174
8-8 Using Sampling to Predict.................131 11-3 Circles and Circumference................175
8-8 Using Sampling to Predict.................132 11-3 Circles and Circumference................176
iv
Lesson/Title Page
11-4 Area of Circles ..................................177
11-4 Area of Circles ..................................178
11-5 Problem-Solving Investigation:
Solve a Simpler Problem...................179
Solve a Simpler Problem...................180
11-6 Area of Composite Figures ...............181
11-6 Area of Composite Figures ...............182
11-7 Three-Dimensional Figures ................183
11-7 Three-Dimensional Figures ................184
11-8 Drawing Three-Dimensional
Figures ..............................................185
11-8 Drawing Three-Dimensional
Figures ..............................................186
11-9 Volume of Prisms ..............................187
11-9 Volume of Prisms ..............................188
11-10 Volume of Cylinders ...........................189
11-10 Volume of Cylinders ...........................190
12-1 Estimating Square Roots ..................191

12-1 Estimating Square Roots ..................192
12-2 The Pythagorean Theorem ...............193
12-2 The Pythagorean Theorem ...............194
Make a Model....................................195
Make a Model....................................196
12-4 Surface Area of Rectangular
Prisms ...............................................197
12-4 Surface Area of Rectangular
Prisms ...............................................198
12-5 Surface Area of Cylinders .................199
12-5 Surface Area of Cylinders .................200
v
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
1-1 Study Guide and Intervention

A Plan for Problem Solving
Four-Step Problem-Solving Plan
Lesson 1-1
When solving problems, it is helpful to have an organized plan to solve the problem. The following four
steps can be used to solve any math problem.
1. Understand – Get a general understanding of the problem. What information is given?
2. Plan – Select a strategy to solve the problem and estimate the answer.
3. Solve – Carry out your plan to solve the problem.
4. Check – Determine the reasonableness of your answer compared to your estimate.
Example 1 Use the four-step plan to solve the problem.

RECREATION A canoe rental store along the Illinois River in
Oklahoma has 30 canoes that it rents on a daily basis during
the summer season. If canoes rent for $15 per day, how much
money can the store collect for canoe rentals during the
month of July?
Understand You know that they rent 30 canoes per day for $15 each. You need to
determine the total amount of money that can be collected during the month
of July.
Plan First, find the total amount of money that can be collected each day by finding
the product of 30 and 15. Next, multiply the previous result by 31, the number
of days in July. You can estimate this result by 30. 30 15 30 13,500
Solve Since 30 $15 $450, the canoe rental store can collect $450 in rental fees
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
each day. This means the total amount of money that could be collected
during the month of July is $450 31 or $13,950.
Check Is your answer reasonable? The answer is close to the estimate of $13,500.
Exercises
Use the four-step plan to solve each problem.

1. MONEY Colin works for his dad during summer vacation. His dad pays
him $5.20 per hour and he works 20 hours per week. How much will
Colin earn during his 8-week summer vacation?
2. BOOKS A student assistant in the school library is asked to shelve 33

books. If he puts away 9 books the first hour and then 6 books each hour
after that, how long will it take him to shelve all 33 books?
3. SHOPPING Alicia bought a $48 sweater on sale for $25 and a $36 purse on
sale for $22. How much did Alicia save?
4. MAIL It cost Ramon $3.73 to mail a package to his grandmother. The post
office charged $2.38 for the first pound and 45 cents for each additional
pound. How much did the package weigh?
Chapter 1 1 Course 2
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
1-1 Practice
A Plan for Problem Solving
Use the four-step plan to solve each problem.
1. ENGINES A car engine turns 900 revolutions per minute while idling. How
many revolutions does a car engine turn in one second while idling?
2. DISTANCE While traveling in Montana from Butte to Sidney, Mr. Kowalski,

recorded that the distance from Butte to Sidney was about 6 times the
distance from Butte to Bozeman. Bozeman lies between Butte and Sidney.
If the distance from Butte to Bozeman is 82 miles, what is the
approximate distance from Bozeman to Sidney?
3. NUMBERS What are the next two numbers in the pattern?

3.1, 3.11, 33.11, 33.111, ____ , ____
4. TIDES The Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, Canada is known for large tides.
On a particular day low tide was at 2.3 feet. The tide then rose 6.6 feet
every hour for the next six hours. What was the height of high tide on

that particular day?
5. BASKETBALL If team A won by 2 points

Team Quarter Scores Final
what was the number of points scored by
1st 2nd 3rd 4th Score
team A in the 3rd quarter?
A 21 18 ? 17 ?
B 15 19 20 25 79
6. COOKING A cake recipe requires a total 16 tablespoons of butter for one

cake, some for the batter and some for the frosting. If 4 tablespoons of
butter are needed for the batter for one cake, how many tablespoons of
butter are needed for the frosting if Samantha wants to bake three cakes?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Powers and Exponents
Exponent
34 3 3 3 3 81

Base common factors
The exponent tells you how many times the base is used as a factor.
Example 1 Write 63 as a product of the same factor.
Lesson 1-2
The base is 6. The exponent 3 means that 6 is used as a factor 3 times.
63 6 6 6
Example 2 Evaluate 54.
54 5 5 5 5
625
Example 3 Write 4 4 4 4 4 in exponential form.
The base is 4. It is used as a factor 5 times, so the exponent is 5.

4 4 4 4 4 45
Exercises
Write each power as a product of the same factor.

1. 73 2. 27 3. 92 4. 154
Evaluate each expression.

5. 35 6. 73 7. 84 8. 53
Write each product in exponential form.

9. 2 2 2 2 10. 7 7 7 7 7 7
11. 10 10 10 12. 9 9 9 9 9
13. 12 12 12 14. 5 5 5 5
15. 6 6 6 6 6 16. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
1-2 Practice
Powers and Exponents
Write each power as a product of the same factor.
1. 57 2. 24 3. 72
4. 105 5. 33 6. 68
7. four to the eighth power 8. eight cubed 9. ten squared
Write each product in exponential form.

10. 9 9 9 9 9 9 11. 1 1 1 1 1 12. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
13. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 14. 5 5 15. 4 4 3 3 3 3 3

16. 43 17. 111 18. 25
19. 103 20. 93 21. 81
22. five to fourth power 23. 7 squared 24. zero to the sixth power

Use a calculator to determine whether each sentence is true or false.
25. 28 82 26. 172 172 27. 32 119
Order the following powers from least to greatest.

28. 72, 53, 34, 25 29. 43, 113, 122, 83 30. 39, 57, 75, 93
31. INTERACTIVE MAPS Mansi is using an interactive map on her computer that allows her
to zoom in or zoom out. Each time she zooms out the scale of the map increases by a
power of ten. If she zooms out four times the scale is 104 times greater. Write this
number in standard form.
32. BACTERIA A lab technician observed 5 bacteria growing in a lab dish. One hour later he
observed 25 bacteria. Every hour he notices about 5 times as many as the hour before.
After several hours of observation, he determined the lab dish had 59 bacteria. Use a
calculator to find the number in standard form that represents the bacteria in the lab
dish.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Squares and Square Roots
The product of a number and itself is the square of the number. Numbers like 4, 25, and 2.25 are
called perfect squares because they are squares of rational numbers. The factors multiplied to form
perfect squares are called square roots. Both 5 5 and (5)(5) equal 25. So, 25 has two square
roots, 5 and 5. A radical sign, 00
, is the symbol used to indicate the positive square root of a
number. So, 25 5.
Examples
a. Find the square of 5. Find the square of 16.

ENTER
5 5 25 16 x2 256
a. Find 49
. Find 169
.
ENTER
7 7 49, so 49
7. 2nd [ ] 169 13
So, 169
13.
Lesson 1-3
Example 5 A square tile has an area of 144 square inches. What are the
dimensions of the tile?
ENTER
2nd [ ] 144 12 Find the square root of 144.
So, the tile measures 12 inches by 12 inches.

Exercises
Find the square of each number.
1. 2 2. 9 3. 14
4. 15 5. 21 6. 45
Find each square root.
7. 16
8. 36
9. 256

10. 1,024
11. 361
12. 484

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
1-3 Practice
Squares and Square Roots
Find the square of each number.
1. 2 2. 8 3. 10
4. 11 5. 15 6. 25
7. What is the square of 5? 8. Find the square of 16. 9. Find the square of 21.
Find each square root.

4
10. 6 11. 1
2
1
12. 1
6
9

13. 0
14. 8
1
15. 2
8
9

16. 9
0
0
17. 1
18. 4
8
4


PACKAGING An electronics company uses three different Labels
sizes of square labels to ship products to customers. The Type Area
area of each type of label is shown in the table.
Priority: 100 cm2
19. If the length of a side of a square is the square root of the
Caution: 225 cm2
area, what is the length of a side for each label?
Address: 144 cm2
20. How much larger is the Caution label than the Address label?
21. RECREATION A square hot tub is outlined by a 2-foot wide tile border. In
an overhead view, the area of the hot tub and the border together is 144
square feet. What is the length of one side of the hot tub itself?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Order of Operations
Use the order of operations to evaluate numerical expressions.
1. Evaluate the expressions inside grouping symbols.
2. Evaluate all powers.
3. Multiply and divide in order from left to right.
4. Add and subtract in order from left to right.
Example 1 Evaluate (10 2) 4 · 2.
(10 2) 4 2 8 4 2 Subtract first since 10 2 is in parentheses.

88 Multiply 4 and 2.
0 Subtract 8 from 8.
Example 2 Evaluate 8 (1 5)2 4.
8 (1 5)2 4 8 62 4 First, add 1 and 5 inside the parentheses.

8 36 4 Find the value of 62.
89 Divide 36 by 4.
17 Add 8 and 9.
Exercises

1. (1 7) 3 2. 28 4 · 7 3. 5 4 3
Lesson 1-4
4. (40 5) 7 2 5. 35 7(2) 6. 3 103
7. 45 5 36 4 8. 42 6 2 9 9. 2 8 32 2
10. 5 22 32 8 11. 3 6 (9 8)3 12. 3.5 102
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
1-4 Practice
Order of Operations
1. (2 9) 4 2. 8 (5 2) 3. (15 3) 7
4. (14 7) 7 5. 5 6 12 4 6. 8 2 8 2
7. 16 8 2 5 8. 15 3 5 7 9. 7 103
10. 2 52 6 11. 7 23 9 12. 27 3 2 42
13. 63 12 4 3 14. (15 3) (8 4) 15. (9 4) (7 7)
16. 8 3(5 2) 7 2 17. 5(6 1) 4 6 3 18. (5 7)2 12
19. 12 (8 6)2 20. (7 2)2 32 21. (11 9)2 (8 5)2
22. 64 8 3(4 3) 2 23. 8 5.1 (4.1 1.4) 7.1

For Exercises 24 and 25, write an expression for each situation. Then
evaluate the expression to find the solution.
24. LAWN AREA The Solomons need to find the area of their front and side yards since
they want to reseed the lawn. Both side yards measure 3 meters by 10 meters, while
the front yard is a square with a side of 9 meters. They do not need to reseed a portion
of the front yard covering 16 square meters where a flower bed is located. What is the
area of the yard that the Solomons want to reseed?
25. COMMUNITY SERVICE Jariah volunteers at the hospital during the week. She volunteers
3 hours on Monday and Thursday, 4 hours on Saturday and Sunday, and 2 hours on
Tuesday. How many hours does Jariah volunteer at the hospital during the week?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Problem-Solving Investigation: Guess and Check
When solving problems, one strategy that is helpful to use is guess and check. Based on the
information in the problem, you can make a guess of the solution. Then use computations to check if
your guess is correct. You can repeat this process until you find the correct solution.
You can use guess and check, along with the following four-step problem solving plan to solve a
problem.
Understand • Read and get a general understanding of the problem.
Plan • Make a plan to solve the problem and estimate the solution.
Solve • Use your plan to solve the problem.
Check • Check the reasonableness of your solution.
Example
VETERINARY SCIENCE Dr. Miller saw 40 birds and cats in one day. All together the
pets he saw had 110 legs. How many of each type of animal did Dr. Miller see in
one day?
Understand You know that Dr. Miller saw 40 birds and cats total. You also know that
there were 110 legs in all. You need to find out how many of each type of
animal he saw in one day.
Plan Make a guess and check it. Adjust the guess until you get the
correct answer.
Solve Number of birds Number of cats Total number of feet
20 20 2(20) 4(20) 120

30 10 2(30) 4(10) 100
25 15 2(25) 4(15) 110
Check 25 birds have 50 feet. 15 cats have 60 feet. Since 50 60 is 110, the answer
is correct.
Exercise
Lesson 1-5
GEOMETRY In a math class of 26 students, each girl drew a triangle and each
boy drew a square. If there were 89 sides in all, how many girls and how
many boys were in the class?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
1-5 Practice
Problem-Solving Investigation: Guess and Check
Mixed Problem Solving
4. GEOMETRY The area of each square is
For Exercises 1 and 2, choose the twice the area of the next smaller
appropriate method of computation. square drawn in it. If the area of the
Then use the method to solve the smallest square is 3 square centimeters,
problem. what is the area of the largest square?
1. NUMBERS A number is multiplied by 7.

Then 5 is added to the product. The
result is 33. What is the number?
5. ALGEBRA What are the next two

2. FOOD Mr. Jones paid $23 for food for numbers in the pattern?
his family of seven at the ballpark. 32, 28, 24, 20, ,
Everyone had a drink and either one
hot dog or one hamburger. How many
hamburgers were ordered?
MENU 6. MONEY Leeann received $60 for her

birthday. The money came in $10 bills
ITEM PRICE and $5 bills. If she received 8 bills, how
many of each type did she receive?

Hot Dog $2
Hamburger $3
Drink $1
7. MONEY Duane has four dimes, half as
many nickels as dimes, and three times
as many quarters as nickels. How much
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 3–6. money does Duane have?
Some strategies are shown below.
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES
• Guess and Check.
• Find a pattern. 8. LIBRARY Mr. Shuck, the librarian,
counted 157 books checked-in during
3. PATTERNS What are the next two the day. This number was 8 less than 3
“words” in the pattern? times the number of books checked-out
that same day. How many books were
ace, bdf, ceg, dfh, egi, ____ , ____ checked-out that day?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Algebra: Variables and Expressions
To evaluate an algebraic expression you replace each variable with its numerical value, then use the
order of operations to simplify.
Example 1 Evaluate 6x 7 if x 8.
6x 7 6(8) 7 Replace x with 8.

48 7 Use the order of operations.
Example 2 Evaluate 5m 3n if m 6 and n 5.
5m 3n 5(6) 3(5) Replace m with 6 and n with 5.

ab
Example 3 Evaluate if a 7 and b 6.
3
ab (7)(6)

Replace a with 7 and b with 6.

3 3
42

The fraction bar is like a grouping symbol.

3
14 Divide.
Example 4 Evaluate x3 4 if x 3.
x3 4 33 4 Replace x with 3.

31 Add 27 and 4.
Exercises
Evaluate each expression if a 4, b 2, and c 7.

1. 3ac 2. 5b3 3. abc
ab
4. 5 6c 5.

6. 2a 3b
8
4
7.
b
8. c a 9. 20 bc
4
Lesson 1-6
10. 2bc 11. ac 3b 12. 6a2
13. 7c 14. 6a b 15. ab c
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
1-6 Practice
Algebra: Variables and Expressions
Evaluate each expression if r 5, s 2, t 7, and u 1.
1. s 7 2. 9 u 3. 3t 1
4. 5r 4 5. t s 6. u r
7. 11t 7 8. 6 3u 9. 4r 10s
10. 3u2 11. 2t2 18 12. r2 8
s 30 (3 u)2
13.
14.
15.
2 r 8
Evaluate each expression if a 4.1, b 5.7, and c 0.3.

16. a b c 17. 10 (a b) 18. b c 2

w
19. MOON The expression
gives the weight of an object on the Moon in

6
pounds with a weight of w pounds on Earth. What is the weight of a
space suit on the Moon if the space suit weighs 178.2 pounds on Earth?
20. Complete the table.

Ounces
Pounds (p)
(16p)
1 16
2 32
3
4
5
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Algebra: Equations
• An equation is a sentence in mathematics that contains an equals sign, .
Lesson 1-7
• The solution of an equation is the value that when substituted for the variable makes the equation
true.
Example 1 Solve 23 y 29 mentally.
23 y 29 Write the equation.

23 6 29 You know that 23 6 is 29.
29 29 Simplify.
The solution is 6.
Example 2
TRAVEL On their annual family vacation, the Whites travel 790 miles in two days. If on the
first day they travel 490 miles, how many miles must they drive on the second day to reach
their destination?
The total distance to travel in two days is 790 miles.
Let m represent the distance to travel on day two.
m 490 790
m 490 790 Write the equation.
300 490 790 Replace m with 300 to make the equation true.
790 790 Simplify.

The number 300 is the solution. The distance the Whites must travel on day two is 300 miles.
Exercises
Solve each equation mentally.

1. k 7 15 2. g 8 20 3. 6y 24
4.
a
9 5.
x
9 6. 8 r 24
3 6
7. 12 · 8 h 8. n 11 8 9. 48 12 x
10. h 12 24 11. 19 y 28 12. 9f 90
Define a variable. Then write and solve an equation.

13. MONEY Aaron wants to buy a video game. The game costs $15.50. He has $10.00 saved
from his weekly allowance. How much money does he need to borrow from his mother
in order to buy the video game?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
1-7 Practice
Algebra: Equations
Solve each equation mentally.
1. a 5 14 2. 7 y 24 3. t 13 33
4. b 17 11 5. 12 r 0 6. x 18 59
42
7. 63 9g 8. 8d 96 9. n
z
10. 9
11. 10 h 4 12. 55 m 11
7
13. 1.2 k 3.0 14. 2.7 f 1.1 15. v 0.5 0.2
16. 12.6 c 7.0 17. 8.8 j 18.7 18. w 13.5 16.0
19. WEATHER The temperature was 78F. A cold front moved in, and the
temperature dropped to 54F. Solve the equation 78 d 54 to find the
drop in temperature.
20. HOBBIES Elissa can cut out the pieces of cloth to make four pillows in

one hour. Solve the equation 4h 20 to find how many hours Elissa
needs to cut cloth for 20 pillows.
21. BOWLING Jean Conrad is an amateur bowler with an average score of

187. She recently bowled a perfect 300 score. Write an equation that can
be used to find how much the perfect score was above her average score
and then solve the equation.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Algebra: Properties
Property Arithmetic Algebra
Distributive Property 5(3 4) 5(3) 5(4) a(b c) a(b) a(c)
Commutative Property 5335 abba
of Addition
Commutative Property 5335 abba
of Multiplication
Associative Property (2 3) 4 2 (3 4) (a b) c a (b c)
of Addition
Lesson 1-8
Associative Property (4 5) 6 4 (5 6) (a b) c a (b c)
of Multiplication
Identity Property 505 a0a
of Addition
Identity Property 515 a1a
of Multiplication
Example 1 Use the Distributive Property to write 6(4 3) as an equivalent

expression. Then evaluate the expression.
6(4 3) 6 4 6 3 Apply the Distributive Property.

24 18 Multiply.
42 Add.
Example 2 Name the property shown by each statement.

5445 Commutative Property of Multiplication
12 0 12 Identity Property of Addition
7 (6 3) (7 6) 3 Associative Property of Addition
Exercises
Use the Distributive Property to write each expression as an

equivalent expression. Then evaluate the expression.
1. 5(7 2) 2. 4(9 1) 3. 2(6 7)
Name the property shown by each statement.

4. 9 1 9 5. 7 3 3 7
6. (7 8) 2 7 (8 2) 7. 6(3 2) 6(3) 6(2)
8. 15 12 12 15 9. 1 20 20
10. (9 5) 2 9 (5 2) 11. 3 0 3
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
1-8 Practice
Algebra: Properties
Use the Distributive Property to evaluate each expression.
1. 4(5 7) 2. 6(3 1) 3. (10 8)2
4. 5(8 3) 5. 7(4 1) 6. (9 2)3
Name the property shown by each statement.

7. 7 (6 t) (7 6) t 8. 23 15 15 23 9. 0 x x
10. 3(g 7) 3 g 3 7 11. 8 1 8 12. y 11 11 y
13. 5(w 1) (w 1)5 14. (4 d) 1 4 (d 1) 15. (6 2)7 (6)7 (2)7
Use one or more properties to rewrite each expression as an

equivalent expression that does not use parentheses.
16. (b 3) 6 17. 7(5x) 18. 4(a 4)

19. 7 (3 t) 20. (2z)0 21. (9 k)5
22. 8(y 5) y 23. (h 2)3 2h
24. GROCERY A grocery store sells an imported specialty cheesecake for $11 and its own
store-baked cheesecake for $5. Use the Distributive Property to mentally find the total
cost for 6 of each type of cheesecake.
25. CHECKING ACCOUNT Mr. Kenrick balances his checking account statement each month
two different ways as shown by the equation, (b d) c b (d c), where b is the
previous balance, d is the amount of deposits made, and c is the amount of checks
written. Name the property that Mr. Kenrick uses to double check his arithmetic.
26. SPEED A train is traveling at a speed of 65 miles per hour. The train travels for
one hour. What property is used to solve this problem as shown by the statement
65 1 65?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Algebra: Arithmetic Sequences
An arithmetic sequence is a list in which each term is found by adding the same number to the
previous term. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …

+2 +2 +2 +2
Example 1 Describe the relationship between terms in the arithmetic

sequence 17, 23, 29, 35, … Then write the next three terms in the
sequence.
17, 23, 29, 35, …. Each term is found by adding 6 to the previous term.

6 6 6 35 6 41 41 6 47 47 6 53
The next three terms are 41, 47, and 53.
Example 2
MONEY Brian’s parents have decided to start giving him a monthly allowance for one year.
Each month they will increase his allowance by $10. Suppose this pattern continues. What
Lesson 1-9
algebraic expression can be used to find Brian’s allowance after any given number of
months? How much money will Brian receive for allowance for the 10th month?
Make a table to display the sequence.
Position Operation Value of Term
1 1 10 10
2 2 10 20
3 3 10 30
n n 10 10n
Each term is 20 times its position number. So, the expression is 10n.
How much money will Brian earn after 10 months?
10n Write the expression.
10(10) 100 Replace n with 10
So, for the 10th month Brian will receive $100.
Exercises
Describe the relationship between terms in the arithmetic sequences.

Write the next three terms in the sequence.
1. 2, 4, 6, 8, … 2. 4, 7, 10, 13, … 3. 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, …
4. 200, 212, 224, 236, … 5. 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, … 6. 12, 19, 26, 33, …
7. SALES Mama’s bakery just opened and is currently selling only two types of pastry.
Each month, Mama’s bakery will add two more types of pastry to their menu.
Suppose this pattern continues. What algebraic expression can be used to find the
number of pastries offered after any given number of months? How many pastries will
be offered in one year?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
1-9 Practice
Algebra: Arithmetic Sequences
Describe the relationship between the terms in each arithmetic sequence. Then
write the next three terms in each sequence.
1. 0, 5, 10, 15, … 2. 1, 3, 5, 7, … 3. 18, 27, 36, 45, …
4. 7, 19, 31, 43, … 5. 8, 18, 28, 38, … 6. 25, 26, 27, 28, …
7. 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, … 8. 3.7, 3.7, 3.7, 3.7, … 9. 5.1, 6.2, 7.3, 8.4, …
10. 17, 31, 45, 59, … 11. 30, 50, 70, 90, … 12. 14, 41, 68, 95, …
In a geometric sequence, each term is found by multiplying the previous term by

the same number. Write the next three terms of each geometric sequence.
13. 5, 10, 20, 40, … 14. 3, 9, 27, 81, … 15. 2, 8, 32, 128, …

NUMBER SENSE Find the 40th term in each arithmetic sequence.
16. 4, 8, 12, 16, … 17. 13, 26, 39, 52, … 18. 6, 12, 18, 24, …
19. GEOMETRY The lengths of the sides of a 6-sided polygon are in arithmetic sequence.
The length of the shortest side is 3 meters. If the length of the next longer side is 5
meters, what is the length of the longest side?
20. FREE FALLING OBJECT A free falling object increases speed by a little over 22 miles per
hour each second. The arithmetic sequence 22, 44, 66, …, represents the speed after
each second, in miles per hour, of a dropped object. How fast is a rock falling after 8
seconds if it is dropped over the side of a cliff?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Algebra: Equations and Functions
The solution of an equation with two variables consists of two numbers, one for each variable that
makes the equation true. When a relationship assigns exactly one output value for each input value, it
is called a function. Function tables help to organize input numbers, output numbers, and function
rules.
Example 1 Complete a function table for y 5x. Then state the domain
and range.
Choose four values for x. Substitute the values for x into the expression. Then
evaluate to find the y value.
x 5x y
0 5(0) 0
1 5(1) 5
2 5(2) 10
3 5(3) 15
The domain is {0, 1, 2, 3}. The range is {0, 5, 10, 15}.
Exercises
Complete the following function tables. Then state the domain and range.
Lesson 1-10
1. y x 4 2. y 10x
x x4 y x x4 y
0 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
3. y x 1 4. y 3x
x x1 y x x4 y
2 10
3 11
4 12
5 13
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
1-10 Practice
Algebra: Equations and Functions
Complete each function table. Then identify the domain and range.
1. y 5x 2. y 8x 3. y 7x
x 5x y x 8x y x 7x y
1 1 3
2 2 4
3 3 5
4 4 6
4. y x 2 5. y x 3 6. y x 0.75
x x2 y x x3 y x x 0.75 y
2 2 0
3 3 1
4 4 2
5 5 3

7. PRODUCTION A car manufacturer makes 15,000 hybrid cars a month. Using the
function table, find the number of hybrid cars produced after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.
m 15,000m P
3
6
9
12
8. SUNSPOTS The changing activity of sunspots, which are cooler and darker areas of the
sun, occur in 11-year cycles. Use the function y 11c to find the numbers of years
necessary to complete 1, 2, 3, and 4 sunspot cycles.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Integers and Absolute Value
Integers less than zero are negative integers. Integers greater than zero are positive integers.
negative integers positive integers
7654321 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
zero is neither
positive nor negative
The absolute value of an integer is the distance the number is from zero on a number line. Two
vertical bars are used to represent absolute value. The symbol for absolute value of 3 is ⏐3⏐.
Example 1 Write an integer that represents 160 feet below sea level.
Because it represents below sea level, the integer is 160.
Example 2 Evaluate |2|.
On the number line, the graph of 2 is

2 units away from 0. So, ⏐2⏐ 2.
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
Exercises
Write an integer for each situation.

1. 12°C above 0 2. a loss of $24
3. a gain of 20 pounds 4. falling 6 feet
Lesson 2-1
5. ⏐12⏐ 6. ⏐150⏐
7. ⏐8⏐ 8. ⏐75⏐
9. ⏐19⏐ 10. ⏐84⏐
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
2-1 Practice
Integers and Absolute Value
Write an integer for each situation.
1. a profit of $12 2. 1,440 feet below sea level
3. 22F below 0 4. a gain of 31 yards
Graph each set of integers on a number line.

5. {5, 0, 5} 6. {3, 2, 1, 4}
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7. |11| 8. |5| 8 9. |4| |4|
10. |12| 2 |5| 11. |4| 7 |3| 12. 9 |6| 12

13. HEALTH A veterinarian recommends that a St. Bernard lose weight. Write an integer
to describe the dog losing 25 pounds.
14. GEOGRAPHY Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa. Write an integer to
represent the elevation of Mount Kilimanjaro of 5,895 meters above sea level.
15. ECONOMY Gasoline prices occasionally fluctuate during a two month period of time.
Prices increased 34 cents per gallon during the month of April and decreased 17 cents
per gallon during the month of May. What integers can be used to describe each change
in price?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Comparing and Ordering Integers
When two numbers are graphed on a number line, the number to the left is always less than (<) the
number to the right. The number to the right is always greater than (>) the number to the left.
Model
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
Words 3 is less than 1. 1 is greater than 1.

Symbols 3 1 1 3
The symbol points to

the lesser number.
Example 1 Replace the with or to make 1 6 a true sentence.
Graph each integer on a number line.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
Since 1 is to the right of 6, 1 6.
Example 2 Order the integers 2, 3, 0, 5 from least to greatest.

To order the integers, graph them on a number line.
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Order the integers by reading from left to right: 5, 3, 0, 2.
Exercises
1. Replace the with < or > to make 5 10 a true sentence.
2. Order 1, 5, 3, and 2 from least to greatest.
3. Order 0, 4, 2, and 7 from greatest to least.

Lesson 2-2
4. Order 3, ⏐2⏐, 4, 0, and 5 from greatest to least.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
2-2 Practice
Comparing and Ordering Integers
Replace each with or to make a true sentence.
1. 5 1 2. 27 31 3. 7 0
4. 4 11 5. 7 7 6. 12 14
7. 54 31 8. 49 3 9. 1 2
Order the integers in each set from least to greatest.

10. {4, 4, 1, 7, 2} 11. {8, 5, 0, 1, 2} 12. {11, 17, 12, 9, 3, 1}
Replace each with <, >, or to make a true sentence.

13. 4 |4| 14. |27| |31| 15. 12 |18|
16. ANALYZE TABLES Elements melt at different Element Melting Point C

temperatures. Five elements and their melting Carbon 3,500
points in C, are listed in the table. Order the Helium 272
elements from the lowest melting point to the Mercury 39
highest melting point. Oxygen 218

Sodium 98
Source: science.co.il
BUSINESS For Exercises 17 and 18, use the information in the table. It shows
the net profit or loss of a used-car dealership during the spring and summer
months of a recent year.
Month March April May June July August September
Net Profit
Or Loss $8,500 $1,800 $2,300 $300 $1,000 $9,400 $2,500
17. Order the months from the lowest net value to the highest.
18. Which net value is the middle, or median, value?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

The Coordinate Plane
The coordinate plane is used to locate points. The horizontal number line is the x-axis. The vertical
Lesson 2-3
number line is the y-axis. Their intersection is the origin.
Points are located using ordered pairs. The first number in an ordered pair is the x-coordinate; the
second number is the y-coordinate.
The coordinate plane is separated into four sections called quadrants.
Example 1 Name the ordered pair for point P. Then identify the quadrant in
which P lies.
• Start at the origin. y

4
• Move 4 units left along the x-axis. P 3
• Move 3 units up on the y-axis. 2
The ordered pair for point P is (4, 3). 1
O
P is in the upper left quadrant or quadrant II. 432 1 2 3 4x
2
3
Example 2 Graph and label the point M(0, 4). 4
M (0, 4)
• Start at the origin.

• Move 0 units along the x-axis.
• Move 4 units down on the y-axis.
• Draw a dot and label it M(0, 4).
Exercises
Name the ordered pair for each point graphed at y

4
the right. Then identify the quadrant in which 3
R
each point lies. S 2
1
1. P 2. Q
⫺4⫺3⫺2 O 1 2 3 4x
⫺2
3. R 4. S Q ⫺3
P
⫺4
Graph and label each point on the coordinate plane.

5. A(1, 1) 6. B(0, 3) y
4
3
2
7. C(3, 2) 8. D(3, 1) 1
⫺4⫺3⫺2 O 1 2 3 4x
⫺2
9. E(1, 2) 10. F(1, 3) ⫺3
⫺4
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
2-3 Practice
The Coordinate Plane
Write the ordered pair for each point graphed at the y
right. Then name the quadrant or axis on which each
point is located. A
B
1. A 2. B 3. C F
G
C
4. D 5. E 6. F O x
D
7. G 8. H 9. I I
E H
Graph and label each point on the coordinate plane y

at the right.
10. J(2, 2) 11. K(3, 4) 12. L(4, 1)
13. M(3, 3) 14. N(1, 4) 15. O(0, 0)

O x
16. P(4, 5) 17. Q(4, 3) 18. R(6, 5)
Determine whether each statement is sometimes, always, or never

true. Explain or give a counterexample to support your answer.

19. The y-coordinate of a point in quadrant II is negative.
20. The x-coordinate of a point on the y-axis is zero.
21. In quadrants I and III, the x-coordinate of a point is positive.
22. GEOMETRY Graph the points A(3,1), B(0, 4), C(4, 3), and y
D(1, 2) on the coordinate plane at the right. Connect the
points from A to B, B to C, C to D, and D to A. Name the
figure.
O x
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Adding Integers
For integers with the same sign:
• the sum of two positive integers is positive.
• the sum of two negative integers is negative.
For integers with different signs, subtract their absolute values. The sum is:
• positive if the positive integer has the greater absolute value.
• negative if the negative integer has the greater absolute value.
To add integers, it is helpful to use counters or a number line.
Lesson 2-4
Example Find 4 (6).
Method 1 Use counters. Method 2 Use a number line.

Combine a set of 4 positive counters • Start at 0.
and a set of 6 negative counters on a mat. • Move 4 units right.
• Then move 6 units left.
6
4

3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
4 (6) 2

1

4 (6) 4 (6) 2
Exercises
Add.
1. 5 (2) 2. 8 1 3. 7 10
4. 16 (11) 5. 22 (7) 6. 50 50
7. 10 (10) 8. 100 (25) 9. 35 20
Evaluate each expression if a 8, b 8, and c 4.

10. a 15 11. b (9) 12. a b
13. b c 14. 10 c 15. 12 b
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
2-4 Practice
Adding Integers
Add.
1. 34 22 2. 29 30 3. 9 (32)
4. 16 (28) 5. 4 (50) 6. 12 (63)
7. 42 42 8. 28 14 9. 13 63
10. 18 (12) 5 11. 22 (10) 15 12. 14 0 13
Write an addition expression to describe each situation. Then find

each sum and explain its meaning.
13. WEIGHT An actor gains 20 pounds for a part and then loses 15 pounds
during the filming of a movie to go along with the story.

14. TEMPERATURE At 4:00 A.M., the outside temperature was 28F. By 4:00
P.M. that same day, it rose 38 degrees.
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if a 12, b 15, and c 10.
15. a (12) 16. 20 b 17. c 23
18. b c 19. a c 20. a b
21. ROLLER COASTERS The latest thrill ride at a popular theme park takes
roller coaster fans on an exciting ride. In the first 20 seconds, it carries its
passengers up a 100-meter hill, plunges them down 72 meters, and
quickly takes them back up a 48-meter rise. How much higher or lower
from the start of the ride are they after these 20 seconds?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Subtracting Integers
To subtract an integer, add its opposite.
Example 1 Find 6 9.
6 9 6 (9) To subtract 9, add 9.

3 Simplify.
Example 2 Find 10 (12).
10 (12) 10 12 To subtract 12, add 12.

2 Simplify.
Example 3 Evaluate a b if a 3 and b 7.
a b 3 7 Replace a with 3 and b with 7.

3 (7) To subtract 7, add 7.
10 Simplify.
Lesson 2-5
Exercises
Subtract.
1. 7 9 2. 20 (6)
3. 10 4 4. 0 12
5. 7 8 6. 13 18
7. 20 (5) 8. 8 (6)
9. 25 (14) 10. 75 50
11. 15 65 12. 19 (10)
Evaluate each expression if m 2, n 10, and p 5.

13. m 6 14. 9 n
15. p (8) 16. p m
17. m n 18. 25 p
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
2-5 Practice
Subtracting Integers
Subtract.
1. 16 14 2. 4 2 3. 9 (2)
4. 6 (8) 5. 20 10 6. 28 (13)
7. 33 33 8. 28 14 9. 13 (63)
10. 18 (12) 11. 52 (30) 12. 15 0
13. WEATHER The highest and lowest recorded temperatures for the state of
Texas are 120F and 23F. Find the difference in these extreme
temperatures.
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if x 8, y 7, and z 11.

14. x 7 15. 13 y 16. 11 z
17. x z 18. z y 19. y x
20. x (z) 21. |y z| 22. x z y

ANALYZE TABLES In golf, scores are often stated as the number of strokes
above or below par for the course. Four golfers played two rounds of golf
during the weekend. The table lists their scores for each round in relation
to par.
Golfer Patrick Diane James Juanita
Round 1 6 1 2 3
Round 2 2 4 7 6
For Exercises 23 and 24, use the information in the table.

23. Find the difference between James’s Round 2 score and Diane’s Round 2
score.
24. Find the difference between Patrick’s lower score and Juanita’s higher
score.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Multiplying Integers
The product of two integers with different signs is negative.
The product of two integers with the same sign is positive.
Example 1 Multiply 5(2).
5(2) 10 The integers have different signs. The product is negative.
3(7) 21 The integers have different signs. The product is negative.
6(9) 54 The integers have the same sign. The product is positive.
Example 4 Multiply (7)2.
(7)2 (7)(7) There are 2 factors of 7.

49 The product is positive.
Example 5 Simplify 2(6c).
2(6c) (2 · 6)c Associative Property of Multiplication.

12c Simplify.
Lesson 2-6
Example 6 Simplify 2(5x).
2(5x) (2 · 5)x Associative Propery of Multiplication.

10x Simplify.
Example
Multiply.
1. 5(8) 2. 3(7) 3. 10(8)
4. 8(3) 5. 12(12) 6. (8)2
ALGEBRA Simplify each expression.
7. 5(7a) 8. 3(2x) 9. 4(6f)

10. 7(6b) 11. 6(3y) 12. 7(8g)
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if a 3, b 4, and c 5.
13. 2a 14. 9b 15. ab

16. 3ac 17. 2c2 18. abc
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
2-6 Practice
Multiplying Integers
Multiply.
1. 4(7) 2. 14(5) 3. 9(12)
4. 6(8) 5. 27(3) 6. 11(13)
7. 55(0) 8. (7)(7) 9. 78(1)
10. (3)3 11. (1)4 12. (8)2
13. Find 5 cubed.
14. Find the product of 13 and 31.
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression a 5, b 4, c 1, and d 8.
15. 5b 16. 3c 17. ad
18. 7bd 20. 5c3

19. abc
21. a2b 22. 4d a 23. b2 4ac
24. RECREATION Hiking up a mountain, you notice that the air temperature
drops 10C for every 1,000 meters increase in elevation. Write a
multiplication expression to represent the decrease in temperature if you
hike up the mountain 3,000 meters. Then evaluate the expression and
explain its meaning.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Problem-Solving Investigation: Look for a Pattern
Looking for a pattern is one strategy that can help you when solving problems. You can use
the four-step problem-solving plan along with looking for a pattern to solve problems.
Understand • Determine what information is given in the problem and what you need to find.
Plan • Select a strategy including a possible estimate.
Solve • Solve the problem by carrying out your plan.
Check • Examine your answer to see if it seems reasonable.
Example MEMBERSHIP The local tennis club started the year with 675 members. In
one month they had 690 members. After two months they had 705 members. After three
months they had 720 members. When the tennis club reaches 750 members they will close
their enrollment. How many months will it take the club to reach their maximum
enrollment if they continue adding new members at the same rate?
Understand The club began with 590 members and is adding new members every month.
It needs to find out when it reaches its maximum enrollment of 750 members.
Plan Look for a pattern or rule that increases the membership each month. Then
use the rule to extend the patter to find the solution.
Solve After the initial 575 members, 15 new members joined each month. Extend
the pattern to find the solution.
675, 690, 705, 720, 735, 750
15 15 15 15 15
They will have reached their maximum enrollment in 5 months.
Check They increased by 5

15 or 75 members in 5 months which when added to the
original 675 members is 675 75 750. So, 5 months is a reasonable answer.
Exercises
Lesson 2-7
1. PRODUCE A farmer has 42 apples sitting on his front porch. The next day there are
only 36 apples left on the porch. After 2 days there are only 30 apples left on the porch
and in 3 days 24 apples remain on the porch. After how many days will there be no
more apples on the porch if the same amount continue to disappear each day?
2. TELEPHONE A local phone company charges a standard rate of $3 per call. After one
minute the charge is $4.50. In two minutes the charge is $6.00. If Susan only has
$10.00, how long can her phone conversation be if the charges per minute stay
constant?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
2-7 Practice
Problem-Solving Investigation: Look for a Pattern
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 3–6.
Mixed Problem Solving Some strategies are shown below.
Use the look for a pattern strategy to PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES
solve Exercises 1 and 2. Guess and Check.
Look for a pattern.
1. NUMBERS What are the next two
numbers in the pattern below?
3. TRANSPORTATION A college needs to
3, 15, 75, 375, . . . transport the swim team to a state
meet. The large van carries 15 people
and each smaller van carries 9 people.
How many smaller vans are needed to
provide rides for 54 people if the large
2. QUILTING Mrs. Perez is a talented van is used?
quilter. In the center of the design of her
quilt are four identical red squares in
the shape of a square. Surrounding
these red squares is a border of 12
identical white squares. Surrounding
4. ALPHABET What are the next three
these white squares is a border of 20
letters in each pattern shown?
identical blue squares. How many
squares are in the next border
D, H, L, P, …
surrounding the 20 blue squares?

C, F, I, L, …
B B B B B B
B W W W W B
B W R R W B
B W R R W B
B W W W W B
5. POPULATION The land area of Ebeye, an
island in the Pacific, is 90 acres. About
B B B B B B
155 persons per acre live on this island.
What is the population of Ebeye?
6. ASTRONOMY Earth is 93 million miles

from the sun, while Mars is 142 million
miles from the sun. Theoretically, what
is the closest distance Mars could be to
Earth?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Dividing Integers
The quotient of two integers with different signs is negative.
The quotient of two integers with the same sign is positive.
Example 1 Divide 30 (5).
30 (5) The integers have different signs.
30 (5) 6 The quotient is negative.
Example 2 Divide 100 (5).
100 (5) The integers have the same sign.
100 (5) 20 The quotient is positive.
Exercises
Divide.
1. 12 4 2. 14 (7)
18
3. 4. 6 (3)
2
80
5. 10 10 6.
20
7. 350 (25) 8. 420 (3)
540 256
9. 10.
45 16
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if d 24, e 4, and f 8.
11. 12 e 12. 40 f
13. d 6 14. d e
15. f e 16. e2 f
d
18. ef 2
Lesson 2-8
17.
e
f2
19. 20. d
e
2
e f
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
2-8 Practice
Dividing Integers
Divide.
1. 42 (7) 2. 45 (5) 3. 9 3
4. 64 (8) 5. 39 (13) 6. 121 11
48 35 38

7. 8. 9.
12 7 2
32 55
10. 11. 12. (8)2
16 5
13. Divide 75 by 25. 14. Find the quotient of 30 and 15.
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if f 15, g 5, and h 45.
15. 20 g 16. 90 h 17. h f
fh g5
18. fg 25 19. 20.
10 1

h 3g fh
21. f 2 g 22. 23.
f g
ZOOLOGY The table below shows the weight in pounds of large adult males in
the cat family.
Cat Cheetah Cougar Leopard Lion Tiger

Weight
. 143 227 200 550 400
Source: www.sandiegozoo.org
For Exercises 24 and 25 use the information in the table.

24. What is the mean weight of these cats?
25. What is the mean weight of the two largest cats?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Writing Expressions and Equations
The table below shows phrases written as mathematical expressions.
Lesson 3-1
Phrases Expression Phrases Expression
9 more than a number 4 subtracted from a number
the sum of 9 and a number a number minus 4
a number plus 9 x9 4 less than a number h4
a number increased by 9 a number decreased by 4
the total of x and 9 the difference of h and 4
Phrases Expression Phrases Expression
6 multiplied by g a number divided by 5
t
6 times a number 6g the quotient of t and 5
5
the product of g and 6 divide a number by 5
The table below shows sentences written as an equation.
Sentences Equation
Sixty less than three times the amount is $59.
Three times the amount less 60 is equal to 59.
3n 60 59
59 is equal to 60 subtracted from three times a number.
A number times three minus 60 equals 59.
Exercises
Write each phrase as an algebraic expression.

1. 7 less than m 2. the quotient of 3 and y
3. the total of 5 and c 4. the difference of 6 and r
5. n divided by 2 6. the product of k and 9
Write each sentence as an algebraic equation.

7. A number increased by 7 is 11.
8. The price decreased by $4 is $29.
9. Twice as many points as Bob would be 18 points.
10. After dividing the money 5 ways, each person got $67.
11. Three more than 8 times as many trees is 75 trees.
12. Seven less than a number is 15.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
3-1 Practice
Writing Expressions and Equations
Write each phrase as an algebraic expression.
1. the product of 5 and x 2. twenty increased by k
3. five inches more than the height 4. one fourth of y
5. Bill’s weight decreased by eighteen 6. the quotient of 3 and a number
7. five less than four times as many women 8. $60 more than the rent payment
9. 9 minutes less than Chang’s time 10. three more pancakes than his brother ate
Write each sentence as an algebraic equation.

11. Five times the number of books is 95. 12. The difference of nine and a number is nine.
13. The sum of the average and four is 6. 14. Three meters longer than the pool is 8.
15. Twelve less a number is 40. 16. The product of seven and Lynn’s age is 28.

For Exercises 17 and 18, write an equation that models each
situation.
17. FURNITURE The width of a bookshelf is 2 feet shorter than the height. If the width is
1.5 feet, what is the height of the bookshelf?
18. SPORTS The circumference of a basketball, the distance around, is about three times
the circumference of a softball. If the circumference of the basketball is 75 centimeters,
what is the circumference of a softball?
GEOMETRY For Exercises 19 and 20, describe

the relationship that exists between the base and
the height of each triangle.
19. The base is b, and the height is b 4.
height
base
20. The height is h, and the base is 2h.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Solving Addition and Subtraction Equations
Remember, equations must always remain balanced. If you subtract the same number from each side
of an equation, the two sides remain equal. Also, if you add the same number to each side of an
equation, the two sides remain equal.
Example 1 Solve x 5 11. Check your solution.
x 5¬ 11 Write the equation.

5¬ 5 Subtract 5 from each side.
Lesson 3-2
x ¬ 6 Simplify.
Check x 5¬ 11 Write the equation.

6 5¬ 11 Replace x with 6.
11¬ 11 ✓ This sentence is true.
The solution is 6.
Example 2 Solve 15 t 12. Check your solution.
15¬ t 12 Write the equation.

12¬ 12 Add 12 to each side.
27¬ t Simplify.
Check 15¬ t 12 Write the equation.

15¬ 27 12 Replace t with 27.
15¬ 15 ✓ This sentence is true.
The solution is 27.
Exercises
Solve each equation. Check your solution.

1. h 3 14 2. m 8 22 3. p 5 15 4. 17 y 8
5. w 4 1 6. k 5 3 7. 25 14 r 8. 57 z 97
9. b 3 6 10. 7 c 5 11. j 12 18 12. v 4 18
13. 9 w 12 14. y 8 12 15. 14 f 2 16. 23 n 12
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
3-2 Practice
Solving Addition and Subtraction Equations
1. a 4 11 2. 6 g 8 3. x 3 2
4. k 8 3 5. j 0 9 6. 12 y 15
7. h 4 0 8. m 7 1 9. w 5 4
10. b 28 33 11. 45 f 48 12. n 7.1 8.6
13. 14 t 26 14. d 3.03 2 15. 10 z 15

16. c 5.3 6.4 17. 35 p 77 18. 15 15 u
For Exercises 19 and 20, write an equation. Then solve the equation.
19. CAFFEINE A cup of brewed tea has 54 milligrams less caffeine than a cup of
brewed coffee. If a cup of tea has 66 milligrams of caffeine, how much caffeine
is in a cup of coffee?
20. GEOMETRY The sum of the measures of

100˚ 110˚
the angles of a trapezoid is 360. Find the
missing measure. 80˚ d˚
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Solving Multiplication Equations
If each side of an equation is divided by the same non-zero number, the resulting equation is
equivalent to the given one. You can use this property to solve equations involving multiplication
and division.
Example 1 Solve 45 5x. Check your solution.
45¬ 5x Write the equation.

45 5x
¬ Divide each side of the equation by 5.
5 5
9¬ x 45 5 9
Check 45 5x Write the original equation.

45 5(9) Replace x with 9. Is this sentence true?
45 45 ✓
The solution is 9.
Example 2 Solve 21 3y. Check your solution.
Lesson 3-3
21 3y Write the equation.
21 3y
Divide each side by 3.
3 3
7y 21 (3) 7
Check 21¬ 3y Write the original equation.

21¬ 3(7) Replace y with 7. Is this sentence true?
21¬ 21 ✓
The solution is 7.
Exercises
Solve each equation. Then check your solution.
1. 8q 56 2. 4p 32 3. 42 6m 4. 104 13h
5. 6n 30 6. 18x 36 7. 48 8y 8. 72 3b
9. 9a 45 10. 12m 120 11. 66 11t 12. 144 9r
13. 3a 4.5 14. 2h 3.8 15. 4.9 0.7k 16. 9.75 2.5z
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
3-3 Practice
Solving Multiplication Equations
1. 8e 32 2. 4v 8 3. 7k 7
4. 18 3y 5. 4j 0 6. 11x 44
7. 5a 5 8. 1c 8 9. 15 5b
10. 2w 14 11. 9f 45 12. 13m 26
13. 1.4t 2.8 14. 0.9g 5.4 15. 2.5 0.5h

16. 3.74 1.7d 17. 4.1z 16.81 18. 5.2q 3.64
For Exercises 19 and 20, write an equation. Then solve the equation.
19. TRAVEL A cheetah can travel at an amazing speed of 32 meters per second when
chasing its prey. At that rate, how long would it take the cheetah to run 2,000 meters?
20. AUTO LOAN Mrs. Kim borrowed $1,350 to buy a used automobile. If she repays
$75 a month, how many months will it take to pay back the loan?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Problem-Solving Investigation: Work Backward
By working backward from where you end to where you began, you can solve problems. Use the four-
step problem solving model to stay organized when working backward.
Example 1 Jonah put half of his birthday money into his savings account.
Then he paid back the $10 that he owed his brother for dance tickets. Lastly, he
spent $3 on lunch at school. At the end of the day he was left with $12. How much
money did Jonah receive for his birthday?
Understand You know that he had $12 left and the amounts he spent throughout the day. You need to
find out how much money he received for his birthday.
Plan Start with the amount of money he was left with and work backward.
Solve He had $12 left. 12
Undo the $3 he spent on lunch. 3
15
Undo the $10 he gave back to his brother 10
25
Undo the half put into his savings account 2
So, Jonah received $50 for his birthday. 50
Check Assume that Jonah receive $50 for his birthday. After putting half into his savings account
he had $50 2 or $25. Then he gave $10 to his brother for dance tickets, so he had
$25 $10 or $15. Lastly, he spent $3 on lunch at school, so he had $15 $3, or $12.
So, our answer of $50 is correct.
Lesson 3-4
Exercises
Solve each problem by using the work backward strategy.
1. On Monday everyone was present in Mr. Miller’s class. At 12:00, 5 students left early for
doctors’ appointments. At 1:15, half of the remaining students went to an assembly.
Finally, at 2:00, 6 more students left for a student council meeting. At the end of the
day, there were only 5 students in the room. Assuming that no students returned after
having left, how many students are in Mr. Miller’s class?
2. Jordan was trading baseball cards with some friends. He gave 15 cards to Tommy
and got 3 back. He gave two-thirds of his remaining cards to Elaine and kept the rest
for himself. When he got home he counted that he had 25 cards. How many baseball
cards did Jordan start with?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
3-4 Practice
Problem-Solving Investigation: Work Backward
4. AGES Mr. Gilliam is 3 years younger
than his wife. The sum of their ages is
Use the work backward strategy to 95. How old is Mr. Gilliam?
solve Exercises 1 and 2.
1. NUMBER THEORY A number is
divided by 5. Then 3 is added to the
quotient. After subtracting 10, the
result is 30. What is the number?
2. COUPONS Kendra used 35 cents

more in coupons at the store than
5. GRAND CANYON The elevation of the
Leanne. Leanne used 75 cents less
North Rim of the Grand Canyon is
than Teresa, who used 50 cents more
2,438 meters above sea level. The
than Jaclyn. Jaclyn used 40 cents in
South Rim averages 304 meters lower
coupons. What was the value of the
than the North Rim. What is the
coupons Kendra used?
average elevation of the South Rim?
Use any strategy to solve Exercises

3–6. Some strategies are shown below.

Look for a pattern
Guess and check.
Work backward
6. WATER BILL The water company

charges a residential customer $41 for
the first 3,000 gallons of water used
3. PATTERNS What are the next three and $1 for every 200 gallons used
numbers in the following pattern? over 3,000 gallons. If the water bill
was $58, how many gallons of water
2, 3, 5, 9, 17, 33, . . . were used?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Solving Two-Step Equations
To solve two-step equations, you need to add or subtract first. Then divide to solve the equation.
Example 1 Solve 7v 3 25. Check your solution.
7v 3 25 Write the equation.

3 3 Add 3 to each side.
7v 28 Simplify.
7v 28
7 7
v4 Simplify.
Check 7v 3¬ 25 Write the original equation.

7(4) 3¬ 25 Replace v with 4.
28 3¬ 25 Multiply.
25¬ 25 ✓ The solution checks.
The solution is 4.
Example 2 Solve 10 8 3x. Check your solution.
10¬ 8 3x Write the equation.

8¬ 8 Subtract 8 from each side.
18¬ 3x Simplify.
18 3x
¬ Divide each side by 3.
3 3
6¬ x Simplify.
Check 10¬ 8 3x Write the original equation.

10¬ 8 3(6) Replace x with 6.
10¬ 8 (18) Multiply.
10¬ 10 ✓ The solution checks.
The solution is 6.
Exercises
Lesson 3-5
1. 4y 1 13 2. 6x 2 26 3. 3 5k 7 4. 6n 4 26
5. 7 3c 2 6. 8p 3 29 7. 5 5t 5 8. 9r 12 24
9. 11 7n 4 10. 35 7 4b 11. 15 2p 9 12. 49 16 3y
13. 2 4t 14 14. 9x 10 62 15. 30 12z 18 16. 7 4g 7
17. 24 9x 3 18. 50 16q 2 19. 3c 2.5 4.1 20. 9y 4.8 17.4
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
3-5 Practice
Solving Two-Step Equations
1. 4h 6 30 2. 7y 5 9 3. 3t 6 0
4. 8 8g 56 5. 5k 7 7 6. 19 13x 32
7. 5b 12 2 8. 1n 1 11 9. 9f 15 51
10. 5d 3.3 7.2 11. 3 0.2m 7 12. 1.3z 1.5 5.4
13. KITTENS Kittens weigh about 100 grams when born and gain 7 to 15 grams per day. If

a kitten weighed 100 grams at birth and gained 8 grams per day, in how many days will
the kitten triple its weight?
14. TEMPERATURE Room temperature ranges from 20°C to 25°C. Find the range of room
temperature in °F. Use the formula, F 32 1.8C, to convert from the Celsius scale to
the Fahrenheit scale.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Measurement: Perimeter and Area
The distance around a geometric figure is called the perimeter.
To find the perimeter of any geometric figure, you can use addition or a formula.
The perimeter of a rectangle is twice the length plus twice the width w.
P 2 2w
Example 1 Find the perimeter of the figure at right.
P 105 105 35 35 or 280 35 ft
The perimeter is 280 inches. 105 ft
The measure of the surface enclosed by a geometric figure is called the area.
The area of a rectangle is the product of the length and width w.
Aw
Example 2 Find the area of the rectangle.
A w
24 12 or 288
12 cm
The area is 288 square centimeters.
24 cm
Exercises
Find the perimeter of each figure.

1. 2.
7 cm 42 m
33 cm
14 m
Find the perimeter and area of each rectangle.
3. 4.
4 ft
11 in.
9 ft
3 in.
5. 8 ft, w 5 ft 6. 3.5 m, w 2 m
Lesson 3-6
7. 8 yd, w 41 yd 8. 29 cm, w 7.3 cm

3
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
3-6 Practice
Measurement: Perimeter and Area
Find the perimeter of each rectangle.
1. 2. 2.9 mi 3. 1 yd
2.8 mi 0.5 yd
15 m
5m
Find the area of each rectangle.

1. 26 in. 2. 8.5 ft 3. 12 cm
11 in.
7.6 ft 10 cm

Find the missing side.
7. P 83.4 km, 27.8 km 8. A 337.68 yd2, w 60.3 yd
LAWN CARE For Exercises 9 and 10, use the following information.
Yuri’s dad needs to fertilize the grass in the yard. The back yard measures 55 feet by 30 feet,
while the front yard is a square with a length of 42 feet on each side.
9. Yuri’s dad wants to rope off the two areas to keep people from disturbing the lawn after he
fertilizes the grass. How much rope will he need to go around both areas?
10. If a bag of fertilizer covers 600 square feet of lawn, how many bags of fertilizer will
Yuri’s dad need to fertilize the front and back yards?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Functions and Graphs
The solution of an equation with two variables consists of two numbers, one for each variable, that
Lesson 3-7
make the equation true. The solution is usually written as an ordered pair (x, y), which can be
graphed. If the graph for an equation is a straight line, then the equation is a linear equation.
Example 1 Graph y 3x 2.
Select any four values for the input x. We chose y

3, 2, 0, and 1. Substitute these values for x to
find the output y.
x 3x 2 y (x, y)
O x
2 3(2) 2 4 (2, 4)
1 3(1) 2 1 (1, 1)
0 3(0) 2 2 (0, 2)
1 3(1) 2 5 (1, 5)
Four solutions are (2, 4), (1, 1), (0, 2), and (1, 5).
The graph is shown at the right.
Exercises
Graph each equation.

1. y x 1 2. y x 2 3. y x
y y y
O x O x O x
4. y 4x 5. y 2x 4 6. y 2x
y y y
O x O x O x
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
3-7 Practice
Functions and Graphs
Graph each equation.
1. y x 2 2. y x 3. y 2x 1
y y y
O x O x O x
4. y 0.75x 5. y x 0.5 6. y 0.5x 2

y y y
O x O x O x
Graph the function represented by each table.

7. y 8. y
x y x y
0 3.5 1 6
1 2.5 0 4.5
2 1.5 1 3
3 0.5 2 1.5
O x
O x
100
P
Ocean Pressure (atmosphere)
9. PRESSURE Ocean pressure increases about one

atmosphere for every 10 meters of water depth.
This can be represented by the function p 0.1d
50
where p represents the pressure in atmospheres
at a depth d. Represent this function with a graph.
10
d
0 500 1,000
Ocean Depth (meters)
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Prime Factorization
A whole number is prime if it has exactly two factors, 1 and itself. A whole number is composite if it
is greater than one and has more than two factors. To determine the prime factorization of a number,
use a factor tree.
Example 1 Determine whether each number is prime or composite.
Lesson 4-1
a. 11 b. 24
a. The number 11 has only two factors, 1 and 11, so it is prime.
b. The number 24 has 8 factors, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24. So, it is composite.
Example 2 Determine the prime factorization of 48.
Use a factor tree.

48
2 24
2 3 8
2 3 2 4
2 3 2 2 2
The prime factorization of 48 is 2 2 2 2 3 or 23 3
Exercises
Determine whether each number is prime or composite.

1. 27 2. 31 3. 46 4. 53
5. 11 6. 72 7. 17 8. 51
Determine the prime factorization of the following numbers.

9. 64 10. 100 11. 45 12. 81
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
4-1 Practice
Prime Factorization
Determine whether each number is prime or composite.
1. 45 2. 17 3. 21
4. 51 5. 11 6. 71
7. 3 8. 27 9. 47
Find the prime factorization of each number.
10. 88 11. 39 12. 75
13. 124 14. 165 15. 225
16. 100 17. 91 18. 27
ALGEBRA Factor each expression.

19. 20xy 20. 18bc 21. 11pqr

22. 36g2h2 23. 44m2n 24. 25z2
Replace each with prime factors to make a true sentence.

25. 22 7 252 26. 2 53 750 27. 23 32 1,800
28. ALGEBRA Is 2x y prime or composite if x 2 and y 7?
29. ATHLETICS The distance around an oval running track is 440 yards. Write this distance
as a product of primes.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Greatest Common Factor
The greatest common factor (GCF) of two or more numbers is the largest number that is a factor of
each number. The GCF of prime numbers is 1.
Example 1 Find the GCF of 72 and 108 by listing factors.
factors of 72: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 72

factors of 108: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 27, 36, 54, 108
common factors: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
The GCF of 72 and 108 is 36.
Example 2 Find the GCF of 42 and 60 using prime factors.
Method 1 Write the prime factorization. Method 2 Divide by prime numbers.

Divide both 42 and 60 by 2.
Lesson 4-2
60 2 2 3 5 Then divide the quotients by 3.
42 2 3 7 7 10
1
32 3
0

2
246
0
Start here
The common prime factors are 2 and 3. The GCF of 42 and 60 is 2 3, or 6.
Exercises
Find the GCF of each set of numbers.

1. 18, 30 2. 60, 45 3. 24, 72
4. 32, 48 5. 100, 30 6. 54, 36
7. 3, 97, 5 8. 4, 20, 24 9. 36, 9, 45
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
4-2 Practice
Greatest Common Factor
Find the GCF of each set of numbers.
1. 16, 44 2. 15, 35 3. 24, 32
4. 27, 63 5. 20, 80 6. 18, 38
7. 14, 49 8. 66, 99 9. 9, 35
10. 6, 24, 42 11. 30, 50, 70 12. 32, 48, 96
13. 10w, 5w 14. 16xy, 24xy 15. 21ab, 35a
16. 10jk, 15k 17. 3mn, 9mn, 12mn 18. 6xy, 9x, 3y
19. 4 inches, 1 foot, 6 inches, 2 feet

20. 10 gallons, 55 gallons, 35 gallons, 20 gallons
Find two numbers whose GCF is the given number.

21. 10 22. 8 23. 14
24. SPORTS CARDS Jason wants to organize his sports cards in packets for each type of
sport. Each packet has the same number of cards. If he has 24 baseball cards, 60 hockey
cards, and 48 football cards, find the greatest number of cards in each packet.
25. FORESTRY A forest ranger needs to remove three tree trunks by cutting the trunks into
equal lengths. If the lengths of the tree trunks are 6 feet, 8 feet, and 12 feet, what is the
length of the longest log that can be cut?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Problem-Solving Investigation: Make an Organized List
When solving problems often times it is useful to make an organized list. By doing so you can see all
the possible solutions to the problem being posed.
Example 1 LUNCH Walnut Hills School has a deli line where students are able to
select a meat sandwich, a side, and fruit. Meat choices are ham or turkey. The
side choices are pretzels or chips. Fruit options are an apple or a pear. How
many different combinations are possible?
Understand You know that students can choose a sandwich, a side, and fruit. There are 2
meat choices, 2 side choices, and 2 fruit choices. You need to find all possible
combinations.
Plan Make an organized list.
Solve 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Meat Ham Ham Ham Ham Turkey Turkey Turkey Turkey
Side Pretzel Pretzel Chips Chips Pretzel Pretzel Chips Chips
Fruit Apple Pear Apple Pear Apple Pear Apple Pear
There are 8 possibilities.

Check Draw a tree diagram to check the result.

Ham Turkey
Lesson 4-3
Pretzel Chips Pretzel Chips
Apple Pear Apple Pear Apple Pear Apple Pear
Exercises
1. Susan has 3 shirts; red, blue, and green; 2 pants; jeans and khakis; and 3
shoes; white, black, and tan, to choose from for her school outfit. How
many different outfits can she create?
2. The Motor Speedway is awarding money to the first two finishers in their
annual race. If there are four cars in the race numbered 1 through 4,
how many different ways can they come in first and second?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
4-3 Practice
Problem-Solving Investigation: Make An Organized List
Mixed Problem Solving 4. COINS Three coins are tossed: a

quarter, a nickel, and a dime. Complete
For Exercises 1 and 2, solve each the table showing the 8 different ways
problem by making an organized list. the coins could land by using H for
1. VACATION Kessler, Kacy, and their heads and T for tails.
parents sit in different seats in the car Quarter H H
while driving to their grandparents for Nickel H H
vacation. If only the parents take turns Dime H T
driving, how many different ways can
all four people sit in the car with 2 front
and 2 back seats? 5. MEASUREMENT Eight furlongs is equal
to one mile. If a mile is 5,280 feet, how
many feet are in 5 furlongs?
2. PIZZA Everyone at the table likes
pepperoni, sausage, onions, and black
olives on pizza. List the different 6. TIME Greg works at the hardware store
possibilities of ordering a 2-topping on weekends. He worked a total of 53
pizza. hours during the month of April. How
many hours did Greg work during the
last weekend in April, if he worked 14
hours, 12 hours, and 15 hours the other

weekends?

• Guess and check.
• Work backward.
• Make an organized list.
3. NUMBER SENSE A number is increased

by 12. When this sum is divided by 3,
the result is the original number. What
is the number?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Simplifying Fractions
Fractions that have the same value are called equivalent fractions. A fraction is in simplest form
when the GCF of the numerator and denominator is 1.
36
Example 1 Write in simplest form.
54
First, find the GCF of the numerator and denominator.
factors of 36: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
factors of 54: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 27, 54
The GCF of 36 and 54 is 18.
Then, divide the numerator and the denominator by the GCF.
36 36 18 2 36 2
So, written in simplest form is .
54 54 18 3 54 3
Example 2 Write 8 in simplest form.

12
Find the GCF of the numerator and the denominator.
factors of 8 2 · 2 · 2

factors of 12 2 · 2 · 3
The GCF of 8 and 12 is 2 · 2 or 4. 8
2
12 3
84 2

12 4 3
So, 8 written in simplest form is 2.
12 3
Exercises
Write each fraction in simplest form.

42 40 21
1. 2. 3.
Lesson 4-4
72 64 35
25 99 17
4. 5. 6.
100 132 85
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
4-4 Practice
Simplifying Fractions
Write each fraction in simplest form.
12 20 8 22
1. 2. 3. 4.
15 45 24 30
30 29 77 32
5. 6. 7. 8.
90 29 88 48
21 63 18 24
9. 10. 11. 12.
35 99 36 30
30 12 16 42
13. 14. 15. 16.
75 60 36 49
55 150 35 90
17. 18. 19. 20.
100 180 140 135
21. STATES Eight states in the United States start with the letter M. What fraction of
states, in simplest form, begins with the letter M?

22. MEASUREMENT Fifteen inches is what fraction, in simplest form, of a yard?
23. PERIMETER A rectangle has length 7 centimeters and width 4 centimeters. What
fraction of the perimeter, in simplest form, is the width?
24. MONEY Thirty-five cents is what fraction, in simplest form, of a dollar?
25. AGE Angie is 6 years old. Her dad is 30 years old. Angie’s age is what fraction, in
simplest form, of her dad’s age?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Fractions and Decimals
To write a decimal as a fraction, divide the numerator of the fraction by the denominator. Use a power of
ten to change a decimal to a fraction.
Example 1 Write 5 as a decimal.

9
Method 1 Use pencil and paper. Method 2 Use a calculator.
0.555... 5 ⫼ 9 0.55555556
.0
9500

45
50 The remainder after You can use bar notation 0.5 to
45 each step is 5. indicate that 5 repeats forever.
50 So, 5 0.5
.
9
45
5
Example 2 Write 0.32 as a fraction in simplest form.

32
0.32 The 2 is in the hundredths place.
100
8 Simplify.
25
Exercises
Write each fraction or mixed number as a decimal. Use bar notation

if the decimal is a repeating decimal.
1. 8 2. 3 3. 7

10 5 11
4. 47 13
5.
47
6. 3
8 15 99
Lesson 4-5
Write each decimal as a fraction in simplest form.
7. 0.14 8. 0.3 9. 0.94
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
4-5 Practice
Fractions and Decimals
Write each fraction or mixed number as a decimal. Use bar notation
if the decimal is a repeating decimal.
5 2 37
1. 2. 3.
8 9 16
3 27 121
4. 5. 6.
4 50 25
5 1 62
7. 8. 9.
6 33 11
2 11 13
10. 11. 12.
3 40 20
83 3 1
13. 14. 15.
5 10 9
3 111 7
16. 17. 18.
7 24 32

Write each decimal as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.
19. 0.4 20. 0.83 21. 3.75
22. 2.42 23. 0.16 24. 0.65
25. KILOMETERS One kilometer is approximately 0.62 mile. What fraction represents this
length?
26. MARATHON Jake completed a marathon race in 3 hours and 12 minutes. Write Jake’s
running time as a decimal.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Fractions and Percents
Lesson 4-6
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers by division. When a ratio compares a number to 100, it
can be written as a percent. To write a ratio or fraction as a percent, find an equivalent fraction with
a denominator of 100. You can also use the meaning of percent to change percents to fractions.
Example 1 19
Write as a percent.
20
5
19 95 Since 100 20 5, multiply the numerator and

20 100 95% denominator by 5.
5
Example 2 Write 92% as a fraction in simplest form.

92
92% Definition of percent
100
23
Simplify.
25
Exercises
Write each ratio as a percent.

14 27
1. 2. 3. 34.5 per 100
100 100
4. 18 per 100 5. 21:100 6. 96:100
Write each fraction as a percent.
7. 3 14
8. 9. 2
100 100 5
10. 1 13
11. 12. 4
20 25 10
Write each percent as a fraction in simplest form.
13. 35% 14. 18% 15. 75%
16. 80% 17. 16% 18. 15%
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
4-6 Practice
Fractions and Percents
Write each ratio as a percent.
1. 56 out of 100 CDs sold 2. 75 per 100 adults
3. 89.2 out of 100 hours worked 4. 26.5:100 Calories
7 1
5. 45 out of 100 meters 6. 33:100 minutes
8 3
Write each fraction as a percent.

6 7 21 12
7. 8. 9. 10.
10 20 25 50
1 4 20 24
11. 12. 13. 14.
2 5 90 25
15. 40% 16. 35% 17. 72% 18. 44%

19. 90% 20. 17% 21. 5% 22. 26%
Replace each with >, <, or = to make a true sentence.

1 3 17
23. 15% 24. 72% 25. 85%
10 4 20
21 27 4
26. 21% 27. 27% 28. 60%
25 50 5
29. SPORTS If twenty-seven out of every 50 sports fans attend at least one professional
game every year, what percent of sports fans attend at least one professional game
every year?
30. WEATHER It rained 18 days during the month of April. What percent of the days during
the month of April did it not rain?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Percents and Decimals
To write a percent as a decimal, divide the percent by 100 and remove the percent symbol. To write a
decimal as a percent, multiply the decimal by 100 and add the percent symbol.
Example 1 Write 42.5% as a decimal.

42.5
42.5% Write the percent as a fraction.
100
42.5 10

Lesson 4-7
Multiply by 10 to remove the decimal in the numerator.
100 10
425
Simplify.
1,000
0.425 Write the fraction as a decimal.
Example 2 Write 0.625 as a percent.
0.625 062.5 Multiply by 100.
62.5% Add the % symbol.
Exercises
Write each percent as a decimal.

1. 6% 2. 28%
3. 81% 4. 84%
5. 35.5% 6. 12.5%
7. 14.2% 8. 11.1%
Write each decimal as a percent.

9. 0.47 10. 0.03
11. 0.075 12. 0.914
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
4-7 Practice
Percents and Decimals
Write each percent as a decimal.
1. 35% 2. 90% 3. 5 % 4. 1%
5. 21.8% 6. 64.8% 7. 4.1% 8. 8.5%
21 2 3 3
9. 39% 10. 17% 11. 40% 12. 88%
50 5 4 5
Write each decimal as a percent.

13. 0.4 14. 0.8 15. 3.7 16. 9.1
17. 0.77 18. 0.03 19. 0.25 20. 0.59
21. 0.375 22. 0.123 23. 0.005 24. 0.6019
Replace each with >, <, or to make a true sentence.

25. 1.5 15% 26. 0.88 8.8% 27. 33% 0.33
28. 90% 0.09 29. 0.26 27% 30. 65.4% 0.645
ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 31–33, use the table and the information
given.
The table lists the approximate milk fat content of 5 types of milk products.
31. Which product has the highest milk fat content?
Milk Percent
32. Find the approximate number of grams of milk Product Milk Fat
fat in a 200-gram serving of whole milk. Heavy Cream 36.7%
Light Cream 19.2%
33. Which milk product will have approximately Whole Milk 3.5%
15.36 grams of milk fat in an 80-gram serving? Low-Fat Milk 1.5%
Skim Milk 0.05%
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Least Common Multiple
A multiple of a number is the product of that number and any whole number. The least nonzero
multiple of two or more numbers is the least common multiple (LCM) of the numbers.
Example 1 Find the LCM of 15 and 20 by listing multiples.
List the multiples.

multiples of 15: 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, ...
multiples of 20: 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, ...
Notice that 60, 120, …, are common multiples. So, the LCM of 15 and 20 is 60.
Example 2 Find the LCM of 8 and 12 using prime factors.
Write the prime factorization.

8 2 2 2 23
Lesson 4-8
12 2 2 3 22 3
The prime factors of 8 and 12 are 2 and 3.

Multiply the greatest power of both 2 and 3.
The LCM of 8 and 12 is 23 3, or 24.
Exercises
Find the LCM of each set of numbers.

1. 4, 6 2. 6, 9
3. 5, 9 4. 8, 10
5. 12, 15 6. 15, 21
7. 4, 15 8. 8, 20
9. 8, 16 10. 6, 14
11. 12, 20 12. 9, 12
13. 14, 21 14. 6, 15
15. 4, 6, 8 16. 3, 5, 6
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
4-8 Practice
Least Common Multiple
Find the LCM of each set of numbers.
1. 8, 12 2. 10, 25 3. 12, 18
4. 20, 30 5. 8, 9 6. 15, 35
7. 3, 5, 7 8. 4, 10, 12 9. 9, 12, 15
10. 5, 15, 20 11. 14, 21, 42 12. 15, 18, 30
13. 2 feet, 1 yard 14. 6¢, 18¢, 24¢ 15. 40 seconds, 1 minute
Write two numbers whose LCM is the given number.

16. 24 17. 63 18. 50

19. SECURITY In a large industrial complex, three security teams work different types of
security checks. The first team makes a complete round in 3 hours, the second team
makes a complete round in 2 hours, while the third team makes a complete round in 4
hours. If all three teams start security checks at 7 A.M., when will be the next time all
three teams finish a security check at the same time?
20. COOKIES A recipe for large oatmeal cookies will make 15 cookies. A recipe for chocolate
chip cookies will make 2 dozen cookies. If you want to have the same number of each
type of cookie, what is the least number of each that you will need to make using
complete recipes?
21. ICE SKATING Three friends ice skate at different speeds. Parcel skates one lap in 45
1
seconds. It takes Hansel 1 minutes to skate one lap and Forrest takes only 30 seconds
2
to skate a lap. If they started out together, in how many minutes will they meet next?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers
To compare fractions, rewrite them so they have the same denominator. The least common
denominator (LCD) of two fractions is the LCM of their denominators.
Another way to compare fractions is to express them as decimals. Then compare the decimals.
Example 1 Which fraction is greater, 3 or 4?

4 5
Method 1 Rename using the LCD. Method 2 Write each fraction as a
decimal. Then compare decimals.
3 35 15 3
0.75
4 45 20 4
The LCD is 20.
4 44 16 4
0.8
5 54 20 5
Because the denominators are the same, Since 0.8 0.75, then 4 3.
5 4
compare numerators.
16 15 4 3
Since , then .
20 20 5 4
Exercises
Find the LCD of each pair of fractions.
1. 1, 1 2. 1, 3 3. 3, 7
Lesson 4-9
2 8 3 4 4 10
Replace each with , , or to make a true sentence.
4. 1 4 5. 4 8

2 9 5 10
6. 3 7 7. 1 5

4 8 2 9
8. 9
10
9. 5 6
14 17 7 11
10. 8 1 11. 9

17

17 2 10 19
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
4-9 Practice
Comparing and Ordering Rational Numbers
Replace each with >, <, or to make a true sentence.

5 1 4 9 6 4 2 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
6 3 5 10 9 6 7 8
15 12 24 36 8 10 14 19
5. 6. 7. 8.
21 18 32 48 11 13 15 20
1 2 4 2 17 8 3 5
9. 4 4 10. 7 7 11. 1 1 12. 9 9
5 10 9 3 20 10 2 6
13. 50% 8 out of 10 14. 0.65 65 out of 100
15. 4 out of 5 75% 16. 1 out of 3 1.3

2 2 7
17. mile mile 18. gram 0.72 gram
3 5 10
Determine whether each number is rational. Write yes or no. Explain
your reasoning.
8
19. 20. 0.50550555 . . . 4
21. 1.12
8
5
7

21

Order each set of numbers from least to greatest.
2 7 1
22. 63%, , 0.65 23. , 0.98, 98.5%, 24. 0.2, 2%,
3 8 12
25. BASEBALL The pitchers for the home team had 12 strikeouts for 32 batters, while the
pitchers for the visiting team had 15 strikeouts for 35 batters. Which pitching team had
a greater fraction of strikeouts?
26. TRANSPORTATION To get to school, 38% of the students ride in the family vehicle, 5 out
of 12 students ride on the school bus, and 0.12 of the students ride a bike. Order the
types of transportation students use to get to school from least to greatest.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Estimating with Fractions
Use rounding to estimate with fractions.
Estimating: For mixed numbers, round to For fractions, round to
the nearest whole number. 0, 1, or 1.
2
41 37 → 4 4 8 – → 1 –
11 4 1 1
6 8 12 9 2 2
4 37 is about 8.
1 11 4 1
– is about .
6 8 12 9 2
Example 1 Estimate 22 41.

3 4
22 41 → 3 4 12
3 4
The product is about 12.
Example 2 Estimate 6 3.

7 5
6
is about 1.
7
3 1
is about .
5 2
6 3
– → 1 – 1 1 The difference is about 1.
7 5 2 2 2
Exercises
Estimate.
1. 41 34 2. 21 32

3 5 6 3
3. 7 1 4. 51 11
Lesson 5-1
12 10 4 2
5. 43 11 6. 5

13

4 5 9 14
7. 1 8 8. 6 9

6 9 7 10
9. 134 17 10. 121 57

5 8 4 8
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
5-1 Practice
Estimating with Fractions
Estimate.
1 8 2 1 11 15
1. 7 + 5 2. 4 1 3.
6 9 10 2 13 16
4 2 6 1 1 7
4. 6 3 5. 6. 8 3
5 7 11 5 4 8
1 17 5 9 14 3
7. 8. 9. 9 2
8 20 8 10 15 4
3 5 10 1 1 7
10. 5 11. 1 12. 4 5
5 6 11 9 14 8

1 6 5 9 1 7 1 2 8
13. 5 1 14. 4 2 15. 3 7 1
9 7 6 10 3 8 5 3 9
Estimate using compatible numbers.

1 1 1 1
16. 44 17. 29 18. 33 4
5 7 10 3

1 5 2 4 2
19. 62 20. 20 6 21. 19 8
8 6 5 5 3
ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 22–24, use the following information and the table
shown.
For a recent year, the table shows the approximate number of dollars spent in
each category by consumers in Kansas City for every $100 spent.
22. About how many dollars are spent on
apparel and entertainment for every $100 Dollars Spent for
Expenditure
spent? Every $100 Spent
7
Apparel 3
10
3
Health Care 5
5
23. What is the approximate difference in
3
spending for health care and Entertainment 5
10
entertainment for every $100 spent?
24. What is the approximate amount of money spent for all three areas for
every $100 spent?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Adding and Subtracting Fractions
Like fractions are fractions that have the same denominator. To add or subtract like fractions, add or
subtract the numerators and write the result over the denominator.
Simplify if necessary.
To add or subtract unlike fractions, rename the fractions with a least common denominator. Then add
or subtract as with like fractions.
Example 1 Subtract 3 1. Write in simplest form. 3

4 4 1
4 4
3 1 31
Subtract the numerators.
4 4 4
2
Write the difference over the denominator.
4 2
1 Simplify. 4
2
Example 2 Add 2 1. Write in simplest form.

3 12
The least common denominator of 3 and 12 is 12.
2 24 8
Rename 2 using the LCD. 8

1
3 34 12 3 12 12
2
—> 8
3 12
1
—> 1 9
12
_____ 12
_____ 12
9 3
or Add the numerators and simplify.
12 4
Exercises
Add or subtract. Write in simplest form.
1. 5 1 2. 7 2

8 8 9 9
3. 1 3 4. 7 5

2 4 8 6
5. 5 5 6. 3 1

9 6 8 12
Lesson 5-2
7. 3 7 8. 2 1

10 12 5 3
9. 7 5 10. 7 1

15 6 9 2
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
5-2 Practice
Adding and Subtracting Fractions

2 3 2 4 8 7 4 5
1. 2. 3. 4.
5 5 9 9 11 11 8 8
1 5 7 1 9 5 5 2
5. 6. 7. 8.
18 6 15 5 16 12 14 21
7 1 7 4 5 3 2 1
9. 10. 11. 12.
8 6 10 15 6 4 3 2
1 3 8 1
13. 1 14. 1 15. 4 16. 5
6 5 9 4
2 4 1 7 1 3
17. 18.
3 15 5 8 2 16

3 1 11 4 7 1
19. 20.

4 3 12 5 10 4
21. STATES Most of the state names in the United States end in a vowel. Of the 50 states,
1 3
of the state names end in either an a or an e and end in either an i or an o. If
2 25
none of the state names end in a u, what is the fraction of state names that end in a
vowel?
3
22. JIGSAW PUZZLES Over the weekend, Halverson had put together of a jigsaw puzzle,
16
5
while Jaime put together of the puzzle. Who had completed a greater fraction of the
8
jigsaw puzzle, and by how much?
5 5
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if x and y .
8 4
1 5
23. x 24. y x 25. + y 26. x + y
2 16
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Adding and Subtracting Mixed Numbers
To add or subtract mixed numbers:
Lesson 5-3
1. Add or subtract the fractions. Rename using the LCD if necessary.
2. Add or subtract the whole numbers.
3. Simplify if necessary.
Example 1 Find 141 182.

2 3
141 → 143 Rename the fractions.

2 6
18 → 184
2
Add the whole numbers and add the fractions.
3 6
327 or 331 Simplify.
6 6
Example 2 Find 21 125.

8
21 → 208 Rename 21 as 208.

8 8
125 → 125 First subtract the whole numbers and then the fractions.
8 8
3
8
8
Exercises
1. 73 23 2. 142 61 3. 91 43

4 4 9 9 5 4
4. 71 53 5. 73 22 6. 51 – 51

8 8 4 3 2 3
7. 51 – 31 8. 61 21 9. 9 – 32

2 4 3 6 5
10. 22 71 11. 61 – 61 12. 181 55

3 2 2 3 2 8
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
5-3 Practice
Adding and Subtracting Mixed Numbers
Add or Subtract. Write in simplest form.

1 3 1 1 3 1 5 2
1. 3 5 2. 4 7 3. 9 6 4. 5 4
8 8 6 6 4 4 9 9
2 1 3 3 3 2 1 1
5. 8 3 6. 10 5 7. 7 12 8. 1 1
3 6 4 8 10 5 6 8
1 2 4 5 1 5 2 3
9. 5 3 10. 8 7 11. 11 6 12. 3 1
3 3 7 7 12 6 5 4
4 5 2 5 3 4 1
13. 5 6 14. 8 6 15. 9 7 16. 6 7
5 6 7 14 8 5 5
3 11 7 1 1 3 1 7
17. 4 1 5 18. 10 9 19. 2 5 3 20. 7 6
5 20 10 3 4 8 2 8

3
21. LAND MEASUREMENT Mr. Alfonso owns two adjacent pieces of land totaling 13 acres.
7 8
One piece of land is 8 acres. Find the area of the other piece of land.
12
GEOMETRY Find the perimeter of each figure.
22. 23.
3
1 6 4 feet
4 2 feet
2
5 3 feet
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Problem-Solving Investigation: Eliminate Possibilities
By eliminating possibilities when problem solving, you can methodically reduce the number of
potential answers.
Example
Joan has $20 to spend on her sister for her birthday. She has already bought her a DVD for
$9.75. There are three shirts that she likes which cost $8.75, $10.00, and $11.00. Which
shirt should she buy so that she spends most of her money without going over $20?
Understand You know that the total amount of money she has to spend must be $20 or less.
Lesson 5-4
Plan Eliminate answers that are not reasonable.
Solve She couldn’t spend $11.00 because $9.75 $11.00 $20.75.
So eliminate that choice. Now check $10.00
$9.75 10.00 $19.75
Since this is less than $20, this is the correct choice. She should buy her sister the
$10.00 shirt.
Check By buying the $8.75 shirt, she would only spend a total of $9.75 $8.75 $18.50.
This is less than the $20 minimum, but not the most she could possibly spend.
Exercises
Solve the following problems by eliminating possibilities first.

1. TELEPHONE Susan talked on her cellular telephone for 120 minutes last month. Her plan
charges her a $15.00 fee per month plus $0.10 a minute after the first 60 minutes,
which are included in the $15 fee. What was her total bill for last month?
A. $12.00 B. $27.00 C. $21.00 D. $6.00
2. HOME SALES 450 homes sold in your area in the last year. What number shows a good
estimate of the number of homes sold per month?
A. 38 homes B. 32.5 homes C. 2 homes D. 45 homes
3. CAR SALES Derrick sells cars for a living. He sells an average of 22 cars a month. What
will his total average car sales be in 5 years?
A. 110 cars B. 264 cars C. 1320 cars D. 27 cars
4. TELEVISION Myra is allowed to watch 6 hours of television on a weekend. She watched

1
2 hours this morning. How much television will she be allowed to watch at most this
2
afternoon?
1 1
A. 4 hours B. 4 hours C. 2 hours D. 3 hours
2 2
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
5-4 Practice
Problem-Solving Investigation: Eliminate Possibilities
4. OFFICE SUPPLIES Printer ink costs $23.42
per cartridge if bought separately. If
bought by the case of 24 cartridges, the
Eliminate the possibilities to solve
cost per cartridge is only $19.53. About
Exercises 1 and 2.
how much is the difference in cost of
buying 4 cases than buying the same
1. STAIRCASE A staircase has 14 steps number of cartridges separately?
between floors. If the second floor is A $4 C $84
10 feet above the first floor, what is the
approximate height of each step of the
B $374 D $1,550
staircase?
A 2 inches C 9 inches
B 12 inches D 15 inches
Select the Operation
For Exercises 5 and 6, select the

2. NEWSPAPER Mr. Kemper delivers the appropriate operation(s) to solve the
morning newspaper to about 500 problem. Justify your selection(s) and
customers each day. About how many solve the problem.
newspapers does he deliver in a month? 3
5. YARDWORK David mowed of the
10 1
yard while his brother mowed of it.
F 50 H 500 4
What fraction of the yard still needs to

be mowed?
G 5,000 J 15,000
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 3

and 4. Some strategies are shown below.
Look for a pattern.
Choose the method of computation.
6. DOGS On average, dogs require about
Eliminate possibilities. 35 Calories per pound of body weight
per day. The Parkers own three dogs
that weigh 22 pounds, 34 pounds, and 9
pounds. What is the total Calorie
3. PATTERNS What are the next three requirement for the dogs each day?
fractions in the pattern?
1 1 1 1 5
, , , , , . . .
12 6 4 3 12
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Multiplying Fractions and Mixed Numbers
To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators.
5 3 53 15 1

6 5 65 30 2
To multiply mixed numbers, rename each mixed number as a fraction. Then multiply the fractions.
22 11 8 5
40 1
3
3 4 3 4 12 3
Example 1 Find 2 4. Write in simplest form.

3 5
2 4 24 ← Multiply the numerators.

3 5 35 ← Multiply the denominators.
2
3
8 Simplify.
15
Example 2 Find 1 21. Write in simplest form.
3 2 4
5
1 1 1 5
2 Rename 21 as an improper fraction, 5.
3 2 3 2 2 2
Lesson 5-5
15
Multiply.
32
5 Simplify.
6
Exercises
Multiply. Write in simplest form.
1. 2 2 2. 1 7 3. 1 3

3 3 2 8 3 5
4. 5 4 5. 12 3 6. 33 11

9 3 5 4 6
7. 3 12 8. 31 21 9. 41 1

4 3 3 2 5 7
10. 7 8 11. 21 4 12. 1 23

5 3 6 8 4
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
5-5 Practice
Multiplying Fractions and Mixed Numbers
Multiply. Write in simplest form.

3 1 3 2 1 5
1. 2. 3. 10 4. 7
5 2 4 7 3 8
1 7 6 1 5 1 1 4
5. 6. 7. 8.
7 9 11 6 6 5 8 5
3 8 4 21 5 18 20 3
9. 10. 11. 12.
8 9 7 32 8 25 21 5
1 3 2 1 2 1
13. 3 14. 4 15. 15 2 16. 5 4
5 8 3 3 5 2
3 1 1 2 2 1
17. 8 3 18. 10 1 19. 5 4 20. 2 1
8 15 4 3 7 8
For Exercises 21 and 22, use measurement conversions.

1 1 1 1
21. Find of of a meter. 22. Find of of an hour.
10 100 60 60

For Exercises 23–25, evaluate each verbal expression.
23. one-fourth of two-thirds 24. three-fifths of one-sixth 25. two-fifths of one-half
7
26. GASOLINE Jamal filled his gas tank and then used of the tank for traveling to visit
1 16
his grandfather. He then used of the remaining gas in the tank to run errands around
3
town. What fraction of the tank is filled with gasoline?
3 1
27. HIKING A hiker averages 6 kilometers per hour. If he hikes for 5 hours, how many
8 3
kilometers did he hike?
1 5
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if x 3, y 4, and z 2.
3 6
28. x z y 29. y z x 30. 3yz
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Algebra: Solving Equations
Multiplicative inverses, or reciprocals, are two numbers whose product is 1. To solve an equation in
which the coefficient is a fraction, multiply each side of the equation by the reciprocal of the coefficient.
Example 1 Find the multiplicative inverse of 3.

1
4
31
13
Rename the mixed number as an improper fraction.
4 4
13 4
1 13
Multiply 4
by to get the product 1.
4 13 4 13
The multiplicative inverse of 31 is 4.

4 13
Example 2 Solve 4x 8. Check your solution.

5
4
x 8 Write the equation.
5

5 4 5
x 8
4 5 4 Multiply each side by the reciprocal of 4, 5.
5 4
x 10 Simplify.
The solution is 10.

Exercises
Find the multiplicative inverse of each number.
Lesson 5-6
1. 4 12
2.
9 13
15
3. 4. 61
4 7
5. 3x 12 10
6. 16 a 7. c 7
5 3 2
15 14
8. y 3 9. m 4 10. 7b
7 6 3 9
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
5-6 Practice
Algebra: Solving Equations
Find the multiplicative inverse of each number.

7 5 1 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
9 2 9 12
1 4
5. 4 6. 15 7. 4 8. 5
3 5

a y h x
9. 5 10. 15 11. 7 12. 1
8 2 3.1 6.3
m t 3 4
13. 0.9 14. 9 15. g 9 16. 28 d
2.5 5.4 7 5
3 1 2 4 2 1 5 7
17. n 18. c 19. z 4 20. b 1
8 4 5 5 3 4 6 8

p w 3 4
21. 7 22. 3 23. 27.3 y 24. x 1.6
4 5 4 7
25. DRAWING An architect needs to make a scale drawing of a home. The width w of
w
the home in the drawing, in inches, is given by the equation 9.5. What is the
0.6
width of the home in the scale drawing?
26. VOLUNTEERS At a local shelter, 36 people volunteered to help prepare meals for
9
disaster victims. If this represented of the volunteers at the shelter, write and solve
16
an equation to determine how many volunteers helped at the local shelter.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Dividing Fractions and Mixed Numbers
To divide by a fraction, multiply by its multiplicative inverse or reciprocal. To divide by a mixed number,
rename the mixed number as an improper fraction.
Example 1 Find 31 2 . Write in simplest form.

3 9
31 2
10 2
Rename 31 as an improper fraction.
3 9 3 9 3
10 9
Multiply by the reciprocal of 2, which is 9.
3 2 9 2
5 3
10
9
Divide out common factors.

3
2
1 1
15 Multiply.
Exercises
Divide. Write in simplest form.
1. 2 1 2. 2 5 3. 1 1

3 4 5 6 2 5
4. 5 1 5. 5 10 6. 71 2

2 8 3
7. 5 31 8. 36 11 9. 21 10

6 2 2 2
Lesson 5-7
10. 52 14 11. 62 31 12. 41 3
5 5 3 9 4 8
13. 46 23 14. 12 21 15. 41 31

7 7 2 6 6
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
5-7 Practice
Dividing Fractions and Mixed Numbers
Divide. Write in simplest form.

3 3 4 8 6 5 1 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
5 4 7 9 7 6 4 2
1 6 1 2
5. 7 6. 2 7. 4 7 8. 8 4
3 11 5 3
3 1 7 5 2 1 8 2
9. 1 10. 2 11. 3 5 12. 4
4 6 9 8 5 10 9 3
3 1 1 1 1 7 1 5
13. 2 1 14. 7 2 15. 5 16. 8
5 4 2 2 4 8 3 9
3 3
17. COOKING Mrs. Lau rolls out 2 feet of dough to make noodles. If the noodles are of
4 8
an inch wide, how many noodles will she make?

PIZZA For Exercises 18 and 19, use the table that shows the weights of three sizes
of pizza.
18. How many times heavier is the extra-large Pizza Size Weight (lbs)
pizza than the small pizza? 1
Extra large 6
2
1
Medium 3
4
19. How many times heavier is the medium
5
pizza than the small pizza? Small 1
8
2 3 1
ALGEBRA Evaluate each expression if a , b , and c 2.
5 10 2
1
20. b a 21. a c 22. 3a b 23. c a
5
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Ratios
Any ratio can be written as a fraction. To write a ratio comparing measurements, such as units of
length or units of time, both quantities must have the same unit of measure. Two ratios that have the
same value are equivalent ratios.
Example 1 Write the ratio 15 to 9 as a fraction in simplest form.

15
15 to 9 Write the ratio as a fraction.
9
5 Simplify.
3
Written as a fraction in simplest form, the ratio 15 to 9 is 5.
3
Example 2 Determine whether the ratios 10 cups of flour in 4 batches of cookies
and 15 cups of flour in 6 batches of cookies are equivalent ratios.
Compare ratios written in simplest form.

10 2 5
10 cups:4 batches or Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF, 2
42 2
15 3 5
15 cups:6 batches or Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF, 3
63 2
Since the ratios simplify to the same fraction, the ratios of cups to batches are equivalent.
Exercises
Write each ratio as a fraction in simplest form.
1. 30 to 12 2. 5:20
3. 49:42 4. 15 to 13
5. 28 feet:35 feet 6. 24 minutes to 18 minutes
7. 75 seconds:150 seconds 8. 12 feet:60 feet
Determine whether the ratios are equivalent. Explain.
3 12 25 10
9. and 10. 12:17 and 10:15 11. and
4 16 35 14
Lesson 6-1
12. 2 lb:36 oz and 3 lb:44 oz 13. 1 ft:4 in. and 3 ft:12 in.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
6-1 Practice
Ratios
SURVEY For Exercises 1–3, use the responses Survey Responses
to a survey to write each ratio as a fraction in
Yes No Not Sure
simplest form.
18 4 6
1. yes responses: 2. no responses: 3. not sure responses:
no responses not sure responses total responses
COUNTY FAIR For Exercises 4–9, use the following information to write
each ratio as a fraction in simplest form.
At its annual fair, Westborough County had 27 food booths and 63 game booths. A total of
1,350 adults and 3,600 children attended. The fair made a profit of $42,000. Of this money,
$12,600 came from food sales.
4. adults:children 5. game booths:food booths 6. booths:profits
7. children:people 8. children:booths 9. non-food sale profits:profits

Determine whether the ratios are equivalent. Explain.
10. 18 trucks to 4 cars, 11. $6 for every 10 people, 12. 33 dinners to 6 packages,
21 trucks to 6 cars $9 for every 15 people 14 dinners to 4 packages
13. ENGINES A four cylinder engine produces a maximum of 110 horsepower. A six cylinder
engine produces a maximum of 180 horsepower. Do these engines have an equivalent
horsepower-to-cylinder ratio? Justify your answer.
ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 14 and

Farm Acres of Soybeans Acres of Corn
15, use the information in the table
that shows the crop statistics for A 585 225
three farms. B 2,990 1,150
C 1,120 400
14. For which two farms is the
soybeans-to-corn ratio the same?
Explain.
15. Which farm has the highest soybeans-to-corn ratio? Justify your answer.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Rates
Lesson 6-2
A ratio that compares two quantities with different kinds of units is called a rate. When a rate is
simplified so that it has a denominator of 1 unit, it is called a unit rate.
Example 1 DRIVING Alita drove her car 78 miles and used 3 gallons of gas.
What is the car’s gas mileage in miles per gallon?
Write the rate as a fraction. Then find an equivalent rate with a denominator of 1.
78 mi
78 miles using 3 gallons Write the rate as a fraction.
3 gal
78 mi 3
Divide the numerator and the denominator by 3.
3 gal 3
26 mi
Simplify.
1 gal
The car’s gas mileage, or unit rate, is 26 miles per gallon.
Example 2 SHOPPING Joe has two different sizes of boxes of cereal from which
to choose. The 12-ounce box costs $2.54, and the 18-ounce box costs
$3.50. Which box costs less per ounce?
Find the unit price, or the cost per ounce, of each box. Divide the price by the number of
ounces.
12-ounce box $2.54 12 ounces $0.21 per ounce
$3.50 18 ounces $0.19 per ounce
18-ounce box
The 18-ounce box costs less per ounce.
Exercises
Find each unit rate. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
1. 18 people in 3 vans 2. $156 for 3 books
3. 115 miles in 2 hours 4. 8 hits in 22 games
5. 65 miles in 2.7 gallons 6. 2,500 Calories in 24 hours
Choose the better unit price.

7. $12.95 for 3 pounds of nuts or $21.45 for 5 pounds of nuts
8. A 32-ounce bottle of apple juice for $2.50 or a 48-ounce bottle for $3.84.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
6-2 Practice
Rates
Find each unit rate. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
1. $11.49 for 3 packages 2. 2,550 gallons in 30 days 3. 88 students for 4 classes
4. 15.6 °F in 13 minutes 5. 175 Calories in 12 ounces 6. 258.5 miles in 5.5 hours
7. 549 vehicles on 9 acres 8. $920 for 40 hours 9. 13 apples for 2 pies
10. SPORTS The results of a track meet are shown. Name Event Time (min)
Who ran the fastest? Explain your reasoning.
Theo 3K Run 9.6
Round to the nearest ten thousandth.
Esteban 5K Run 13.5
Tetsuo 10K Run 31.9
11. MANUFACTURING A machinist can produce 114 parts in 6 minutes. At this rate, how
many parts can the machinist produce in 15 minutes?

12. RECIPES A recipe that makes 8 jumbo blueberry muffins calls for 1 teaspoons of
2
baking powder. How much baking powder is needed to make 3 dozen jumbo muffins?
Estimate the unit price for each item. Justify your answers.
13. $299 for 4 tires 14. 3 yards of fabric for $13.47
Family Family Electricity Water

UTILITIES For Exercises 15 and 16, Name Size (kilowatt-hours) (gal)
use the table that shows the
Melendez 4 1,560 3,500
average monthly electricity and
water usage. Barton 6 2,130 6,400
Stiles 2 1,490 2,500
15. Which family uses about twice
the amount of electricity per
person than the other two families?
Explain your reasoning.
16. Which family uses the least amount of water per person? Explain your reasoning.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Rate of Change and Slope
• A rate of change is a rate that describes how one quantity changes in relation to another.
• Slope tells how steep the line is.
change in y vertical change
• Slope is given by the formula or .
change in x horizontal change
Example 1 Find the rate of change for the table.
Students Number of Textbooks
Lesson 6-3
5 15
10 30
15 45
20 60
The change in the number of textbooks is 15 while the change in the number of students is 5.
change in number of textbooks 15 textbooks

The number of textbooks increased by 15 for
change in number of students 5 students
every 5 students.
3 textbooks
Write as a unit rate.
1 student
So, the number of textbooks increases by 3 textbooks per student.
Example 2 The band boosters are selling T-shirts at a linear rate. By 8 P.M., they
had sold 25 T-shirts. By 10 P.M., they had sold 45 T-shirts. Find the slope of the line.
Explain what the slope represents.
change in number of T-shirts 45 25
Definition of slope.
change in time 10 8
20
Simplify.
2
10
The slope is 10 and it means that the shirts are selling at a rate of 10 shirts per hour.
Exercises
Find the rate of change for each table.
1. Side Length Perimeter 2.
Time (in hours) Distance (in miles)
1 4 2 120
2 8 4 240
3 12 6 360
4 16 8 480
3. The temperature at 10 A.M. was 72F and at 2 P.M. was 88F. Find the slope of the line.
Explain what the slope represents.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
6-3 Practice
Rate of Change and Slope
Find the rate of change for each table.
1. 2.
Baby Age Weight Number of Money
0 months 0 pounds Hours Worked Earned ($)
3 months 12 pounds 4 80
10 200
3. 4.
Days Plant Height (in.) Months Money Spent on Cable TV
7 4 2 82
14 11 4 164
21 18 6 246
28 25 8 328
Find the rate of change for each graph.
5. Students in Mr. Muni’s Class 6. Jewelry Making

24 16
21
12
Bracelets
18
Boys
15
12 8
9
6 4
3
0 0
2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
Girls Girls
7. Graph the data. Then find the slope of the line. Explain what the slope represents.
Feet 1 2 3 4 5 6
Yards 3 6 9 12 15 18
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Measurement: Changing Customary Units
Customary Units
Length Weight Capacity
1 foot (ft) 12 inches (in.) 1 pound (lb) 16 ounces (oz) 1 cup (c) 8 fluid ounces (fl oz)
1 yard (yd) 3 feet 1 ton (T) 2,000 pounds 1 pint (pt) 2 cups
1 mile (mi) 5,280 feet 1 quart (qt) 2 pints
1 gallon (gal) 4 quarts
Example 1 51 lb ______

? oz
2
To change from larger units to smaller units, multiply.
51 16 88 Since 1 pound is 16 ounces, multiply by 16.

2
51 pounds 88 ounces
Lesson 6-4
2
Example 2 ? c
28 fl oz _____
To change from smaller units to larger units, divide.

28 8 31 Since 8 fluid ounces are in 1 cup, divide by 8.
2
28 fluid ounces 31 cups
2
Exercises
Complete.
1. 5 lb ______ oz 2. 48 in. ______ ft 3. 6 yd ______ ft
4. 7 qt ____ pt 5. 8,000 lb ____ T 6. 31 mi _____ ft

4
7. 4 c ______ fl oz 8. 6 c ______ pt 9. 1 gal ______ qt

2
10. 3 ft ______ in. 11. 9 qt ______ gal 12. 30 fl oz ______ c
13. 6,864 ft _____ mi 14. 40 oz ______ lb 15. 9 pt ______ c
16. 18 ft ______ yd 17. 11 pt ______ qt 18. 23 T ______ lb

4
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
6-4 Practice
Measurement: Changing Customary Units
Complete.
1. 4 c ___ fl oz 2. 5 c ___ pt 3. 3 lb ___ oz
1
4. 24 ft ___ yd 5. 1 pt ___ c 6. 64 oz ___ lb
2
3
7. 4 mi ___ ft 8. 2 mi ___ ft 9. 3,000 lb ___ T
4
1 5
10. 5 gal ___ qt 11. 3qt ___ pt 12. 4T ___ lb
4 8
1
13. 3 gal ___ qt 14. 7 c ___ qt 15. 40 fl oz ___ qt
2
1
16. 660 yd ___ mi 17. 1.9 yd ___ in. 18. 2 T ___ oz
4
1
19. SPORTS The track surrounding a football field is mile long. How many yards long is
4
the track?
20. STRAWBERRIES One quart of strawberries weighs about 2 pounds. About how many
1
quarts of strawberries would weigh 4 ton?
ANALYZE GRAPHS For Exercises 21–23, use the

graph shown. 3

Length (feet)
21. What does an ordered pair from this graph represent?
2
22. Write two sentences that describe the graph.

0 6 12 18 24 30 36
Length (inches)
23. Use the graph to find the length in inches

of a 1.5 foot iguana. Explain your reasoning.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Measurement: Changing Metric Units
The table below is a summary of how to convert measures in the
metric system.
Larger Units → Smaller Units Smaller Units → Larger Units

Units of Length km to m – multiply by 1,000 mm to cm – divide by 10
(meter) m to cm – multiply by 100 mm to m – divide by 1,000
m to mm – multiply by 1,000 cm to m – divide by 100
cm to mm – multiply by 10 m to km – divide by 1,000
Units of Mass kg to g – multiply by 1,000 mg to g – divide by 1,000
(kilogram) g to mg – multiply by 1,000 g to kg – divide by 1,000
Units of Capacity kL to L – multiply by 1,000 mL to L – divide by 1,000
(liter) L to mL – multiply by 1,000 L to kL – divide by 1,000
Examples 1 Complete. 62 cm ____ m
To convert from centimeters to meters, divide by 100.

62 100 0.62
62 cm 0.62 m
Example 2 Complete. 2.6 kL ____ L
To convert from kiloliters to liters, multiply by 1,000.

2.6 1,000 2,600
2.6 kL 2,600 L
Lesson 6-5
Exercises
Complete.
1. 650 cm ____ m 2. 57 kg ____ g
3. 751 mg ____ g 4. 8.2 L ____ mL
5. 52 L ____ kL 6. 892 mm ____ m
7. 121.4 kL ____ L 8. 0.72 cm ____ mm
9. 67.3 g ____ kg 10. 5.2 g ____ mg
11. 0.05 m ____ mm 12. 2,500 mg ____ g
13. 32 mm ____ cm 14. 96 m ____ cm
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
6-5 Practice
Measurement: Changing Metric Units
Complete.
1. 570 cm ? m 2. 356 mm ? m 3. 4.7 m ? cm
4. 0.4 m ? mm 5. 0.63 cm ? mm 6. 0.18 mm ? cm
7. 0.42 km ? m 8. 0.09 km ? mm 9. 0.13 km ? cm
10. 27 kg ? g 11. 8.3 g ? mg 12. 257 mg ? g
13. 486 g ? kg 14. 55.5 g ? kg 15. 68,700 mg ? kg
16. 308 mL ? L 17. 1.7 L ? mL 18. 88 L ? kL
19. 0.059 kL ? L 20. 64,000 mL ? L 21. 30,000 mL ? kL

Order each set of measures from least to greatest.
22. 0.06 km, 47 m, 15,800 cm 23. 891 g, 7,800 mg, 0.5 kg
24. SPELUNKING The survey length of an underground cave is 0.914 kilometers. How
many meters in length is this cave?
25. FOOD A 15-ounce box of granola contains 0.425 kilograms of cereal. How many
grams of cereal are in the box of granola?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Algebra: Solving Proportions
A proportion is an equation stating that two ratios are equivalent. Since rates are types of ratios, they
can also form proportions. In a proportion, a cross product is the product of the numerator of one
ratio and the denominator of the other ratio.
Example 1 Determine whether 2 and

10
form a proportion.
3 15
2 ? 10
Write a proportion.
3 15
?
2 15 3 10 Find the cross products.
30 30 ✓ Multiply.
The cross products are equal, so the ratios form a proportion.
Example 2 Solve 8

10
.
a 15
8 10
Write the proportion.
a 15
8 15 a 10 Find the cross products.
120 10a Multiply.

120 10a
10 10
12 a Simplify.
The solution is 12.

Exercises
Determine if the quantities in each pair of ratios are proportional.
Explain.
1. 8 4 2. 9

11

10 5 4 6
3. 6 9 15
4. 9

Lesson 6-6
14 21 12 6
$2.48 $3.72 125 mi 120 mi

5. 6.
4 oz 6 oz 5.7 gal 5.6 gal
Solve each proportion.
y 16
7. 8. 5
15

7 28 15 w
20 70 52 m
9. 10.
b 28 8 9
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
6-6 Practice
Algebra: Solving Proportions
Determine if the quantities in each pair of ratios are proportional.
1. 5 pounds of grass seed for 350 square feet and 8 pounds of grass seed for
560 square feet
2. 34 students from 8 schools and 25 students from 6 schools
Solve each proportion.

5 a k 8 7 14
3. 4. 5.
6 36 8 16 c 38
4 40 12 5 6 42
6. 7. 8.
9 x d 7 m 7
n 3 2.8 z 1.5 4.5
9. 10. 11.
3.2 8 7.7 4.4 3.5 y
12. CONDIMENTS A store sells a 9-ounce jar of mustard for $1.53 and a 15-ounce jar for
$2.55. Is the cost of the mustard proportional to the number of ounces for each jar?

13. SCIENCE There are 113.2 grams in 4 ounces of compound. How many grams are in
5 ounces of compound?
14. FURNITURE A furniture company has 15 trucks that make about 120 deliveries each day.
The company is expanding and expects an additional 40 deliveries each day. Write and
solve a proportion to find how many more trucks are needed so the truck-to-delivery
ratio remains the same.
15. CHARITY Karthik spent $35 of his allowance and gave $5 to a charity. If the number of
dollars he spends is proportional to the number of dollars he gives to a charity, how
much of a $100-allowance will he give to a charity?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Problem-Solving Investigation: Draw a Diagram
When solving problems, draw a diagram to show what you have and what you need to find.
Example CARNIVAL Jim has to reach a target at a carnival game to win a

3
prize. After 3 throws he has gone 75 feet, which is of the way to
4
the target. How far away is the target?
3
Understand We know that 75 feet is of the way to the target.
4
Plan Draw a diagram to show the distance already thrown and the fraction it
represents.
Solve 1 1 3
4 2 4
Begin 75 feet Target
3 1
If of the distance is 75 feet, then of the distance is 25 feet. So, the
4 4
1
missing must be another 25 feet.
4
1 1 3
4 2 4 1
Begin 75 feet Target

25 25 25 25
The total distance that Jim must throw to hit the target is 100 feet.
3 3
Check Since of the total distance is 75 feet, the equation x 75 represents
4 4
this problem. Solving, we get x 100 feet. So, the solution checks.
Exercises
1. SALES Sharon wants to buy a new car. She has saved up $ 1,500, which is
1
approximately of the price of the car. How much does she need to save in order to
5
buy the new car?
4
2. TRAVEL The Jones family has traveled 360 miles. They are of the way to their
5
destination. How far away is their destination from where they started?
Lesson 6-7
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
6-7 Practice
Problem-Solving Investigation: Draw a Diagram
Mixed Problem Solving 4. GEOMETRY 4 ft
Miss Greenwell is
Use the draw a diagram strategy to
adding 4 feet to the
solve Exercises 1 and 2. 10 ft
length and width of
1. ANTS An ant went 2 meters away from her rectangular 4 ft 12 ft
its nest searching for food. The next garden as shown in
time, the ant went 3 meters away. Each the diagram. How much additional area
successive time the ant leaves the nest will the garden have?
to search for food, the ant travels the A. 16 ft2
sum of the two previous times. How far B. 104 ft2
will the ant travel on his fifth trip? C. 120 ft2
D. 224 ft2
2. NECKLACES The center bead of a pearl 5. YARD SALE Myron has sold $18.50 worth
necklace has a 16 millimeter diameter. of items at his yard sale. A neighbor
Each successive bead in each direction bought two items and handed Myron a
3 $10 bill. Myron returned $7.75 in
is the diameter of the previous one.
4
Find the diameter of the beads that are change. How much has Myron now sold?
three away from the center bead.

6. COUNTRIES The table shows the total land
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 3–6. area of five countries.
Country Total Area
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES Brazil 8.5 million sq km
• Work backward. Canada 10.0 million sq km
• Make an organized list. China 9.6 million sq km
• Eliminate possibilities. Russia 17.1 million sq km
• Draw a diagram. United States 9.6 million sq km
3. TALENT SHOW At a talent show, 60% of Estimate how much more total area
the acts were singing. One-third of the Russia has than China.
remaining acts were instrumental. If 12
acts were instrumental, how many acts
were in the talent show?
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Scale Drawings
Lesson 6–5
6-8
A scale drawing represents something that is too large or too small to be drawn or built at actual size.
Similarly, a scale model can be used to represent something that is too large or built too small for an
actual-size model. The scale gives the relationship between the drawing/model measure and the
actual measure.
Example On this map, each grid unit represents 50 yards. Find the distance
from Patrick’s Point to Agate Beach.
N Agate
Patrick’s Point Beach
Scale to Agate Beach Patrick's
Point
map 1 unit 8 units map
actual
actual
50 yards x yards
1x 50 8 Cross products

x 400 Simplify.
It is 400 yards from Patrick’s Point to Agate Beach.
Exercises
Find the actual distance between each pair of cities. Round to the
nearest tenth if necessary.
Map Actual
Cities Scale
Distance Distance
1. Los Angeles and

6.35 cm 1 cm 20 mi
San Diego, California
2. Lexington and
15.6 cm 1 cm 5 mi
Louisville, Kentucky
3. Des Moines and

16.27 cm 2 cm 15 mi
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
4. Miami and 1
11.73 cm cm 20 mi
Jacksonville, Florida 2
Suppose you are making a scale drawing. Find the length of each
object on the scale drawing with the given scale. Then find the scale
factor.
5. an automobile 16 feet long; 1 inch:6 inches
6. a lake 85 feet across; 1 inch 4 feet
7. a parking lot 200 meters wide; 1 centimeter:25 meters
8. a flag 5 feet wide; 2 inches 1 foot
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
6-8 Practice
Scale Drawings
For Exercises 1–3, use the
diagram of a section of the
art museum shown. Use a
ruler to measure. Mannerism Impressionism
Art Art
1. What is the actual length of
the Impressionism Art room?
2. Find the actual dimensions

of the Baroque Art room.
Baroque Art
Lobby
3. Find the scale factor for this blueprint.
Key
Find the length of each model on the scale 1 in. 20 ft
drawing with the given scale.
4. 8 ft 5. 6.
13.5 ft
1 in. = 8 ft 192 m

2 in = 1.5 ft
1 cm = 4 meters
7. SKYSCRAPER A model of a skyscraper is made using a scale of 1 inch:75 feet. What is

2
the height of the actual building if the height of the model is 19 inches?
5
8. GEOGRAPHY Salem and Eugene, Oregon, are 64 miles apart. If the distance on the map
1
is 3 inches, find the scale of the map.
4
9. PYRAMIDS The length of a side of the Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza, Egypt, is
751 feet. If you were to make a model of the pyramid to display on your desk, which
would be an appropriate scale: 1 in. 10 ft or 1 ft 500 ft? Explain your reasoning.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Fractions, Decimals, and Percents
Example Write 43% as a fraction in simplest form.

8
43
8
43% Write a fraction.
8 100
43 100 Divide.

8
35
100 Write 43 as an improper fraction.
Lesson 6-9
8 8
1
35
Multiply by the reciprocal of 100, which is 1.
8 100 100
35 7
or Simplify.
800 160
Example 2 Write 5 as a percent.

16
5 n
Write a proportion using n.
16 100 100
500 16n Find the cross products.
500 16n
16 16
311 n Simplify.
4
5 1
So, 31% or 31.25%.
16 4
Exercises
1. 60% 2. 683%
4
3. 271% 4. 37.5%
2
Write each fraction as a percent. Round to the nearest hundredth

if necessary.
5. 2 6. 5
5 8
7. 9 8. 2
16 3
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
6-9 Practice
Fractions, Decimals, and Percents
1. 37.5% 2. 5.8% 3. 43.75% 4. 52.5%
1 2 1
5. 83% 6. 66% 7. 135% 8. 0.01%
3 3 10,000
Write each fraction as a percent. Round to the nearest hundredth if

necessary.
13 9 7 39
9. 10. 11. 12.
20 25 8 40
5 6 2 1
13. 14. 15. 16.
9 7 1 1000
Replace each • with , or to make a true statement.

3 31
17. • 24% 18. 0.775 • 19. 16% • 0.016
16 40
Order each set of numbers from least to greatest.

2 4 1
20. 0.6, 23%, 0.07, 21. %, 0.37, , 0.4
3 5 4
22. SAVINGS Kayla has 14.5% of her salary placed into an Individual Retirement Account.
What fraction is this?

23. INTERNET At home, 2 out of 5 people have access to broadband technology. What percent
is this?
24. SPORTS A golfer made par on 13 of 18 holes. To the nearest tenth, on what percent
of the holes did he make par?
ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 25 and 26, Percent of

use the table that shows the percent of Appliance
Households
households with the listed appliance.
Refrigerator 99.3%
25. What fraction of households have a Washing Machine 82.0%
clothes dryer?
Dryer 77.8%
26. Approximately 34 out of 67 households Dishwasher 56.0%
have a coffeemaker. Is this greater or less
than the percent of households with a
dishwasher? Explain.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Percent of a Number
You can use a proportion or multiplication to find the percent of a number.
Example 1 Find 25% of 80.
25 1
25% or Write 25% as a fraction, and reduce to lowest terms.
100 4
1 1
of 80 80 or 20 Multiply.
4 4
So, 25% of 80 is 20.
Example 2 What number is 15% of 200?
15% of 200 15% 200 Write a multiplication expression.

0.15 200 Write 15% as a decimal.
30 Multiply.
So, 15% of 200 is 30.
Lesson 7-1
Exercises
Find each number.
1. Find 20% of 50. 2. What is 55% of $400?
3. 5% of 1,500 is what number? 4. Find 190% of 20.
5. What is 24% of $500? 6. 8% of $300 is how much?
7. What is 12.5% of 60? 8. Find 0.2% of 40.
9. Find 3% of $800. 10. What is 0.5% of 180?
11. 0.25% of 42 is what number? 12. What is 0.02% of 280?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
7-1 Practice
Percent of a Number
Find each number. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
1. 55% of 140 2. 40% of 123 3. 37% of $150
4. 25% of 96 5. 11% of $333 6. 99% of 14
7. 140% of 30 8. 165% of 10 9. 150% of 150
10. 225% of 16 11. 106% of $40 12. 126% of 350
13. 4.1% of 30 14. 8.9% of 75 15. 24.2% of $120
16. 97.5% of 80
17. SALES Mr. Redding sells vehicles to 20% of the people that come to the
sales lot. If 65 people came to the lot last month, how many vehicles did
he sell?
Find each number. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.

5 1
18. % of 600 19. 30% of 3 20. 1,000% of 87
6 3
21. 100% of 56 22. 0.25% of 150 23. 0.7% of 50
ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 24–26, use the table that shows Blood
the percents of blood types of 145 donors during a recent Percent
Type
blood drive.
O 45%
24. Write a proportion that can be used to find how many donors A 40%
had type B blood. Then solve. Round to the nearest whole if B 11%
necessary.
AB 4%
25. How many donors did not have type O blood? Round to the nearest whole
if necessary.
26. Which blood type had less than 10 donors?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

The Percent Proportion
A percent proportion compares part of a quantity to a whole quantity for one ratio and lists the percent
as a number over 100 for the other ratio.
part percent

whole 100
Example 1 What percent of 24 is 18?

part percent
Percent proportion
whole 100
Let n% represent the percent.
18 n
24 100
18 100 24 n Find the cross products.
1,800 24n Simplify.

1,800 24n
24 24
75 n
So, 18 is 75% of 24
Example 2 What number is 60% of 150?

part percent
Percent proportion
whole 100
Let a represent the part.
a 60
Lesson 7-2
150 100
a 100 150 60 Find the cross products.
100a 9,000 Simplify.

100a 9,000
100 100
a 90
So, 90 is 60% of 150.
Exercises
Find each number. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
1. What number is 25% of 20? 2. What percent of 50 is 20?
3. 30 is 75% of what number? 4. 40% of what number is 36?
5. What number is 20% of 625? 6. 12 is what percent of 30?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
7-2 Practice
The Percent Proportion
Find each number. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
1. What percent of 65 is 13? 2. $4 is what percent of $50? 3. What number is 35% of 22?
4. 14% of 81 is what number? 5. 13 is 26% of what number? 6. 55 is 40% of what number?
7. What percent of 45 is 72? 8. 1% of what number is 7? 9. 33 is 50% of what number?
10. What number is 3% of 100? 11. What percent of 200 is 0.5?
12. What number is 0.4% of 20? 13. What number is 6.1% of 60
14. What percent of 34 is 34? 15. 10.4% of what number is 13?
16. ALLOWANCE Monica has $3 in her wallet. If this is 10% of her monthly allowance, what
is her monthly allowance?

17. WEDDING Of the 125 guests invited to a wedding, 104 attended the wedding. What
percent of the invited guests attended the wedding?
18. CAMERA The memory card on a digital camera can hold about 430 pictures. Melcher
used 18% of the memory card while taking pictures at a family reunion. About how
many pictures did Melcher take at the family reunion? Round to the nearest whole
number.
OCEANS For Exercises 19 and 20, use the table shown. Area
Ocean
19. The area of the Indian Ocean is what percent of the (square miles)
area of the Pacific Ocean? Round to the nearest whole Pacific 64 million
percent. Atlantic 32 million
Indian 25 million
20. If the area of the Arctic Ocean is 16% of the area of the Source: World Atlas
Atlantic Ocean, what is the area of the Arctic Ocean?

Round to the nearest whole million.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Percent and Estimation
To estimate the percent of a number, you can use a fraction or a multiple of 10% or 1%.
Example 1 Estimate 77% of 800.
77% is about 75% or 3.

4
77% of 800 3 800 Use 3 to estimate.
4 4
600 Multiply.
So, 77% of 800 is about 600.
Example 2 Estimate 137% of 50.
137% is more than 100%, so 137% of 50 is greater than 50.

137% is about 140%.
140% of 50 (100% of 50) (40% of 50) 140% 100% 40%
5
(1 · 50) 2 50 100% 1 and 40% 2
5
50 20 or 70 Simplify.
So, 137% of 50 is about 70.
Example 3 Estimate 0.5% of 692.
0.5% is half of 1%. 692 is about 700.

1% of 700 0.01 700 To multiply by 1%, move the decimal point two places to the left.
7
One half of 7 is 1 7 or 3.5.
2
So, 0.5% of 697 is about 3.5.
Exercises
Estimate.
Lesson 7-3
1. 24% of 36 2. 81% of 25 3. 11% of 67
4. 150% of 179 5. 67% of 450 6. 79% of 590
7. 0.4% of 200 8. 42% of 61 9. 19% of 41
10. 129% of 54 11. 32% of 66 12. 0.2% of 150

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
7-3 Practice
Percent and Estimation
Estimate.
1. 39% of 80 2. 31% of 40 3. 28% of 110 4. 74% of 160
5. 87% of 19 6. 91% of 82 7. 34% of 59 8. 66% of 148
9. 9% of 71 10. 73% of 241 11. 126% of 80 12. 234% of 145
1 1
13. % of 307 14. % of 798 15. 1.1% of 62 16. 4.1% of 101
3 4
17. 67% of 11.9 18. 31% of 68.7 19. 9.8% of 359 20. 97.9% of 39
21. 52% of 57.9 22. 33% of 15.3 23. 21.1% of 151 24. 2.9% of 61.2
25. ELEVATION The highest point in Arizona is Humphreys Peak with an elevation of 12,633

feet. Estimate the elevation of the highest point in Florida, located in Walton County, if
it is about 2.7% of the highest point in Arizona.
26. BRAIN The brain weight of a newborn baby is about 13% of the body weight of the
newborn. If a newborn weighs 2,900 grams, about how much does the brain weigh?
2
27. STOCKS The value of a share of stock in an electronics company increased by %
3
during one week. If the value of a share of stock was $141 at the beginning of the
week, estimate the increase in value of a share of stock at the end of the week.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Algebra: The Percent Equation
To solve any type of percent problem, you can use the percent equation, part percent base,
where the percent is written as a decimal.
Example 1 600 is what percent of 750?
600 is the part and 750 is the whole. Let n represent the percent.
part¬ percent whole

600¬ n 750 Write an equation.

600 750n
¬ Divide each side by 750.
750 750
0.8¬ n Simplify.
80%¬ n Write 0.8 as a percent.
So, 600 is 80% of 750.
Example 2 45 is 90% of what number?
45 is the part and 90% or 0.9 is the percent. Let n represent the whole.

45¬ 0.9 n Write an equation.

45 0.9n
¬ Divide each side by 0.9.
0.9 0.9
50¬ n
The whole is 50.
So, 45 is 90% of 50.
Exercises
Write an equation for each problem. Then solve. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
1. What percent of 56 is 14? 2. 36 is what percent of 40?
3. 80 is 40% of what number? 4. 65% of what number is 78?
5. What percent of 2,000 is 8? 6. What is 110% of 80?

Lesson 7-4
7. 85 is what percent of 170? 8. Find 30% of 70.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
7-4 Practice
Algebra: The Percent Equation
Write an equation for each problem. Then solve. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
1. What number is 27% of 52? 2. Find 41% of 48.
3. What percent of 88 is 33? 4. 8 is what percent of 18?
5. What number is 33% of 360? 6. What percent of 62 is 58?
7. 55 is what percent of 100? 8. 22% of what number is 24.2?
9. 19 is 50% of what number? 10. 25 is 32% of what number?
11. 40% of what number is 28? 12. 30 is what percent of 60?
13. What percent of 5 is 2? 14. 44% of 10 is what number?
15. Find 110% of 88. 16. What number is 60% of 21.8?

17. What percent of 180 is 210? 18. 220 is 95.3% of what number?
19. BASEBALL A baseball player was at bat 473 times during the regular season. If he made
a hit 31.5% of the times he was at bat, how many hits did he make during the regular
season? Round to the nearest whole number if necessary.
ANALYZE GRAPHS For Exercises 20 and 21, High School Enrollment

use the graph shown. The total enrollment
Seniors 157
at Central High School is 798 students.
Juniors 180
20. About what percent of the students at
Sophomores 216
Central High are freshmen? Round to the
nearest tenth if necessary. Freshman 245
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
21. About what percent of the students at Students
Central High are seniors? Round to the


NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Problem-Solving Investigation:
Determine Reasonable Answers
Lesson 7-5
When solving problems, often times it is helpful to determine reasonable answers by using rounding and
estimation. Checking answers with a calculator is always helpful in determining if the answer found is in
fact reasonable.
Example SALES TAX There is 4.8% sales tax on all clothing items purchased.
Danielle wants to buy a shirt, which costs $18.95. Danielle figures that if she has
$20 she will have enough to buy the shirt. After adding in sales tax, is $20 a
reasonable amount for Danielle to bring?
Understand The cost of the shirt is $18.95. Sales tax is 4.8%. Danielle has $20.
Plan Round $18.95 to $19.00 and 4.8% to 5%. Then use mental math to find
5% of $19.00.
Solve Round $18.95 to $19.00
Round 4.8% to 5%
10% of $19.00 0.1 19 or $1.90 Use mental math. 10% 0.1
Round $1.90 to $2.00

1
5% is of 10%
2
1
So of $2.00 is $1.00 $1.00 is the amount of sales tax.
2
$19.00 $1.00 $20.00 Add $1.00 to $19.00.
So $20 is a reasonable amount of money for Danielle to bring to pay for

the shirt.
Check Use a calculator to check.
0.048 18.95 0.9096
Since 0.9096 is close to 1, the answer is reasonable.
Exercises
1. TIP The total bill at a restaurant for a family of 5 is $64.72. They want to
leave a 20% tip. They decide to leave $10.00. Is this estimate
reasonable? Explain your reasoning.
2. TELEVISION A recent survey shows that 67% of students watch 3 or more

hours of television a night. Suppose there are 892 students in your school.
What would be a reasonable estimate of the number of students in your
school who watch 3 or more hours of television a night? Explain your
reasoning.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
7-5 Practice
Problem-Solving Investigation:
Determine Reasonable Answers
Mixed Problem Solving 4. ANALYZE GRAPHS The graph shows the
For Exercises 1 and 2, determine a percent of community attendance
reasonable answer. during a little league season. Is 90% a
reasonable estimate for the percent of
1. HOMES In a retirement village, 86% of community attendance for September?
the residents own their home. If the Explain.
village has 540 homes, how many homes
are owned by the residents, about 250,
350, or 450?
Little League
2. ANALYZE GRAPHS The graph shows how 82%
Community Attendance (%)

80%
the Forenzo family spent their money on
78%
their summer vacation. Is 25% a 76%
reasonable estimate of how much money 74%
72%
they spent on dining? Justify your
70%
answer. 68%
66%
Apr. May June July Aug.
Vacation Spending Month
$1,500
$1,600
$1,400
$1,115 5. TRAVEL Cecil averages 31 miles per
$1,200 $990
Amount ($)
$1,000 gallon when driving his car on the

$800 highway to visit friends 461 miles away.
$525

$600 $450
If he filled the 16-gallon gasoline tank
$400
before leaving and did not buy any
$200
0
gasoline along the way, about how many
gallons of gasoline are left in the tank
ls
ng
re
s
en
tra
te
rfa
ni
m
Ho
Ex
Di
Ai
when he arrives?
in
rta
te
En
Type of Spending

Some strategies are shown below. 6. FABRIC Mrs. Tillman is making identical
dresses for her three granddaughters.
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES 1
• Guess and check. She needs 2 yards of fabric for each
8 1
• Make an organized list. dress. If she purchased 8 yards of
2
• Determine reasonable answers. fabric, how much fabric will be leftover?
3. NUMBER SENSE 12 is added to 25% of a

number. The result is 30. What is the
number?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Percent of Change
A percent of change is a ratio that compares the change in quantity to the original amount. If the
original quantity is increased, it is a percent of increase. If the original quantity is decreased, it is a
percent of decrease.
Example 1 Last year, 2,376 people attended the rodeo. This year, attendance
was 2,950. What was the percent of change in attendance to the
nearest whole percent?
Lesson 7-6
Since this year’s attendance is greater than last year’s attendance, this is a percent of
increase.
The amount of increase is 2,950 – 2,376 or 574.
amount of increase new amount –
percent of increase original amount
original amount
574
Substitution
2,376
0.24 or 24% Simplify.
Rodeo attendance increased by about 24%.
Example 2 John’s grade on the first math exam was 94. His grade on the
second math exam was 86. What was the percent of change in
John’s grade to the nearest whole percent?
Since the second grade is less than the first grade, this is a percent of decrease. The amount
of decrease is 94 86 or 8.
amount of decrease original amount –
percent of decrease new amount

original amount
8 Substitution
94
0.09 or 9% Simplify.
John’s math grade decreased by about 9%.
Exercises
Find each percent of change. Round to the nearest whole percent if
necessary. State whether the percent of change is an increase or
decrease.
1. original: 4 2. original: 1.0 3. original: 15 4. original: $30
new: 5 new: 1.3 new: 12 new: $18
5. original: 60 6. original: 160 7. original: 7.7 8. original: 9.6

new: 63 new: 136 new: 10.5 new: 5.9

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
7-6 Practice
Percent of Change
Find each percent of change. Round to the nearest whole percent
if necessary. State whether the percent of change is an increase
or decrease.
1. 8 feet to 10 feet 2. 136 days to 85 days 3. $0.32 to $0.37
4. 62 trees to 31 trees 5. 51 meters to 68 meters 6. 16.5 grams to 24.8 grams
7. 0.55 minutes to 0.1 minutes 8. $180 to $210
1 3
9. 2.9 months to 4.9 months 10. to
4 8
1 1 4 1
11. to 12. to
6 3 3 3
13. SURGERY Recent developments in surgical procedures change the average healing time
for some operations from 8 weeks to 3 weeks.
14. ROADS The city added an extra lane in each direction to the 5-lane road.

GEOMETRY For Exercises 15 and 16, refer to the rectangle shown. Suppose the
width is decreased by 3 inches.
15. Find the percent change in the perimeter.
4 in.
16. Find the percent change in the area. 6 in.
ANALYZE TABLES For Exercises 17 and 18, refer

to the table that shows the average monthly
rainfall during the first six months of the
year for Singapore. Average Rainfall
Month
17. Between which two consecutive months is the (inches/month)
percent of decrease the greatest? What is the January 9.4
percent change? Round to the nearest whole percent. February 6.5
March 6.8
April 6.6
18. Between which two consecutive months is the
May 6.7
percent of increase the least? What is the percent
June 6.4
change? Round to the nearest whole percent.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Sales Tax and Discount
Sales tax is a percent of the purchase price and is an amount paid in addition to the purchase price.
Discount is the amount by which the regular price of an item is reduced.
Example 1 SOCCER Find the total price of a $17.75 soccer ball if the
sales tax is 6%.
Method 1 Method 2
First, find the sales tax. 100% 6 % 106% Add the percent of tax
6% of $17.75 0.06 · 17.75 to 100%.
1.07 The total cost is 106% of the regular price.
The sales tax is $1.07.
Next, add the sales tax to the regular price. 106% of $17.75 1.06 · 17.75
1.07 17.75 18.82 18.82
The total cost of the soccer ball is $18.82.
Lesson 7-7
Example 2 TENNIS Find the price of a $69.50 tennis racket that is on
sale for 20% off.
First, find the amount of the discount d.


d¬ 0.2 69.50 Use the percent equation.

d¬ 13.90 The discount is $13.90.
So, the sale price of the tennis racket is $69.50 $13.90 or $55.60.
Exercises
Find the total cost or sale price to the nearest cent.
1. $22.95 shirt; 7% sales tax 2. $39.00 jeans; 25% discount
3. $35 belt; 40% discount 4. $115.48 watch; 6% sales tax
5. $16.99 book; 5% off 6. $349 television; 6.5% sales tax

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
7-7 Practice
Sales Tax and Discount
Find the total cost or sale price to the nearest cent.
1. $18 haircut; 10% discount 2. $299 lawn mower; 5% tax 3. $9.99 meal; 25% discount
4. $149 guitar; 20% discount 5. $15.75 music CD; 4% tax
6. $24 gym bag; 8% tax 7. $32.88 jacket; 50% discount
1
8. $3.45 coffee; 33% discount 9. $9.99 chair; 8% tax
2
Find the percent of discount to the nearest percent.

10. bracelet: regular price, $23 11. bicycle: regular price, $119
sale price, $13.80 sale price, $79
12. TICKETS State residents get discounts at various theme parks throughout the state. One

theme park charges a state resident $51.70 for a $58.75 regular adult admission ticket.
What is the percent discount?
13. TRUCKS What is the sales tax on a $17,500 truck if the tax rate is 6%?
COMPUTERS For Exercises 14–16, use the following information.

Lionel is buying a computer that normally sells for $890. The state sales tax is 6%.
14. What is the total cost of the computer including tax?
15. If the computer is on sale with a 10% discount, what is the sale price of the computer
before adding the sales tax?
16. What is the sales tax on the discounted price?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Simple Interest
Simple interest is the amount of money paid or earned for the use of money. To find simple interest I,
use the formula I prt. Principal p is the amount of money deposited or invested. Rate r is the annual
interest rate written as a decimal. Time t is the amount of time the money is invested in years.
Example 1 Find the simple interest earned in a savings account where $136 is
deposited for 2 years if the interest rate is 7.5% per year.
I prt Formula for simple interest
I 136 0.075 2 Replace p with $136, r with 0.075, and t with 2.
I 20.40 Simplify.
The simple interest earned is $20.40.
Example 2 Find the simple interest for $600 invested at 8.5% for 6 months.
6 months 6 or 0.5 year Write the time as years.

12
I prt Formula for simple interest
I 600 0.085 0.5 p $600, r 0.085, t 0.5
I 25.50 Simplify.
The simple interest is $25.50.
Exercises
Lesson 7-8
Find the interest earned to the nearest cent for each principal,
interest rate, and time.
1. $300, 5%, 2 years 2. $650, 8%, 3 years
3. $575, 4.5%, 4 years 4. $735, 7%, 21 years

2
5. $1,665, 6.75%, 3 years 6. $2,105, 11%, 13 years

4
7. $903, 8.75%, 18 months 8. $4,275, 19%, 3 months

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
7-8 Practice
Simple Interest
Find the simple interest earned to the nearest cent for each
principal, interest rate, and time.
1. $750, 7%, 3 years 2. $1,200, 3.5%, 2 years 3. $450, 5%, 4 months
4. $1,000, 2%, 9 months 5. $530, 6%, 1 year 6. $600, 8%, 1 month
Find the simple interest paid to the nearest cent for each loan,
interest rate, and time.
7. $668, 5%, 2 years 8. $720, 4.25%, 3 months 9. $2,500, 6.9%, 6 months
10. $500, 12%, 18 months 11. $300, 9%, 3 years 12. $2,000, 20%, 1 year
13. ELECTRONICS Rita charged $126 for a DVD player at an interest rate of
15.9%. How much will Rita have to pay after 2 months if she makes no
payments?
14. VACATION The average cost for a vacation is $1,050. If a family borrows
money for the vacation at an interest rate of 11.9% for 6 months, what is
the total cost of the vacation including the interest on the loan?

For Exercises 15–17, use the following information.
Robin has $2,500 to invest in a CD (certificate of deposit).
15. If Robin invests the $2,500 in the CD that yields 4% interest, what will
the CD be worth after 2 years?
16. Robin would like to have $3,000 altogether. If the interest rate is 5%, in
how many years will she have $3,000?
17. Suppose Robin invests the $2,500 for 3 years and earns $255. What was
the rate of interest?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Line Plots
A line plot is a diagram that shows the frequency of data on a number line.
Example 1 SHOE SIZE The table shows the shoe size of students Shoe Sizes
in Mr. Kowa’s classroom. Make a line plot of the
10 06 04 06
data.
05 11 10 10
Step 1 Draw a number line. Because the smallest size is 4 and the largest 06 09 06 08
size is 14, you can use a scale of 4 to 14 and an interval of 2. 07 11 07 14
05 10 06 10
Step 2 Put an “” above the number that represents the shoe size of each
student.

4 6 8 10 12 14
Example 2 Use the line plot in Example 1. Identify any clusters, gaps, or
outliers and analyze the data by using these values. What is
the range of data?
Many of the data cluster around 6 and 10. You could say that most of the shoe sizes are 6 or
10. There is a gap between 11 and 14, so there are no shoe sizes in this range. The number
14 appears removed from the rest of the data, so it would be considered an outlier. This
means that the shoe size of 14 is very large and is not representative of the whole data set.
The greatest shoe size is 14, and the smallest is 4. The range is 14 – 4 or 10.
Exercises
PETS For Exercises 1–3 use the table at the right that Number of Pets
shows the number of pets owned by different families. 2 1 2 0
3 1 1 2
Lesson 8-1
1. Make a line plot of the data. 8 3 1 4
2. Identify any clusters, gaps, or outliers.
3. What is the range of the data?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
8-1 Practice
Line Plots
Display each set of data in a line plot.
1. Weights of Dogs (pounds) 2. Quiz Scores
21 12 33 14 17 88 94 83 94 90
8 30 18 15 25 99 78 88 94 84
14 21 14 19 12 90 88 96 86 93
3. Miles Driven 4. Drying Time (minutes)

132 115 95 111 108 94 15 16 13 14 15 16
124 113 125 95 110 115 14 16 13 16 15 14
122 107 99 115 121 133 14 13 16 15 14 15
RAINFALL For Exercises 5–9, analyze the line plot that shows the
amount of daily rainfall in inches during 30 consecutive days in a

rainy season.
Daily Rainfall (inches)

⫻
⫻ ⫻⫻ ⫻
⫻ ⫻⫻ ⫻ ⫻⫻ ⫻ ⫻⫻⫻
⫻ ⫻⫻⫻ ⫻ ⫻ ⫻⫻ ⫻ ⫻ ⫻⫻⫻⫻ ⫻
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
5. Find the range of the data.
6. How many days did it rain more than 1.0 inch?
7. What rainfall amount occurred most often?
8. Identify any clusters, gaps, or outliers.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Measures of Central Tendency and Range
The mean is the sum of the data divided by the number of data items. The median is the middle
number of the ordered data, or the mean of the middle two numbers. The mode is the number (or
numbers) that occur most often. The mean, median, and mode are each measures of central
tendency.
Example The table shows the number of Numbers of Hours

hours students spent practicing Spent Practicing
for a music recital. Find the mean, median,
and mode of the data. 13 12 10 18 17
3 12 10 … 12 18 11 12 10 3
160
mean or 8.
20 20 8 6 0 1 5
To find the median, the data must be ordered.
8 2 15 9 12
0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 15, 18
{
88
8
2
To find the mode, look for the number that occurs most often. Since 8 and 12 each occur
3 times, the modes are 8 and 12.
Exercises
Find the mean, median, and mode for each set of data. Round to the
1. 27, 56, 34, 19, 41, 56, 27, 25, 34, 56 2. 7, 3, 12, 4, 6, 3, 4, 8, 7, 3, 20
3. 1, 23, 4, 6, 7, 20, 7, 5, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 6 4. 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3
5. 2, 4, 1, 3, 5, 6, 1, 1, 3, 4, 3, 1 6. 4, 0, 12, 10, 0, 5, 7, 16, 12, 10, 12, 12

Lesson 8-2

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
8-2 Practice
Measures of Central Tendency and Range
Find the mean, median, and mode for each set of data. Round to the
1. Number of parking spaces used: 45, 39, 41, 45, 44, 64, 51
2. Prices of plants: $10, $8, $20, $25, $14, $39, $10, $10, $8, $16
3. Points scored during football season: 14, 20, 3, 9, 18, 35, 21, 24, 31, 12, 7
4. Golf scores: 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 5
5. Percent increase: 3.3, 4.1, 3.9, 5.0, 3.5, 2.9, 3.9
6. Dollars Spent Shopping

⫻
⫻ ⫻ ⫻ ⫻ ⫻
⫻ ⫻ ⫻ ⫻ ⫻ ⫻ ⫻
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

7. CHILDREN The table shows the number of children living at home in a neighborhood of
24 homes. Which measure best describes the data: mean, median, or mode? Explain.
Children at Home
2 1 3 0 4 4 1 2
0 6 2 2 5 0 2 3
3 1 1 4 2 0 1 4
8. WORK The table shows the hours Sam worked each week during the summer. How
many hours did he work during the twelfth week to average 20 hours per week?
Hours Worked
18 24 20 19 15 21
20 19 18 22 22 ?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Stem-and-Leaf Plots
In a stem-and-leaf plot, the data are organized from least to greatest. The digits of the least place
Lesson 8-3
value usually form the leaves, and the next place value digits form the stems.
Example Make a stem-and-leaf plot of the data below. Then

find the range, median, and mode of the data.
42, 45, 37, 46, 35, 49, 47, 35, 45, 63, 45
Order the data from least to greatest. Stem Leaf

35, 35, 37, 42, 45, 45, 45, 46, 47, 49, 63 3 5 5 7
The least value is 35, and the greatest value is 63. 4 2 5 5 5 6 7 9
So, the tens digits form the stems, and the ones 5
digits form the leaves. 6 3
6|3 63
range: greatest value least value 63 35 or 28
median: middle value, or 45
mode: most frequent value, or 45
Exercises
Make a stem-and-leaf plot for each set of data. Then find the range,
median, and mode of the data.
1. 15, 25, 16, 28, 1, 27, 16, 19, 28 2. 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 7, 12, 11, 11, 3, 10
3. 3, 5, 1, 17, 11, 45, 17 4. 4, 7, 10, 5, 8, 12, 7, 6

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
8-3 Practice
Stem-and-Leaf Plots
Display each set of data in a stem-and-leaf plot.
1. Test Scores
78 99 83 92 90
94 88 88 94 87
70 86 85 86 93
2. Weight of Male Lions (pounds)

440 425 452 433
445 436 440 475
426 444 455 485
437 450 466 470
GOLD MEDALS For Exercises 3–5, use the Stem Leaf

stem-and-leaf plot that shows the 0 6 8 8 9 9 9 9
number of gold medals won by each
1 0 1 4 6 7
of the top 15 countries at the
2004 Summer Olympics. 2 7
3 2 5 1|4 14 gold medals
3. Find the range of gold medals won.

4. Find the median and the mode of the data.
5. Based on the data, write one inference that can be made about the data.
PRESIDENTS For Exercises 6–10, use the stem-and-leaf plot that shows
the age of each United States President at inauguration.
Ages of U.S. Presidents at Inauguration
Stem Leaf
4 2 3 6 6 7 8 9 9
5 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8
6 0 1 1 1 2 4 4 5 8 9 4|1 41 years
6. How many presidents were under the age of 45 when inaugurated?

7. Find the ages of the youngest and oldest president at inauguration.
8. Find the range of the data.
9. Find the median and the mode of the data
10. Based on the data, in what age group were the majority of the presidents when
inaugurated?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Bar Graphs and Histograms
A bar graph is one method of comparing data by using solid bars to represent quantities. A
histogram is a special kind of bar graph. It uses bars to represent the frequency of numerical
data that have been organized into intervals.
Example 1 SIBLINGS Make a bar graph to display the data in the table below.
Number of Siblings
Student 7
Number of Siblings
Siblings 6
5
Lesson 8-4
Sue 1 4
Isfu 6 3
Margarita 3 2
1
Akira 2 0
Sue Istu Margarita Akira
Student
Step 1 Draw a horizontal and a vertical axis. Label the axes as shown. Add a title.
Step 2 Draw a bar to represent each student. In this case, a bar is used to represent the
number of siblings for each student.
Example 2 SIBLINGS The number of siblings of 17 students have been

organized into a table. Make a histogram of the data.
Number of Siblings
Frequency 10
Siblings
8
Frequency
0–1 4 6
2–3 10 4
2
4–5 2 0
6–7 1 0–1 2–3 4–5 6–7
Number of Siblings
Step 1 Draw and label horizontal and vertical axes. Add a title.
Step 2 Draw a bar to represent the frequency of each interval.
Exercises
1. Make a bar graph for the data in 2. Make a histogram for the data in
the table. the table.
Number of Number of
Student Frequency
Free Throws Free Throws
Luis 6 0–1 1
Laura 10 2–3 5
Opal 4 4–5 10
Gad 14 6–7 4

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
8-4 Practice
Bar Graphs and Histograms
Select the appropriate graph to display each set of data: bar graph or
histogram. Then display the data in the appropriate graph.
1. Ages of Children Taking 2. Home Run Derby 2007
Swimming Lessons Round 1 Home Runs
Age Children Player Home Runs
0–2 8 Vladimir Guerrero 5
3–5 12 Alex Rios 5
6–8 18 Matt Holliday 5
9–11 17 Albert Pujols 4
12–14 12 Justin Morneau 4
15–17 13 Source: Baseball Almanac

POPULATION For Exercises 3–5, use Males and Females
the bar graph that shows the number 160
of males and females in the world for 140
Males
the years 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2005. 120
# (in millions)
Females
100
3. By how much did the number of 80
females increase from 1970 to 60
40
1980?
20
0
4. By how much did the number of 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005
year
females increase from 2000 to
2005?
5. Between which years did the number of females increase the most?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Problem-Solving Investigation: Use a Graph
When solving problems, a graph can show a visual representation of the situation and help you make
conclusions about the particular set of data.
Example POPULATION The table shows Mill High School Enrollment

the enrollment of Mill High
School students over five years. Estimate the ’05–’06 ’06–’07 ’07–’08 ’08–’09 ’09–’10
enrollment was for the 2010–2011 school year. 115 134 168 160 185
Understand You know the enrollment of students for five years. You need to estimate
the enrollment for the 2010–2011 school year.
Plan Organize the data in a graph so that you can see a trend in the enrollment
levels.
Solve Enrollment Levels
225
200
175
Students
Lesson 8-5
150
125
100
0
2005– 2006– 2007– 2008– 2009– 2010–
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
School Year
The graph shows that the enrollment increases over the years. By using
the graph you can conclude that Mill High School had about 225 students
enrolled for the 2010–2011 school year.

Check Draw a line through as close to as many points as possible. The estimate is
close to the line so the answer is reasonable.
Exercises
1. TEMPERATURE The chart to the right shows the December Temperatures (F°)
average December temperatures in Fahrenheit over
2002 2003 2004 2005
four years. Predict the average temperature for the
next year. 22° 17° 18° 16°
2. POPULATION Every five years the population of your Neighborhood Population

neighborhood is recorded. What do you predict the 1995 2000 2005
population will be in 2010? 2,072 2,250 2,376

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
8-5 Practice
Problem-Solving Investigation: Use a Graph
Mixed Problem Solving 4. NUMBER THEORY 42 is subtracted from
42% of a number. The result is 42. What
PITCHING For Exercises 1 and 2, use the
is the number?
graph that shows the amount of
pitching practice time for Adam and
Jordan during a particular week.
Pitching Practice
2.5
2.0
Time (Hours)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
Mon. Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri.
Day of the Week Jordan
5. MONEY The value of the number of
Adam
dimes is equal to the value of the
number of quarters. If the total value of
1. Who practiced more during the week the quarters and dimes is $6.00, find
and by how much time? the total number of coins.
2. What was Adam’s average practice time

per day for the five days?

• Guess and check.
6. SKIING Mrs. Roget is taking her family
• Look for a pattern.
of 2 adults and 4 children skiing for the
• Make a graph. day. They need to rent ski equipment.
What will it cost to ski for the day
3. LAWN TOOLS The bar graph shows the including equipment rental and lift
number of shovels and rakes sold during tickets?
particular months at a hardware store.
Daily Ski Costs
During which month was the number of
rakes sold about twice the number of Item Adults Children
shovels sold? Lift Ticket $10.00 $8.00
Skis $7.00 $4.25
Shovel and Rake Sales
40
35
Boots $6.25 $4.25
Number Sold
30 Poles $2.25 $1.75

25
20
15
10
5
0
April June August October
Month
Shovels Rakes

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Using Graphs to Predict
A line graph shows trends over time and can be useful for predicting future events. A scatter plot
displays two sets of data on a graph and can be useful for predictions by showing trends in the data.
Example Use the line graph of the Moralez family car trip shown below to
answer the following questions.
1. After 250 miles, how much gas did the Gas Usage
16
Moralez family have left?
14
12
Draw a dotted line up from 10
Gas (g)
250 m until it reaches the 8
graph and then find the 6
corresponding gas measure. 4
2
They will have about 5.5 g left. 0
0 100 200 300 400
Distance (mi)
2. How far can the Moralez family travel
before they run out of gas?
When they run out of gas,

the tank will be at 0 so find
where the line reaches 0.
They can travel about 410 miles.
Lesson 8-6
Exercises
Use the scatter plot to answer the questions. Birds Observed in Lake Park
105
1. How many birds were there in 2004? 90
Number of Birds
75
60
45
2. What relationship do you see between the number 30
of birds and year? 15
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
3. Predict the number of birds there were in the year
2001?
4. Predict the number of birds there will be in in the year 2006?
5. In what year do you think the bird population will reach 100?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
8-6 Practice
Using Graphs to Predict
WATER LEVEL For Exercises 1 and 2, use the graph Water
Water LLevel
evel
that shows the level of rising water of a lake 18.0
after several days of rainy weather. 17.0
Level (feet)
1. If the water continues to rise, predict the day 16.0
when the water level will be above flood stage of 15.0
20.5 feet. 14.0

13.0
12.0
11.0
0
Sun Mon Tues Wed
2. How many days did it take for the water level to
Day
rise 4 feet?
PROPERTY For Exercises 3–5, use the table that shows the Property Value
property value per acre for five years. (per acre)
3. Make a scatter plot of the data. Use the time on the horizontal Time Value
axis and the property value on the vertical axis. 2005 $14,000
2006 $16,600
2007 $18,900

2008 $21,500
2009 $24,000
4. Describe the relationship, if any, between the two sets of data.
5. Predict the property value per acre in 2010.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Using Data to Predict
Data gathered by surveying a random sample of the population may be used to make predictions
about the entire population.
Example 1 In a survey, 200 people from a town were asked if they thought
the town needed more bicycle paths. The results are shown in
the table. Predict how many of the 28,000 people in the town think more bicycle
paths are needed.
More Bicycle Paths Needed?

Response Percent
yes 39%
no 42%
undecided 19%
Use the percent proportion.

part percent
Percent proportion
whole 100
part of the population n 39 Let n represent the number.
39
28,000 100 Survey results: 39%
100
Whole population 100n 38,000(39) Cross products
n 10,920 Simplify.
So, about 10,920 people in the town think more bicycle paths are needed.
Exercises
1. VOTES In a survey of voters in Binghamton, 55% of those surveyed said
they would vote for Armas for city council. If 24,000 people vote in the
election, about how many will vote for Armas?
Lesson 8-7
2. LUNCH A survey shows that 43% of high school and middle school
students buy school lunches. If a school district has 2,900 high school and
middle school students, about how many buy school lunches?
3. CLASS TRIP Students of a seventh grade class were surveyed to find out
how much they would be willing to pay to go on a class trip. 24% of the
students surveyed said they would pay $21 to $30. If there are 360
students in the seventh grade class, about how many would be willing to
pay for a trip that cost $21 to $30?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
8-7 Practice
Using Data to Predict
Match each situation with the appropriate equation or proportion.
1. 85% of commuters use the expressway.
Predict how many commuters out of
a. n 0.85 750
750 commuters will use the expressway.
85 n
b.
2. 750% of 85 is what number? 750 100
c. 7.5 85 n
3. 85 commuters is what percent of
750 commuters?
4. ESKIMOS In the year 2000, the population of Alaska was about 627 thousand. Predict
the number of Eskimos in Alaska if the Eskimo population was about 7.5% of the
population of Alaska. Round to the nearest thousand.
5. DOGS A survey showed that about 40% of American households own at least one dog.
Based on that survey, how many households in a community of 800 households own at
least one dog?
CAR REPAIRS For Exercises 6–8, use the Car Repairs

graph that shows the percent of all 30%
Percent of All Repairs
repairs for 3 car repair problems at 25% 21%

20%
a car repair shop. 14%
15%
9%
6. Suppose a mechanic repairs 478 cars. 10%
Predict how many repairs will be 5%

0
made on transmissions. Brake Electrical Transmission
System
Type of Repair
7. For every 100 repairs, predict how many
more repairs will be made on a brake
system problem than on an electrical
problem.
8. Predict the percent of repairs that will

be one of the three problems in the graph.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Using Sampling to Predict
In an unbiased sample the whole population is represented. In a biased sample one or more parts of
the population are favored over the others.
Example 1 Look at the following table to determine the favorite sport of

middle school students.
Favorite Sports of Middle School Students

Basketball Baseball Football Soccer
10 5 17 52
Based on the table, it would appear that soccer is the favorite sport of
middle school students. However, suppose the data collected for this survey
was taken at a World Cup soccer match. It can then be concluded that our
sample is biased because students who are at a soccer match may be more
likely to choose soccer as their favorite sport.
To receive an unbiased sample of middle school students, the sports
survey could be completed at randomly selected middle schools throughout
the country.
Exercises Determine whether the given situations represent a biased or

unbiased sample. Then tell the type of sample.
1. Writers of a popular teen magazine want to write a story about which

movies their readers like. The writers decide to interview the first
50 people that walk out of a movie theater.
2. The student council wanted to raise money for their school by selling
homemade cookies during lunch time. To find out the favorite kind of
cookie for the majority of their school, they conducted a survey. They gave
the survey to 20 randomly selected students from each grade level.
3. To determine the most frequently used gas station, a researcher

randomly selected every 10th person from a drive-through fast food
restaurant and asked them where they last filled up with gas.
Lesson 8-8

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
8-8 Practice
Using Sampling to Predict
Determine if the sample method is valid (unbiased) and if so, use the
results to make predictions. If the sample is not valid (biased), write
not valid on the line and explain why.
1. A representative from the cable company randomly calls 100 households
to determine the number of customers who receive movie channels. Of
these, 15% do have movie channel access. If there are 2,300 customers
total, how many can be expected to have the movie channels?
2. An electronics store just received a huge shipment of video games. Kenny

has been put in charge of making sure the goods are not damaged. There
are 350 boxes and 50 games in each box. Kenny decides to take the
nearest 5 boxes and check for damages. He finds only 2 damaged games,
so what can he predict for the total number of damaged games in the
boxes?
3. Taylor was given the following problem:

A researcher, who was trying to link after-school students from
20 different schools around the country, surveyed 50 children from each

school. He found that 74% of students were involved in after-school sports.
How many students surveyed were involved in sports?
This is how Taylor solved the problem:

50 1000 It’s valid because it
20 74 is a simple random
1,000 74,000 sample and there were
74,000 students.
Explain what Taylor did wrong.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Misleading Statistics
Graphs can be misleading for many reasons: there is no title, the scale does not include 0; there are
Lesson 8-9
no labels on either axis; the intervals on a scale are not equal; or the size of the graphics
misrepresents the data.
Example WEEKLY CHORES The line graphs below show the total hours Salomon
spent doing his chores one month. Which graph would be best to
use to convince his parents he deserves a raise in his allowance?
Explain.
Graph A Graph B
Salomon's Weekly Chores Salomon's Weekly Chores
8 16
7 14
6 12
Total (hours)
Total (hours)
5 10
4 8
3 6
2 4
1 2
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Week Week
He should use graph A because it makes the total hours seem much larger.
Exercises
PROFITS For Exercises 1 and 2, use the graphs below. It shows a

company’s profits over a four-month period.
Graph A Graph B
Company Profits Company Profits
$70,000
$60,000
$50,000
Profits
$40,000
Profits
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$0
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Months
Months
1. Which graph would be best to use to convince potential investors to

invest in this company?
2. Why might the graph be misleading?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
8-9 Practice
Misleading Statistics
ANTIQUES For Exercises 1–3, use the table. Antiques
1. Find the mean, median, and mode of the data. Item Value
Desk $150
Table $850
2. Which measure might be misleading in describing
Painting $850
the value of each item? Explain.
Dishes $750
Sewing Machine $200
3. Which measure would best describe the value of each item? Explain.
MOUNTAINS For Exercises 4 and 5, use the graph Elevation of Mountains

that shows the elevation of the two highest 20,500
mountain peaks in Alaska. 20,000
19,500
Elevation (feet)
4. Based on the size of the bars compare the elevations of
19,000
the mountains. 18,500
18,000
17,500
17,000
5. Explain how this graph may be misleading. 16,500
Mt. McKinley Mt. St. Elias
p

6. BODY TEMPERATURE The graphs below show the hourly body temperature for a hospital
patient. Which graph would be more helpful to the doctor in showing the change in
body temperature? Explain.
Graph A Graph B
Hourly Temperatures Hourly Temperatures
110 103
100 102.5
90 102
Degrees Fahrenheit
80 101.5
Degrees Fahrenheit
70 101
60 100.5
50 100
40 99.5
30 99
20 98.5
10 98
.
.
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
0
.
7
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
P.M
Hour
1
Hour

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Section Title
The probability of a simple event is a ratio that compares the number of favorable outcomes to the
number of possible outcomes. Outcomes occur at random if each outcome occurs by chance.
Two events that are the only ones that can possibly happen are complementary events. The sum of
the probabilities of complementary events is 1.
Example 1 What is the probability of rolling a multiple of 3 on a number cube

marked with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 on its faces.
Lesson 9-1
multiples of 3 possible
P(multiple of 3)
total numbers possible
2
Two numbers are multiples of 3: 3 and 6.
6
1 Simplify.
3
The probability of rolling a multiple of 3 is 1 or about 33.3%.
3
Example 2 What is the probability of not rolling a multiple of 3 on a number

cube marked with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 on its faces?
P(A) P(not A) 1
1
P(not A) 1 Substitute 1 for P(A).
3 3
1 1
3 3 Subtract 1 from each side
3

P(not A) 2 Simplify.
3
The probability of not rolling a multiple of 3 is 2 or about 66.7%.
Exercises
A set of 30 cards is numbered 1, 2, 3, …, 30. Suppose you pick a card at
random without looking. Find the probability of each event. Write as
a fraction in simplest form.
1. P(12) 2. P(2 or 3)
3. P(odd number) 4. P(a multiple of 5)
5. P(not a multiple of 5) 6. P(less than or equal to 10)

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
9-1 Practice
Simple Events
A set of cards is numbered 1, 2, 3, … 24. Suppose you pick a card at
random without looking. Find the probability of each event. Write as
a fraction in simplest form.
1. P(5) 2. P(multiple of 4) 3. P(6 or 17)
4. P(not equal to 15) 5. P(not a factor of 6) 6. P(odd number)
COMMUNITY SERVICE The table shows the students involved in

community service. Suppose one student is randomly selected to
represent the school at a state-wide awards ceremony. Find the
probability of each event. Write as a fraction in simplest form.
7. P(boy) 8. P(not 6th grader) Community Service
girls 15
9. P(girl) 10. P(8th grader)
boys 25
11. P(boy or girl) 12. P(6th or 7th grader) 6th graders 20
7th graders 8
13. P(7th grader) 14. P(not a 9th grader) 8th graders 12
MENU A delicatessen serves different menu items, of which 2 are

soups, 6 are sandwiches, and 4 are salads. How likely is it for each
event to happen if you choose one item at random from the menu?

15. P(sandwich) 16. P(not a soup) 17. P(salad)
18. NUMBER CUBE What is the probability of rolling an even number or a prime
number on a number cube? Write as a fraction in simplest form.
19. CLOSING TIME At a convenience store there is a 25% chance a customer
enters the store within one minute of closing time. Describe the
complementary event and find its probability.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Sample Spaces
A game in which players of equal skill have an equal chance of winning is a fair game. A tree
diagram or table is used to show all of the possible outcomes, or sample space, in a probability
experiment.
Example 1 WATCHES A certain type of watch comes in brown or black and in a

small or large size. Find the number of color-size combinations that
are possible.
Make a table to show the sample space. Then give the total number of outcomes.
Color Size
Brown Small
Brown Large
Black Small
Black Large
Lesson 9-2
There are four different color and size combinations.
Example 2 CHILDREN The chance of having either a boy or a girl is 50%. What is
the probability of the Smiths having two girls?
Make a tree diagram to show the sample space. Then find the probability of having
two girls.
Child 1 Child 2 Sample Space
boy boy, boy

boy
girl boy, girl
boy girl, boy

girl
girl girl, girl
The sample space contains 4 possible outcomes. Only 1 outcome has both children being
girls. So, the probability of having two girls is 1.
4
Exercises
For each situation, make a tree diagram or table to show the sample
space. Then give the total number of outcomes.
1. choosing an outfit from a green shirt, blue shirt, or a red shirt, and black
pants or blue pants
2. choosing a vowel from the word COUNTING and a consonant from the
word PRIME

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
9-2 Practice
Sample Spaces
For each situation, find the sample space using a table or tree
diagram.
1. choosing blue, green, or yellow wall paint with white, beige, or gray
curtains
Paint Curtains Sample Space
white blue paint, white curtains

blue beige blue paint, beige curtains
gray blue paint, gray curtains
white green paint, white curtains
green beige green paint, beige curtains
gray green paint, gray curtains
white yellow paint, white curtains
yellow beige yellow paint, beige curtains
gray yellow paint, gray curtains
2. choosing a lunch consisting of a soup,

salad, and sandwich from the menu
shown in the table.
Soup Salad Sandwich

Tortellini Caesar Roast Beef

Lentil Macaroni Ham
Turkey
3. GAME Kimiko and Miko are playing a game in which each girl rolls a
number cube. If the sum of the numbers is a prime number, then Miko
wins. Otherwise Kimiko wins. Find the sample space. Then determine
whether the game is fair.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

The Fundamental Counting Principle
If event M can occur in m ways and is followed by event N that can occur in n ways, then the event M
followed by N can occur in m n ways. This is called the Fundamental Counting Principle.
Example 1 CLOTHING Andy has 5 shirts, 3 pairs of pants, and 6 pairs of socks.
How many different outfits can Andy choose with a shirt, pair of
pants, and pair of socks?
number of shirts number of pants number of socks total number of outfits

5
3
Andy can choose 90 different outfits.

6 90
Exercises
Use the Fundamental Counting Principle to find the total number of
outcomes in each situation.
1. rolling two number cubes
2. tossing 3 coins
Lesson 9-3
3. picking one consonant and one vowel
4. choosing one of 3 processor speeds, 2 sizes of memory, and 4 sizes of

hard drive
5. choosing a 4-, 6-, or 8-cylinder engine and 2- or 4-wheel drive
6. rolling 2 number cubes and tossing 2 coins
7. choosing a color from 4 colors and a number from 4 to 10

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
9-3 Practice
The Fundamental Counting Principle
Use the Fundamental Counting Principle to find the total number of
outcomes in each situation.
1. choosing from 8 car models, 5 exterior paint colors, and 2 interior colors
2. selecting a year in the last decade and a month of the year
3. picking from 3 theme parks and 1-day, 2-day, 3-day, and 5-day passes
4. choosing a meat and cheese sandwich

Cheese Meat
from the list shown in the table
Provolone Salami
Swiss Turkey
5. tossing a coin and rolling 2 number American Tuna
cubes Cheddar Ham
6. selecting coffee in regular or decaf, with or without cream, and with or

without sweeteners
7 COINS Find the number of possible outcomes if 2 quarters, 4 dimes, and 1
nickel are tossed.
8. SOCIAL SECURITY Find the number of possible 9-digit social security

numbers if the digits may be repeated.
9. AIRPORTS Jolon will be staying with his grandparents for a week. There
are four flights that leave the airport near Jolon’s home that connect to

an airport that has two different flights to his grandparents’ hometown.
Find the number of possible flights. Then find the probability of taking
the earliest flight from each airport if the flight is selected at random.
Number of Style of Type of

10. ANALYZE TABLES The table shows the
Bedrooms Kitchen Porch
kinds of homes offered by a residential
5-bedroom Mediterranean Open
builder. If the builder offers a discount
4-bedroom Contemporary Screen
on one home at random, find the
3-bedroom Southwestern
probability it will be a 4-bedroom Colonial
home with an open porch. Explain
your reasoning.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Permutations
The expression n factorial (n!) is the product of all counting numbers beginning with n and counting
backward to 1. A permutation is an arrangement, or listing, of objects in which order is important. You
can use the Fundamental Counting Principle to find the number of possible arrangements.
Example 1 Find the value of 5!.
5! 5 4 3 2 1 Definition of factorial
120 Simplify.
Example 2 Find the value of 4! 2!.
4! 2! 4 3 2 1 2 1 Definition of factorial
48 Simplify.
Example 3 BOOKS How many ways can 4 different books be arranged on a

bookshelf?
This is a permutation that can be written as 4!. Suppose the books are placed on the shelf
from left to right.
There are 4 choices for the first book.
There are 3 choices that remain for the second book.
There are 2 choices that remain for the third book.
There is 1 choice that remains for the fourth book.
4! 4 3 2 1 Definition of factorial
24 Simplify.
So, there are 24 ways to arrange 4 different books on a bookshelf.
Exercises
Find the value of each expression.
1. 3! 2. seven factorial
Lesson 9-4
3. 6! · 3! 4. 9 · 8 · 7
5. How many ways can you arrange the letters in the word GROUP?
6. How many different 4-digit numbers can be created if no digit can be

repeated? Remember, a number cannot begin with 0.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
9-4 Practice
Permutations
Solve each problem.
1. NUMBERS How many different 2-digit numbers can be formed from the
digits 4, 6, and 8? Assume no number can be used more than once.
2. LETTERS How many permutations are possible of the letters in the word
NUMBERS?
3. PASSENGERS There are 5 passengers in a car. In how many ways can the
passengers sit in the 5 passenger seats of the car?
4. PAINTINGS Mr. Bernstein owns 14 paintings, but has only enough wall
space in his home to display three of them at any one time: one in the
hallway, one in the den, and one in the parlor. How many ways can Mr.
Bernstein display three paintings in his home?
5. DOG SHOW Mateo is one of the six dog owners in the terrier category. If
the owners are selected in a random order to show their dogs, how many
ways can the owners show their dogs?
6. TIME Michel, Jonathan, and two of their friends each ride their bikes
to school. If they have an equally-likely chance of arriving first, what is
the probability that Jonathan will arrive first and Michel will arrive
second?

7. BIRTHDAY Glen received 6 birthday cards. If he is equally likely to read
the cards in any order, what is the probability he reads the card from his
parents and the card from his sister before the other cards?
CODES For Exercises 8–10, use the following information. A bank gives
each new customer a 4-digit code number which allows the new
customer to create their own password. The code number is assigned
randomly from the digits 1, 3, 5, and 7, and no digit is repeated.
8. What is the probability that the code number for a new customer will
begin or end with a 7?
9. What is the probability that the code number will not contain a 5?
10. What is the probability that the code number will start with 371?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Combinations
An arrangement, or listing, of objects in which order is not important is called a combination. You can
find the number of combinations of objects by dividing the number of permutations of the entire set by
the number of ways each smaller set can be arranged.
Example 1 Jill was asked by her teacher to choose 3 topics from the
8 topics given to her. How many different three-topic
groups could she choose?
There are 8 · 7 · 6 permutations of three-topic groups chosen from eight. There are 3! ways
to arrange the groups.
876 336
56
3! 6
So, there are 56 different three-topic groups.
Tell whether each situation represents a permutation or combination.

Then solve the problem.
Example 2 On a quiz, you are allowed to answer any 4 out of the 6 questions.
How many ways can you choose the questions?
This is a combination because the order of the 4 questions is not important. So, there are
6 · 5 · 4 · 3 permutations of four questions chosen from six. There are 4! or 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 orders
in which these questions can be chosen.
6543 360
15
4! 24
So, there are 15 ways to choose the questions.
Example 3 Five different cars enter a parking lot with only 3 empty spaces.
How many ways can these spaces be filled?
This is a permutation because each arrangement of the same 3 cars counts as a distinct
arrrangement. So, there are 5 · 4 · 3 or 60 ways the spaces can be filled.
Exercises
Tell whether each situation represents a permutation or combination.
Then solve the problem.
1. How many ways can 4 people be chosen from a group of 11?
2. How many ways can 3 people sit in 4 chairs?

Lesson 9-5
3. How many ways can 2 goldfish be chosen from a tank containing

15 goldfish?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
9-5 Practice
Combinations
Solve each problem.
1. BASKETBALL In how many ways can a coach select 5 players from a team
of 10 players?
2. BOOKS In how many ways can 3 books be selected from a shelf of 25

books?
3. CAFETERIA In how many ways can you choose 2 side dishes from 15
items?
4. CHORES Of 8 household chores, in how many ways can you do

three-fourths of them?
5. ELDERLY Latanya volunteers to bake and deliver pastries to elderly people

in her neighborhood. In how many different ways can Latanya deliver to
2 of the 6 elderly people in her neighborhood?
6. DELI A deli makes potato, macaroni, three bean, Caesar, 7-layer, and
Greek salads. The deli randomly makes only four salads each day. What is
the probability that the four salads made one day are 7-layer, macaroni,
Greek, and potato?
7. AUTOGRAPHS A sports memorabilia enthusiast Player

collected autographed baseballs from the players

Cal Ripkin
in the table. The enthusiast is giving one autographed
Hank Aaron
baseball to each of his three grandchildren. If the
baseballs are selected at random, what is the Barry Bonds
probability that the Hank Aaron, Alex Rodriquez, Alex Rodriquez
and Mickey Mantle autographed baseballs are given Mickey Mantle
to his grandchildren?
For Exercises 8–10, tell whether each problem represents a

permutation or a combination. Then solve the problem.
8. LOCKS In how many ways can three different numbers be selected from
10 numbers to open a keypad lock?
9. MOVIES How many ways can 10 DVDs be placed on a shelf?
10. TRANSPORTATION Eight people need transportation to the concert. How

many different groups of 6 people can ride with Mrs. Johnson?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Problem-Solving Investigation: Act It Out
By acting out a problem, you are able to see all possible solutions to the problem being posed.
Lesson 9-6
Example CLOTHING Ricardo has two shirts and three pairs of pants to choose
from for his outfit to wear on the first day of school. How many
different outfits can he make by wearing one shirt and one pair of
pants?
Understand We know that he has two shirts and three pairs of pants to choose from. We
can use a coin for the shirts and an equally divided spinner labeled for the
pants.
Plan Let’s make a list showing all possible outcomes of tossing a coin and then
spinning a spinner.
Flip a Coin Spin a Spinner
Solve H Heads
T Tails H 1
Spinner 1, 2, 3 H 2
H 3
T 1
T 2
T 3
There are six possible outcomes of tossing a coin and spinning a spinner.
So, there are 6 different possible outfits that Ricardo can wear for the first day
of school.
Check Tossing a coin has two outcomes and there are two shirts. Spinning a
three-section spinner has three outcomes and there are three pairs of pants.
Therefore, the solution of 6 different outcomes with a coin and spinner
represent the 6 possible outfit outcomes for Ricardo.
Exercises
1. SCIENCE FAIR There are 4 students with projects to present at the school
science fair. How many different ways can these 4 projects be displayed
on four tables in a row?
2. GENDER Determine whether tossing a coin is a good way to predict the

gender of the next 5 babies born at General Hospital. Justify your
answer.
3. OLYMPICS Four runners are entered in the first hurdles heat of twelve
heats at the Olympics. The first two move on to the next round.
Assuming no ties, how many different ways can the four runners come in
first and second place?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
9-6 Practice
Problem-Solving Investigation: Act It Out
Mixed Problem Solving 4. NUMBER THEORY The sum of a 2-digit
number and the 2-digit number when
For Exercises 1 and 2, use the act it out
the digits are reversed is 77. If the
strategy.
difference of the same two numbers is
1. POP QUIZ Use the information in the 45, what are the two 2-digit numbers?
table to determine whether tossing a
nickel and a dime is a good way to
answer a 5-question multiple-choice
quiz if each question has answer choices
A, B, C, and D. Justify your answer.
Nickel Dime Answer Choice

H H A
H T B
T H C 5. BASEBALL In one game, Rafael was up to
T T D bat 3 times and made 2 hits. In another
game, he was up to bat 5 times with no
hits. What percent of the times at bat
did Rafael make a hit?

2. BOWLING Bill, Lucas, Carmen, and
Dena go bowling every week. When
ordered from highest to lowest, how
many ways can their scores be arranged
if Lucas is never first and Carmen 6. RESTAURANT A restaurant offers the
always beats Bill? possibility of 168 three-course dinners.
Each dinner has an appetizer, an entrée,
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 3–6. and a dessert. If the number of
Some strategies are shown below. appetizers decreases from 7 to 5, find
how many fewer possible three-course
dinners the restaurant offers.
• Draw a diagram.
• Use reasonable answers.
• Act it out.
3. BOOKS What is the probability of five

books being placed in alphabetical order
of their titles if randomly put on a book
shelf?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Theoretical and Experimental Probability
Experimental probability is found using frequencies obtained in an experiment or game. Theoretical
probability is the expected probability of an event occurring.
Example 1 The graph shows the results of an 25 21

experiment in which a number 19
17
Number of Rolls
20 16
cube was rolled 100 times. Find the experimental 14 13
15
probability of rolling a 3 for this experiment.
10
number of times 3 occurs 5
P(3)
Lesson 9-7
number of possible outcomes 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
16 4
or Number Showing
100 25
The experimental probability of rolling a 3 is 4, which is close to its theoretical
25
probability of 1.
6
Example 2 In a telephone poll, 225 people were asked Number of

for whom they planned to vote in the race Candidate People
for mayor. What is the experimental probability of
Juarez 75
Juarez being elected?
Davis 67
Of the 225 people polled, 75 planned to vote for Juarez. Abramson 83
75 1
So, the experimental probability is or .
225 3
Example 3 Suppose 5,700 people vote in the election.

How many can be expected to vote for Juarez?
1
5,700 1,900
3
About 1,900 will vote for Juarez.
Exercises
For Exercises 1–3, use the graph of a survey of 132
140
150 students asked whether they prefer cats or dogs.
120
Number of Students
1. What is the probability of a student preferring dogs? 100

80
2. Suppose 100 students were surveyed. How many can be 60
expected to prefer dogs? 40
18
20
3. Suppose 300 students were surveyed. How many can be 0
expected to prefer cats? Cats Dogs

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
9-7 Practice
Theoretical and Experimental Probability
For Exercises 1–4, a number cube is rolled 24 times and lands on 2
four times and on 6 three times.
1. Find the experimental probability of landing on a 2.
2. Find the experimental probability of not landing on a 6.
3. Compare the experimental probability you found in Exercise 1 to its

theoretical probability.
4. Compare the experimental probability you found in Exercise 2 to its

theoretical probability.
ENTERTAINMENT For Exercises 5–7, use the results of the survey

in the table shown.
5. What is the probability that someone Best Entertainment Value
in the survey considered reading
Type of Entertainment Percent
books or surfing the Internet as the
Playing Interactive Games 48%
best entertainment value? Write the
probability as a fraction. Reading Books 22%
Renting Movies 10%
6. Out of 500 people surveyed, how many Going to Movie Theaters 10%
would you expect considered reading Surfing the Internet 9%

books or surfing the Internet as the Watching Television 1%
best entertainment value?
7. Out of 300 people surveyed, is it

reasonable to expect that 30
considered watching television as the
best entertainment value? Why or why
not?
For Exercises 8–10, a spinner marked with four sections blue, green,
yellow, and red was spun 100 times. The results are shown in the table.
8. Find the experimental probability Section Frequency
of landing on green.
Blue 14
Green 10
9. Find the experimental probability
of landing on red. Yellow 8
Red 68
10. If the spinner is spun 50 more times,
how many of these times would you
expect the pointer to land on blue?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Compound Events
A compound event consists of two or more simple events. If the outcome of one event does not affect
the outcome of a second event, the events are called independent events. The probability of two
independent events can be found by multiplying the probability of the first event by the probability of
the second event.
Example 1 A coin is tossed and a number cube is rolled. Find the probability
of tossing tails and rolling a 5.
P(tails) 1 P(5) 1

2 6
P(tails and 5) 1 1 or 1
2 6 12
So, the probability of tossing tails and rolling a 5 is 1.
12
Example 2 MARBLES A bag contains 7 blue, 3 green, and 3 red marbles. If Agnes
randomly draws two marbles from the bag, replacing the first
before drawing the second, what is the probability of drawing a green and then a
Lesson 9-8
blue marble?
3
P(green) 13 marbles, 3 are green
13
7
P(blue) 13 marbles, 7 are blue
13
21
P(green, then blue) 3 · 7
13 13 169
21
So, the probability that Agnes will draw a green, then a blue marble is .
169
Exercises
1. Find the probability of rolling a 2 and then an even number on two
consecutive rolls of a number cube.
2. A penny and a dime are tossed. What is the probability that the penny
lands on heads and the dime lands on tails?
3. Lazlo’s sock drawer contains 8 blue and 5 black socks. If he randomly

pulls out one sock, what is the probability that he picks a blue sock?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
9-8 Practice
Compound Events
A number cube is rolled and a spinner like
the one shown is spun. Find each probability. A
B C
1. P(6 and D) 2. P(multiple of 2 and B) 3. P(not 6 and not A)
A set of 7 cards is labeled 1–7. A second set of 12 cards contains the following
colors: 3 green, 6 red, 2 blue, and 1 white. One card from each set is selected. Find
each probability.
4. P(6 and green) 5. P(prime and blue) 6. P(odd and red)
7. P(7 and white) 8. P(multiple of 3 and red) 9. P(even and white)
A coin is tossed, a number cube is rolled, and a letter is picked from

the word framer.
10. P(tails, 5, m) 11. P(heads, odd, r) 12. P(heads, 6, vowel)
13. P(tails, prime, consonant) 14. P(not tails, multiple of 3, a) 15. P(not heads, 2, f )

16. TOLL ROAD Mr. Espinoza randomly chooses one of five toll booths when
entering a toll road when driving to work. What is the probability he will
select the middle toll booth on Monday and Tuesday?
MARBLES For Exercises 17–20, use the

Marbles
information in the table shown to find each
probability. After a marble is randomly picked Color Number
from a bag containing marbles of four different White 6
colors, the color of the marble is observed and Green 2
then it is returned to the bag. Red 1
Blue 3
17. P(red) 18. P(green, blue)
19. P(red, white, blue) 20. P(blue, blue, blue)

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Angle Relationships
• An angle has two sides that share a common endpoint. The point where the sides meet is called the
vertex. Angles are measured in degrees, where 1 degree is one of 360 equal parts of a circle.
• Angles are classified according to their measure.
Right Angle Acute Angle Obtuse Angle Straight Angle
• Two angles are vertical if they are opposite angles formed by the intersection of two lines.
• Two angles are adjacent if they share a common vertex, a common side, and do not overlap.
1
4 2
3 5 6
⬔1 and ⬔3 are vertical angles. ⬔5 and ⬔6 are adjacent angles

⬔4 and ⬔2 are vertical angles.
Example 1 Classify each angle as acute, obtuse, right, or straight.
A. The angle is less B. The angle is greater

than 90°, so it is than 90°, so it is an
an acute angle. obtuse angle.
Lesson 10-1
Example 2 Label the two angles vertical or adjacent.
C. These angles are D. These angles are

1
vertical because they 3 4 adjacent because they
2
are opposite each other share a common vertex,
and formed by two a common side, and do
intersecting lines. not overlap.
Exercises
Classify each angle as acute, obtuse, right, or straight.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Label the angles vertical or adjacent.

5. 6. 7. 8.
3 6 7
1 2 4 5 8

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
10-1 Practice
Angle Relationships
Name each angle in four ways. Then classify the angle as acute, right,
obtuse, or straight.
1. 2. 3. 1
Z C
T B
A
R 4 2
X
S Y
4. H 5. 6. D
M E
6
3
F J 7
G F
P
Use the figure at the right to answer Questions 7 and 8.

M N
7. Name two angles that are vertical.

P
8. Name two angles that are adjacent.
L O
Use the figure at the right to name the following.
F G
J
9. two acute angles
10. two straight angles A B C D

E H
11. two right angles
12. two obtuse angles

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Complementary and Supplementary Angles
• Two angles are complementary if the sum of their measure is 90°.
m1 m2 90°

1
2
• Two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measure is 180°.
m3 m4 180°

3 4
• To find a missing angle measure, first determine if the angles are complementary or
supplementary. Then write an equation and subtract to find the missing measure.
Example 1 Find the value of x.
The two angles form a right angle or 90°, so they are complementary,
43 x 90 Write the equation.
43 43 Subtract 43 from each side. 43°
x 47
x°
so the value of x is 47°.
Example 2 Find the value of x.

The two angles form a straight line or 180°, so they are supplementary,
110 x 180 Write the equation.
110 110 Subtract 110 from each side. 110˚ x˚
x 70
so the value of x is 70°.
Lesson 10-2
Exercises
Find the value of x in each figure.
1. 2. 3.
58° x ° 56° 85°
x°
x°
4. 5. 6.
x°
71°
x° 45° 82° x °

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
10-2 Practice
Complementary and Supplementary Angles
Find the value of x in each figure.
1. 2. 3.
65° x° x°
22°
43°
x°
4. 5. 6.
x° 110°
x° 72°
29° x°
Classify each pair of angles as complementary, supplementary, or neither.

7. 8. 9.
1
2 1
2 2
1

ALGEBRA Find the value of x in each figure.
10. 11. 12.

x˚ 19.2˚ x˚
49.1˚
x˚ 92˚ 78.5˚
13. ALGEBRA If C and D are supplementary, and the measure of D

is 45°, what is the measure of C?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Statistics: Display Data in a Circle Graph
A graph that shows data as parts of a whole circle is called a circle graph. In a circle graph, the
percents add up to 100. When percents are not given, you must first determine what part of the whole
each item represents.
Example 1 ENERGY Make a circle

Nuclear Reactors in Operation
graph of the data in the
table. Country Number of Reactors
Step 1 Find the total number of reactors: United States 104
104 59 54 222 439. France 59
Step 2 Find the ratio that compares each
Japan 54
number with the total. Write the
ratio as a decimal rounded to the Other Countries 222
nearest hundredth.
104 54
United States: 0.24 Japan: 0.12
439 439
59 222
France: 0.13 Other: 0.51
439 439
Step 3 Find the number of degrees for each section of the graph.
United States: 0.24 · 360 86 Japan: 0.12 · 360 43
France: 0.13 · 360 47 Other: 0.51 · 360 184
Step 4 Use a compass to construct a circle and draw Nuclear Reactors in Operation, 2001
a radius. Then use a protractor to draw an
86° angle. This represents the percent of
13%
nuclear reactors in the United States. France 24%
United
Step 5 From the new radius, draw a 47° angle for 12% States
France. Repeat this step for the other two Japan
sections. Label each section and give the
51%
graph a title. Other
Countries
Exercises
1. SWIMMING The table shows the number of members of the swim team
who competed at the swim meet. Each competed in only one event. Make
a circle graph of the data.
Swim Team Member Participation
Swim Team Member Participation
Event Number
Freestyle 18
Lesson 10-3
Breaststroke 7
Backstroke 5
Butterfly 2

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
10-3 Practice
Statistics: Display Data in a Circle Graph
Display each set of data in a circle graph.
1. Volume of World’s Oceans 2. America’s Energy Sources
Ocean Percent Type Percent
Pacific 49% Petroleum 40%
Atlantic 26% Natural Gas 23%
Indian 21% Coal 22%
Arctic 4% Nuclear 8%
Other 7%
Volume of World’s Oceans America’s Energy Sources
EXPORTS For Exercises 3 and 4, use the circle Persian Gulf Exports
graph that shows the percent of Persian Gulf Qatar
petroleum exports by country. 5%

3. Which country has the most petroleum Kuwait Saudi
12% Arabia
exports? 49%
Iraq
4. How many times more exports does Iran 5% Iran
15%
have than Qatar? United Arab
Emirates
14%
DATA SENSE For each graph, find the missing values.
5. Recycled Products 6. Time Management
Other Other
Sleep
15% 36˚
Newspaper 130˚
Plastic 30%
Hygiene
20% 24˚
Meals School
Aluminum 42˚ x˚
25% Electronics Chores
x%
28˚

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Triangles
Lesson 10-4
A triangle is a figure with three sides and three angles. The symbol for triangle is . The sum of the
measures of the angles of a triangle is 180. You can use this to find a missing angle measure in a triangle.
Example 1 Find the value of x in ABC. B

x 66 52 180 The sum of the measures is 180.
66˚
x 118 180 Simplify.
118 118 Subtract 118 from each side.
x 62 x˚
52˚
The missing angle is 62. A C
Triangles can be classified by the measures of their angles. An acute triangle has three acute angles.
An obtuse triangle has one obtuse angle. A right triangle has one right angle.
Triangles can also be classified by the lengths of their sides. Sides that are the same length are
congruent segments and are often marked by tick marks. In a scalene triangle, all sides have
different lengths. An isosceles triangle has at least two congruent sides. An equilateral triangle has
all three sides congruent.
Example 2 Classify the triangle by its angles and by its sides.
The triangle has one obtuse angle and two sides the
same length. So, it is an obtuse, isosceles triangle.
120˚
Exercises
Find the missing measure in each triangle. Then classify the triangle
as acute, right, or obtuse.
1. 2. 3.
82˚ 45˚
x˚
75˚ x˚
40˚ x˚
43˚
Classify each triangle by its angles and by its sides.

4. 5. 6.
60˚ 40˚
110˚ 30˚
50˚ 70˚

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
10-4 Practice
Triangles
Find the value of x.
1. 2. x˚ 3.
140˚ x˚
22˚ 17˚
42˚ x˚
4. 5. 6.
61˚ 41˚ 60˚
x˚ 37˚
x˚
29˚
60˚ x˚
Find the missing measure in each triangle with the given angle measures.
7. 45°, 35.8°, x° 8. 100°, x°, 40.7° 9. x°, 90°, 16.5°
10. Find the third angle of a right triangle if one of the angles measures 24°.
11. What is the third angle of a right triangle if one of the angles measures 51.1°?
12. ALGEBRA Find mA in ABC if mB 38° and mC 38°.
13. ALGEBRA In XYZ, mZ 113° and mX 28°. What is mY?

Classify the marked triangle in each object by its angles and by its sides.
14. 15. 16.
40˚ 30˚ 30˚
25˚
50˚
ALGEBRA Find the value of x in each triangle.
20. 2x ˚ 2x ˚
21. 22.
7x ˚ x˚
3x ˚
x˚
2x ˚ x˚

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Problem-Solving Investigation: Use Logical Reasoning
Logical reasoning is a method of problem solving that uses inductive reasoning, making a rule after
seeing several examples or deducting reasoning, use a rule to make a decision.
Example Use the formula d rt where d is distance, r is rate, and t is

time to determine how far a car will travel after 4 hours if it is
traveling at a constant rate of 65 miles per hour.
Understand You know the ball has dropped for 8 seconds and that gravity is 10 m/s.
Lesson 10-5
Plan Try a few examples to find a pattern. Make a table.
Solve
Seconds Passed Distance Traveled
1 65
1.5 97.5
2 130
2.5 162.5
3 195
t 65t
After each hour, the car will travel 65 miles. So, after 4 hours
the car will travel 260 mi.
Check The formula is d rt so d 65 4 or 260 mi.
Exercises
Solve the following problems using logical reasoning.

1. TRAVEL Use the formula d rt where d is the distance, r is the rate, and
t is the time to determine how far the Moralez family has traveled if they
are driving at a rate of 72 miles per hour for 9 hours.
2. CELL PHONES Determine the cost per phone call if Maria made 30 calls
last month and her total bill for the month was $45.00.
3. MUSIC Sarah, Juan, and Derrick play the piano, trumpet, and violin, but
not necessarily in that order. Sarah and Derrick sit on either side of the
trumpet player. Sarah does not play the violin. Who plays the violin?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
10-5 Practice
Problem-Solving Investigation: Use Logical Reasoning
Mixed Problem Solving 4. METEORITES An astronomer found three
meteorites weighing 9.4 pounds, 5.7
For Exercises 1 and 2, use logical
pounds, and 24.5 pounds. If 1 kilogram
reasoning to solve the problem.
weighs 2.2 pounds, find the average
1. TOWNS Tia, Bianca, and Hiroko live in mass of the meteorites in kilograms.
the towns of Parkside, Westlake, and
Summerville, but not necessarily in that
order. Tia and her friend that lives in
Westlake helped Bianca with her chores.
Bianca does not live in Parkside. Where
does Tia live? Did you use inductive or
deductive reasoning?
5. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION A bus stopped
at a bus stop and 12 people got on and
5 got off. At the next stop, 14 people got
on and 3 got off. If the number of
2. GEOMETRY Draw a right triangle. Mark passengers has doubled, find the
the midpoints of each side of the number of passengers on the bus.
triangle and draw a smaller triangle by
connecting the midpoints. Do this
several more times. What can you
conclude about the smaller triangle?
Did you use inductive or deductive
reasoning?

6. DISCOUNTS The table shows the
Use any strategy to solve Exercises 3–6. different discounts two stores offer for
Some strategies are shown below. the same product. Which store offers the
better price after the discount is applied
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES and by how much?
• Look for a pattern.
• Use a graph. Price Discount
• Use logical reasoning. Store A $129.00 $25
Store B $139.00 25%
3. ANGLES One angle of a triangle is 33°

less than the other two angles. Find the
measures of the angles of the triangle.
Did you use inductive or deductive
reasoning?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Quadrilaterals
Quadrilaterals can be classified using their angles and sides. The best description of a quadrilateral is
the one that is the most specific.
Trapezoid Parallelogram
Rectangle Rhombus Square
one pair of parallel opposite sides
sides parallel and parallelogram with parallelogram with parallelogram with
opposite sides 4 right angles 4 congruent sides 4 right angles and
congruent 4 congruent sides
Examples Classify the quadrilateral using the name that best describes it.
a The quadrilateral is a parallelogram with

4 congruent sides. It is a rhombus.
Lesson 10-6
b The quadrilateral has one pair of parallel sides.
It is a trapezoid.
c The quadrilateral is a parallelogram with 4 right angles.

It is a rectangle.
Example Find the missing measure in the quadrilateral.

110˚
100 110 6 x 360 Write the equation.
100˚ 60˚
270 x 360 Simplify.
270 270 Subtract 270 from x˚
x 90 each side.
So, the missing measure is 90°.
Exercises
Classify the quadrilateral using the name that best describes it.
1. 2. 3.
Find the missing angle measure in each quadrilateral.

4. 5. 6.
135˚ x˚ 72˚
x˚ 54˚
45˚ 88˚
125˚
82˚ 95˚ x˚ 96˚

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
10-6 Practice
Quadrilaterals
Classify each quadrilateral using the name that best describes it.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
ALGEBRA Find the missing angle measure in each quadrilateral.
7. 8. 9.
80˚ x˚ 130˚ 50˚
x˚ 78˚
54˚ x˚
96˚ 126˚ 50˚
107˚
10. 11. 12.

x˚ 152˚
x˚

125˚ 60˚ 110˚
x˚
120˚
Find the missing measure in each quadrilateral with the given angle
measures.
13. 63.2°, 56°, 111.7°, x° 14. 31.7°, x°, 161.3°, 51.4°
15. x°, 122.4°, 53.7°, 90° 16. 83.7°, 137.2°, x°, 28.5°
17. ALGEBRA Find mC in quadrilateral ABCD if mA 110°, mB 88°,
and mD 55°.
18. ALGEBRA What is mZ in quadrilateral WXYZ if mW 86°, mX 88°,
and mY 92°?
ALGEBRA Find the value of x in each quadrilateral.
19. 68˚ 65˚

20. x˚ 60˚
21.
3x ˚ 3x ˚
60˚ x˚
x˚ x˚
3x ˚ 3x ˚

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Similar Figures
Figures that have the same shape but not necessarily the E
same size are similar figures. The symbol means is
similar to. You can use proportions to find the missing
length of a side in a pair of similar figures.
B 10
For example ABC DEF. 8
Corresponding angles Corresponding sides 5 4
5 4 3
AD
10 8 6
A C D F
BE 3 6
CF
Example 1 If MNOP RSTU, find the length of

ST. M N
5 ft
Since the two figures are similar, the ratios of their corresponding
P 7 ft O
sides are equal. You can write and solve a proportion to find ST
.
PO NO R S
Write a proportion.
UT ST
7 5
Let n represent the length of ST. Then substitute.
28 n
7n 28(5) Find the cross products.
7n 140 Simplify.
U 28 ft T
n 20 Divide each side by 7.
T
The length of S is 20 feet.
Lesson 10-7
Exercises
Find the value of x in each pair of similar figures.
1. A D 2. I L
2 ft
3m
G 4 ft
H x
B 5m C 9m
J 12 ft K
E x F
3. R 10 yd S M 5 yd N 4. B C F G
5 in.
9 yd
A 6 in. D x
x
P O
E 18 in. H
U T

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
10-7 Practice
Similar Figures
1. Which rectangle is similar to rectangle RSTU?
M N
E F A B
R S
3 6 8 5
U 5 T
H 10 G Q 2 P D 5 C
2. Which triangle is similar to triangle XYZ?

X A F
24 26 28 P 14
30 32 35
G 10 R
Y B
Z C H T
Find the value of x in each pair of similar figures.

3. x cm 4.
12 cm 7 ft
12 cm 5 ft
6 cm x ft
2 ft
5. 6. 12.6 mm
15 in.
x in. 4.2 mm x mm
1.5 mm
24 in. 8 in.

7. FLAGPOLES Tasha wants to find the height of
the flagpole at school. One morning, she
determines the flagpole casts a shadow of
12 feet. If Tasha is 5 feet tall and casts a
shadow of 3 feet, what is the height of the x ft
flagpole?
5 ft
12 ft 3 ft

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Polygons and Tessellations
A polygon is a simple, closed figure formed by three or more straight lines. A simple figure does not
have lines that cross each other. You have drawn a closed figure when your pencil ends up where it
started. Polygons can be classified by the number of sides they have.
pentagon hexagon heptagon octagon nonagon decagon

5 sides 6 sides 7 sides 8 sides 9 sides 10 sides
A polygon that has all sides congruent and all angles congruent is called a regular polygon.
Examples Determine whether each figure is a polygon. If it is, classify the

polygon and state whether it is regular. If it is not a polygon,
explain why.
The figure has 5 congruent sides The figure is not a polygon

and 5 congruent angles. It is a because it has sides that overlap.
regular pentagon.
Exercises
Determine whether each figure is a polygon. If it is, classify the
polygon and state whether it is regular. If it is not a polygon, explain
why.
Lesson 10-8
1. 2. 3.
120˚
4. 5. 6.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
10-8 Practice
Polygons and Tessellations
Determine whether each figure is a polygon. If it is, classify the polygon
and state whether it is regular. If it is not a polygon, explain why.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
Find the measure of an angle in each polygon if the polygon is regular. Round to
the nearest tenth of a degree if necessary.
7. dodecagon 8. 14-gon 9. 18-gon 10. 36-gon

(12-sided)
Classify the polygons that are used to create each tessellation.

11. 12.

13. What is the perimeter of a regular decagon with sides 6.2 meters long?
2
14. Find the perimeter of a regular hexagon having sides 5 inches long.
3
KITES For Exercises 15–17, use the following I

information. A kite manufacturer makes
kites in the shape of the figure shown. K T
15. Classify the shape of the kite.
16. If K T and E 30°, find mK and mT.

E
17. Can a tessellation be made by using the shape of the kite? Justify your answer.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Translations
A translation is the movement of a geometric figure in some direction without turning the figure. When
translating a figure, every point of the original figure is moved the same distance and in the same
direction. To graph a translation of a figure, move each vertex of the figure in the given direction. Then
connect the new vertices.
Example Triangle ABC has vertices A(4, 2), B(2, 0), and C(1, 3).
Find the vertices of triangle ABC after a translation of 5 units
right and 2 units up. y
Add 5 to each x-coordinate. Add 2 to each y-coordinate. B'
Vertices of ABC (x 5, y 2) Vertices of ABC B A'

O x
A(4, 2) (4 5, 2 2) A(1, 0) A C'
B(2, 0) (2 5, 0 2) B(3, 2) C
C(1, 3) (1 5, 3 2) C(4, 1)
The coordinates of the vertices of ABC are A(1, 0), B(3, 2), and C(4, 1).
Exercises
1. Translate GHI 1 unit left and 2. Translate rectangle LMNO 4 units right
5 units down. and 3 units up.
y y
H
G I
O x O x
L M
O N
Triangle RST has vertices R(3, 2), S(4, 2), and T(1, 1). Find the
vertices of RST after each translation. Then graph the figure and
its translated image.
3. 5 units left, 1 unit up 4. 3 units left, 2 units down
y y
R R
Lesson 10-9
O x O x
T T
S S

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
10-9 Practice
Translations
1. Translate rectangle ABCD 3 units right 2. Triangle PQR is translated 3
and 4 units down. Graph rectangle units left and 3 units down.
ABCD. Then the translated figure is
translated 6 units right.
y Graph the resulting triangle.
A B y
Q
D C
O x
P
O x
R
Triangle EFG has vertices E(1, 1), F(4, 3), and G(2, 0). Find the
vertices of EFG after each translation. Then graph the figure
and its translated image.
3. 3 units left, 2 units down 4. 4 units up
y y
E E
G G
O x O x

F F
5. SEATS Jatin was given a new seating assignment Front of Classroom

in science class. The diagram shows his old seat
and his new seat. Describe this translation in OLD
words and as an ordered pair.
NEW
REASONING The coordinates of a point and its image after a

translation are given. Describe the translation in words and as an
ordered pair.
6. A(1, 2) → A (3, 4) 7. H(3, 3) → H (4, 0) 8. Z(2, 4) → Z(1, 5)

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Reflections
Lesson 10-10
Figures that match exactly when folded in half have line symmetry. Each fold line is called a line of
symmetry. Some figures have more than one line of symmetry.
Examples Determine whether each figure has line symmetry. If so, draw all
lines of symmetry.
no symmetry
A type of transformation where a figure is flipped over a line of symmetry is a reflection. To draw the
reflection of a polygon, find the distance from each vertex of the polygon to the line of symmetry. Plot
the new vertices the same distance from the line of symmetry but on the other side of the line. Then
connect the new vertices to complete the reflected image.
Example 3 Triangle DEF has vertices D(2, 2), E(5, 4), and y
F E
F(1, 5). Find the coordinates of the reflected
image. Graph the figure and its reflected image over the x-axis.
D
O x
D'
F' E'
Plot the vertices and connect to form DEF. The x-axis is the line of symmetry. The
distance from a point on DEF to the line of symmetry is the same as the distance
from the line of symmetry to the reflected image. The image coordinates are D(2, 2),
E(5, 4), and F(1, 5).
Exercises
For Exercises 1 and 2, determine which figures have line symmetry.
Write yes or no. If yes, draw all lines of symmetry.
1. 2.
3. Triangle ABC has vertices A(0, 4), B(2, 1), and C(4, 3). Find the
coordinates of the vertices of ABC after a reflection over the
x-axis. Then graph the figure and its reflected image. O x

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
10-10 Practice
Reflections
Determine whether each figure has line symmetry. If so, copy the
figure and draw all lines of symmetry.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. Graph ABC with vertices A(2, 2), 8. Graph square ABCD with vertices
B(5, 4),and C(5, 1) and its reflection over A( 1, 2), B(2, 1), C(5, 2), and D(2, 5)
the x-axis. Then find the coordinates and its reflection over the y-axis. Then
of the reflected image. find the coordinates of the reflected image.
y y

O x O x
The coordinates of a point and its image after a reflection are given.
Describe the reflection as over the x-axis or y-axis.
9. B(1, 2) → B(1, 2) 10. J(3, 5) → J(3, 5) 11. W(7, 4) → W(7, 4)

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Area of Parallelograms
The area A of a parallelogram equals the product of its base b and its height h.
A bh
The height is the length of

The base is any side the segment perpendicular
of a parallelogram. h
to the base with endpoints
on opposite sides.
b
Lesson 11-1
Example 1 Find the area of a parallelogram if the base
is 6 inches and the height is 3.7 inches. 3.7 in.
Estimate A 6 4 or 24 in2 6 in.

A bh Area of a parallelogram
A 6 3.7 Replace b with 6 and h with 3.7.
A 22.2 Multiply.
The area of the parallelogram is 22.2 square inches. This is close to the estimate.
Example 2 Find the area of the parallelogram at the right.
Estimate A 10 10 or 100 cm2

12 cm
A bh Area of a parallelogram
A 12 8 Replace b with 12 and h with 8. 8 cm

A 96 Multiply.
The area of the parallelogram is 96 square centimeters. This is close to the estimate.
Exercises
Find the area of each parallelogram. Round to the nearest tenth if
necessary.
1. 13.2 ft 2. 3. 17 in.
5 ft
8 mm
16 in.
4.6 mm

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
11-1 Practice
Area of Parallelograms
Find the area of each parallelogram. Round to the nearest tenth if
necessary.
1. 2. 3.
1 yd
12 m 5.2 yd
8.2 mm
12 m
4.5 mm
4. 5. 6.
8 in. 0.7 cm 0.8 cm

14 ft 13 ft
7 12 in.
0.9 cm
11 in. 15 14 ft
7. 18 ft 8. 9. 24 in.
3 yd 15 in.
1.5 yd
2 ft

GEOGRAPHY Estimate the area of each state.
10. 260 mi 11.
Iowa 135 mi New

215 mi Jersey
55 mi
12. ALGEBRA A parallelogram has an area of

240 square meters. Find the height of the A 240 m2
hm
parallelogram if the base is 20 meters.
20 m
13. ALGEBRA What is the base of a parallelogram

if the height is 5 feet and the area is A 65 ft2 5 ft
65 square feet?
b ft

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Area of Triangles and Trapezoids
The area A of a triangle equals half the product of its base b and its height h.
The base of a The height is the

A 1
bh triangle can be h distance from a base
2 any of its sides. to the opposite vertex.
A trapezoid has two bases, b1 and b2. The height of a trapezoid is the b1
distance between the two bases. The area A of a trapezoid equals half
the product of the height h and the sum of the bases b1 and b2.
h
A 1
h(b1 b2)
2
b2
Example 1 Find the area of the triangle.
Lesson 11-2
Estimate 1(6)(5) 15 4.5 in.
2
A 1bh Area of a triangle

2 6 in.
A 1 6 4.5 Replace b with 6 and h with 4.5.
2
A 13.5 Multiply.
The area of the triangle is 13.5 square inches. This is close to the estimate.
Example 2 Find the area of the trapezoid. 3 cm
A 1h(b1 b2) Area of a trapezoid 4 cm

2
A 1(4)(3 6) Replace h with 4, b1 with 3, and b2 with 6.
2 6 cm
A 18 Simplify.
The area of the trapezoid is 18 square centimeters.
Exercises
Find the area of each figure. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
1. 2. 3. 14 in. 4. 8 cm
7 ft
5 in.
9 mm
12 ft 13.5 cm
7 in.
7 mm
18 cm

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
11-2 Practice
Area of Triangles and Trapezoids
1. 11 ft 2. 3. 6.3 m
5 34 in. 4m
7 ft
5 in. 3.6 m
7 ft
4. 5. 4 yd 6.
3 12 yd 5 yd 7 mm
12 cm
9 yd 10.1 mm
18.4 cm
7. GEOGRAPHY The shape of Arkansas is 250 mi

roughly trapezoidal with bases of 150 miles
and 250 miles and a height of 260 miles. Arkansas
What is the approximate area of Arkansas? 260 mi

150 mi
ALGEBRA Find the height of each figure.
8. Area 23,000 m2 9. Area 6,460 in2

125 m
196 in.
x in.
xm
136 in.
275 m
Draw and label each figure. Then find the area.

10. a trapezoid with a height less than 11. a right triangle with a base greater
5 feet and an area greater than than 10 meters and an area greater than
50 square feet 75 square meters

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Circles and Circumference
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are
the same distance from a given point, called the center
circumference
center. The diameter d is the distance across the
circle through its center. The radius r is the
distance from the center to any point on the circle.
The circumference C is the distance around the diameter
radius
circle. The circumference C of a circle is equal to its
diameter d times , or 2 times its radius r times .
Example 1 Find the circumference of a circle with a diameter of

7.5 centimeters.
C d Circumference of a circle.
C 3.14 7.5 Replace with 3.14 and d with 7.5.
C 23.55 The circumference of the circle is about 23.55 centimeters.
Example 2 If the radius of a circle is 14 inches, what is its circumference?
C 2r
C 2 3.14 14 Replace with 3.14 and r with 14.
C 87.92 The circumference of the circle is about 87.92 inches.
Lesson 11-3
Exercises
22
Find the circumference of each circle. Use 3.14 or for . Round to
the nearest tenth if necessary. 7
1. 2. 3. 4.
m 7.5 in
6 ft 20 c .
5m
5. diameter 15 km 6. radius 21 mi 7. radius 50 m
8. diameter 600 ft 9. radius 62 mm 10. diameter 7 km
11. radius 95 in. 12. diameter 6.3 m 13. diameter 51 cm

4

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
11-3 Practice
Circles and Circumference
22
Find the circumference of each circle. Use 3.14 or for π. Round to
the nearest tenth if necessary. 7
1. 2. 3.
2.4 cm
28 ft 1.5 yd
4. 5. 6.
4.2 mm
12 m 7 in.
1 5
7. radius 2 ft 8. radius 11.9 m 9. diameter5 mi
3 6
1 1
10. radius 6 in. 11. diameter 17ft 12. radius 9.2 km
8 2
Estimate to find the approximate circumference of each circle.

Explain which approximation of π you used.
13. 14. 15.
1 4.1 cm

5 8 ft 59 in.
22
ALGEBRA Find the diameter or radius of each circle. Use 3.14 or for π.
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary. 7
16. C 32 m, diameter ___ 17. C 55 mi, radius ___
18. HELICOPTERS The landing circle for helicopters on the roof of a hospital
has a radius of 20 yards. To the nearest yard, find its circumference.
19. SPA A circular spa has a diameter of 12 feet. The spa is decorated with
4-inch porcelain tiles around the rim. How many tiles surround the rim of
the spa? Round to the nearest whole tile.
NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Area of Circles
The area A of a circle equals the product of pi () and the square of its radius r.
A r 2
Example 1 Find the area of the circle.
A r2 Area of circle 5 cm
A 3.14 52 Replace with 3.14 and r with 5.

A 78.5
The area of the circle is approximately 78.5 square centimeters.
Example 2 Find the area of a circle that has a diameter of 9.4 millimeters.
A r2 Area of a circle
A 3.14 4.72 Replace with 3.14 and r with 9.4 2 or 4.7.

A 69.4
The area of the circle is approximately 69.4 square millimeters.
Exercises
Find the area of each circle. Use 3.14 for . Round to the
nearest tenth.
1. 2. 3.
7 in.
25 mm
12 ft
4. radius 2.6 cm 5. radius 14.3 in. 6. diameter 51 yd

2 Lesson 11-4
3
7. diameter 4 mi 8. diameter 7.9 mm 9. radius 21 ft
4 5

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
11-4 Practice
Area of Circles
Find the area of each circle. Use 3.14 for .
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
1. 2. 3.
7.1 m 12 ft 13 km
4. 5. 6.
4 in.
10 yd 5.6 cm
1 1
7. diameter 9.4 mm 8. diameter 3ft 9. radius 6in.
2 4
3 1
10. radius 4 yd 11. diameter 15 mi 12. radius 7.9 km
4 2
Estimate to find the approximate area of each circle.

13. 14. 15.

6.1 m
14 cm
3.8 yd
16. SPOTLIGHT A spotlight can be adjusted to effectively light a circular area

of up to 6 meters in diameter. To the nearest tenth, what is the maximum
area that can be effectively lit by the spotlight?
17. ARCHERY The bull’s eye on an archery

target has a radius of 3 inches. The
entire target has a radius of 9 inches.
To the nearest tenth, find the area of 3 in.
the target outside of the bull’s eye.
9 in.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Problem-Solving Investigation: Solve a Simpler Problem
When problem solving, sometimes it is easier to solve a simpler problem first to find
the correct strategy for solving a more difficult problem.
Example SPORTS West High School wants to paint

field blue, but not the center. The 30 ft
diagram below shows the dimensions of 75 ft
the field and center circle. How much
area will they need to paint blue?
100 ft
Understand You know that the field is one large rectangle and the center symbol is
a large circle.
Plan You can find the area of the rectangle and the area of the circle and
subtract.
Solve Area of rectangle: Aw

A 100 75 or 7500
Area if circle: A r2

A 3.14 152 or 706.5
Subtract: 7500 706.5 or 6793.5ft2
So, they would need to paint 6,793.5 square feet of field.

Check Use estimation to check. The area of the entire field is 7,500ft and the
circle is approximately 700 feet so the area should be less than 6,800
feet. Since 6,793.5 is less than 6,800ft, the answer is reasonable.
Exercises
1. FRAMES Joan wants to paint her favorite picture
frame. How much paint would she need to use in
10 in.
order to cover just the frame?
3 in.
3 in.
2. WALLPAPER Richard wants to wallpaper one
10 in.
wall of his bathroom. He has two semi-circular
windows along the wall. How much wallpaper
Lesson 11-5
must he purchase?
8 ft
2 ft 2 ft
12 ft

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
11-5 Practice
Problem-Solving Investigation: Solve a Simpler Problem
Mixed Problem Solving 4. AREA Stacey is making a stained glass
window above her front doorway in the
Solve Exercises 1 and 2. Use the solve a
shape as shown in the figure. To the
simpler problem strategy.
nearest tenth, what is the area of the
1. STADIUM The exits in a stadium are shaded portion of the window?
designed to allow 1,200 people to leave
the stadium each minute. At this rate,
how long would it take for 10,800 people
1 ft
to leave the stadium?
2. PHARMACY A city has three major 3 ft

pharmacy chains which have a total of
895,000 customers. Approximately how
many customers do business at each
major pharmacy?
Pharmacy Percent
A 54.8%
B 32.4%
5. QUALITY CONTROL For every 250
C 12.8%
televisions tested, 3 televisions are
found to be defective. How many
televisions were tested if 48 televisions
were found defective?

Use any strategy to solve Exercises 3-6.
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES 6. APPLIANCE REPAIR An appliance repair

• Eliminate possibilities. company charged $35 to make a house
call. After arriving, the company
• Draw a diagram.
charged $10 for every 15 minutes of
• Solve a simpler problem. labor. How much was the repair bill if
the new parts cost $23 and the
appliance took 45 minutes to repair?
3. CARPENTRY Mr. Fernandez uses 7 boards
that are 4 feet long and 6 inches wide to
make one bookshelf. If he buys lumber
in lengths of 8 feet with a width of 12
inches, how many pieces of lumber does
he need to purchase to make 5
bookshelves?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Area of Composite Figures
Lesson 11-6
Composite figures are made of triangles, quadrilaterals, semicircles, and other two-dimensional
figures. To find the area of a composite figure, separate it into figures whose areas you know how to
find, and then add the areas.
Example 1 Find the area of the figure at the right 4 ft

in square feet.
4 ft
The figure can be separated into a rectangle and 8 ft

a trapezoid. Find the area of each.
12 ft
Area of Rectangle
A w Area of a rectangle
A 12 8 Replace with 12 and w with 8.

8 ft
A 96 Multiply.
12 ft
Area of Trapezoid 4 ft
A 1h(b1 b2) Area of a trapezoid 4 ft

2
A 1(4)(4 12)
12 ft
Replace h with 4, b1 with 4, and b2 with 12.
2
A 32
Multiply.
The area of the figure is 96 32 or 128 square feet.
Exercises
Find the area of each figure. Use 3.14 for . Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
1. 6 cm 2.
4 in. 5 in.
13 cm 4 cm
3. 18 mm
11 mm
6.5 cm
38 mm
6 cm

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
11-6 Practice
Area of Composite Figures
1. 2. 5.5 ft 3. 3 mm
4 in.
6 ft
6 in.
9.3 mm
8 ft
7.8 mm
4. 5. 12 cm 6. 1.8 m
3.2 m 4.5 m
8 cm 9 cm
12 yd 4.5 m
4.5 m
10 yd 22 cm 6.5 m
In each diagram below, one square unit represents 5 square meters.

Find the area of each figure.
7. 8.

9. AUDITORIUM The diagram at the right gives the 65 yd
dimensions of an auditorium. If new carpet is
needed for the auditorium, what will be the area
55 yd
of the carpet? Round to the nearest square yard. 40 yd
SIDING For Exercises 10 and 11, use the diagram that

shows one end of a cottage.
10. Each end of the cottage needs new siding. Find 12.5 ft
the total area that needs new siding. 8.5 ft
28 ft
11. The siding material costs $75 for a bundle of siding that covers an area of 100 square
feet. What will be the total cost to put siding on both ends of the cottage? Justify your
answer.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Three-Dimensional Figures
Prisms At least 3 rectangular Top and bottom bases Shape of the base tells
lateral faces are parallel the name of the prism
Pyramids At least three One base shaped like Shape of the base tells
triangular lateral faces any 3-sided closed figure the name of the pyramid
Cones Only one base Base is a circle One vertex and no edges
Cylinders Only two bases Bases are circles No vertices and no edges
Spheres All points are the same No faces or bases No edges or vertices
Lesson 11-7
distance from the center
Example For each figure, name the shape of the base(s). Then classify each
figure.
A. B.
The figure has two parallel triangular The figure has two circular bases and no
bases and three rectangular faces. edges. The figure is a cylinder.
The figure is a triangular prism.
Exercises
For each figure name the shape of the base(s). Then classify each
figure.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
11-7 Practice
Three-Dimensional Figures
For each figure, identify the shape of the base(s), if any. Then classify
the figure.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.

10. CANDLES What three-dimensional
figure describes the candle shown?
11. FENCES The basic shape of a fence post is made of two

geometric figures. Classify these figures.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Drawing Three-Dimensional Figures
A solid is a three-dimensional figure.
Example 1 Draw a top, a side, and a front view of top

the solid at the right.
side
The top view is a triangle. The side and front views are rectangles.
top side front
front
Example 2 Draw the solid using the top, side, and front views shown below.
top side front
Lesson 11-8
top
Step 1 Use the top view to draw the

base of the figure, a 1-by-3 rectangle.
Step 2 Add edges to make the base a front
solid figure.
side
Step 3 Use the side and front views to

complete the figure.
Exercises
1. Draw a top, a side, and front view of the solid.
2. Draw a corner view of the three-dimensional figure whose top, side, and
front views are shown. Use isometric dot paper.
top side front

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
11-8 Practice
Drawing Three-Dimensional Figures
Draw a top, a side, and a front view of each solid.
1. 2.
3. 4.
Draw a corner view of each three-dimensional figure whose top, side,

and front views are shown. Use isometric dot paper.
1. top side front 2. top side front

7. HAT RACK Draw a top, a side, and a
front view of the hat rack shown.
8. MUSIC Sketch views of the top,

side, and front of the piano shown.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Volume of Prisms
The volume of a three-dimensional figure is the measure of
space occupied by it. It is measured in cubic units such as
2m
cubic centimeters (cm3) or cubic inches (in3). The volume
of the figure at the right can be shown using cubes.
3m
4m
The bottom layer,

or base, has 4 3 ➝
or 12 cubes.
➝
} There are
two layers.
It takes 12 2 or 24 cubes to fill the box. So, the volume of the box is 24 cubic meters.
A rectangular prism is a three-dimensional figure that has two parallel and congruent sides, or bases,
that are rectangles. To find the volume of a rectangular prism, multiply the area of the base and the
height, or find the product of the length , the width w, and the height h.
V Bh or V wh
Example Find the volume of the rectangular prism.
V wh Volume of a rectangular prism
Lesson 11-9
V568 Replace with 5, w with 6, and h with 8.

8 in.
V 240 Multiply.
6 in.
The volume is 240 cubic inches.
5 in.
Exercises
Find the volume of each rectangular prism. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
1. 4m 2. 3.
3m
2 ft
9 cm 2.7 ft
7m
3 ft
7 cm
10 cm

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
11-9 Practice
Volume of Prisms
Find the volume of each prism. Round to the nearest tenth if
necessary.
1. 2. 3. 4.2 ft
12 m 2 ft
5 in.
7 in.
10 in.
6m 3.5 ft
8m
4. 5. 6.
4.1 m
2.6 mm
4 yd
5.1 m
2.6 m
3 yd 5 yd
1.5 mm
1.1 mm
7. 3 8. 1
2 2 ft
9. 1
1 2 in.
7 4 yd
1 1 1
5 2 yd 3 2 ft 1 2 in.
8 yd
4 ft 1
1 2 in.

ESTIMATION Estimate to find the approximate volume of each prism.
10. 7
6 8 yd
11.
6.1 m
1
4 4 yd
5.9 m
1 4.8 m
3 8 yd
12. ALGEBRA The base of a rectangular prism has an area of 15.3 square inches and a
volume of 185.13 cubic inches. Write an equation that can be used to find the height h
of the prism. Then find the height of the prism.
13. MAIL The United States Post Office has two different priority mail flat rate boxes.
1 1
Which box has the greater volume? Justify your answer. Box 1: 62 in. 82 in. 11 in.
3 7 5
Box 2: 38 in. 118 in. 138 in.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Volume of Cylinders
As with prisms, the area of the base of a cylinder tells the number of cubic units in one layer. The
height tells how many layers there are in the cylinder. The volume V of a cylinder with radius r is the
area of the base B times the height h.
V Bh or V = r 2h, where B r 2
B = r 2
Example Find the volume of the cylinder. Use 3.14 for π.

Round to the nearest tenth. 2 in.
V r2h Volume of a cylinder
V 3.14(2)2(5) Replace with 3.14, r with 2, and h with 5. 5 in.

V 62.8 Simplify.
The volume is approximately 62.8 cubic inches. Check by using estimation.

Exercises
Find the volume of each cylinder. Use 3.14 for π.
Round to the nearest tenth.
1. 10 mm 2. 4 ft 3. 2 in.
Lesson 11-10
2 in.
18 mm
12.9 ft
2
4. radius 9.5 yd 5. diameter 6 cm 6. diameter 3 m
5
height 2.2 yd height 11 cm
height 11 m
4

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
11-10 Practice
Volume of Cylinders
Find the volume of each cylinder. Use 3.14 for .
1. 10 ft 2. 14 m 3. 9 yd 4 yd
6 ft
11 m
4. 8 in. 5. 12.7 mm 6. 4.2cm
3 mm
2.1cm
23 in.
1
7. radius 3.7 cm 8. diameter 6 in. 9. radius 5 yd
4
1 1
height 5.2 cm height 4 in height 6 yd
2 2

1
10. CONTAINER What is the volume of a barrel that has a diameter of 1 feet
2
and a height of 4 feet?
ESTIMATION Match each cylinder with its approximate volume.
11. diameter 4 cm, height 3.6 cm a. 108 ft3

12. radius 2.7 cm, height 5 cm b. 135 ft3
13. radius 3 cm, height 4.1 cm c. 96 ft3
14. diameter 8.2 cm, height 2 cm d. 48 ft3
15. FUEL Two fuel tanks with the dimensions shown have the same volume.
What is the value of h?
8 ft 6 ft
3 ft
h

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Estimating Square Roots
Recall that a perfect square is a square of a rational number. In Lesson 5-8, you learned that any
number that can be written as a fraction is a rational number. A number that cannot be written as a
fraction is an irrational number.
Example 1 Estimate 40

to the nearest whole number.
List some perfect squares.

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, …
36 40 49 40 is between the perfect squares 36 and 49.
36
40
49
Find the square root of each number.
6 40
7 36
6 and 49
7
So, 40
is between 6 and 7. Since 40 is closer to 36 than to 49, the best whole number
estimate is 6.
Example 2 Graph 28

on a number line.
ENTER
2nd 28 5.291502622 28
28
5.3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Check for Reasonableness Since 52 25 and 25 is close to 28, the answer is reasonable.
Exercises
Estimate each square root to the nearest whole number.

1. 3 2. 8

3. 26
4. 41

5. 61
6. 94

7. 152
8. 850

Graph each square root on a number line.
9. 2
10. 27

3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
11. 73
12. 82

Lesson 12-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
13. 105
14. 395

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
15. 846
16. 2,298

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
12-1 Practice
Estimating Square Roots
Estimate each square root to the nearest whole number.

1. 8 2. 19
3. 47
4. 70

5. 91
6. 125
7. 150
8. 389

9. 2,468
10. 899
11. 4,840
12. 8,080

Graph each square root on a number line.

13. 6 14. 21
15. 53
16. 79

3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
17. 190
18. 624
19. 427

20. 3,178
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
21. 0.36
22. 0.81
23. 1.44
24. 2.25

3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
25. ALGEBRA What whole number is closest to a

b if a 24 and b 38?
26. ALGEBRA Evaluate x

y to the nearest tenth if x 10 and y 4.5

27. QUILTING A queen-size quilt in the shape of a square has an area of 51
square feet. What is the approximate length of one side of the quilt to the
nearest tenth?
28. PENDULUM The formula below can be used to estimate the time it takes
for a pendulum to swing back and forth once. Use the formula to find the
time it takes for a pendulum with a length of 0.8 meter to swing back and
forth once. Round to the nearest tenth.
T 2 L
• T time (seconds)
• L length (meters)

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

The Pythagorean Theorem
Lesson 12-2
The sides of a right triangle have special names. The sides adjacent
to the right angle are the legs. The side opposite the right angle is the c 2 a2 b 2
hypotenuse. The Pythagorean Theorem describes the relationship
between the length of the hypotenuse and the lengths of the legs. In c
a
a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse equals the
sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs.
b
Example 1 Find the missing measure of a right triangle 3 in.

if a 4 inches and b 3 inches.
c2 a2 b2 Pythagorean Theorem c in. 4 in.

c2 42 32 Replace a with 4 and b with 3.
c2 16 9 Evaluate 42 and 32.
c2 25 Add.
c2 25
Take the positive square root of each side.
c5 Simplify.
The length of the hypotenuse is 5 inches.
Example 2 Determine whether a triangle with side lengths of 6 meters,

9 meters, and 12 meters is a right triangle.
c2 a2 b2 Pythagorean Theorem
122 62 92 Replace a with 6, b with 9, and c with 12.
144 36 81 Simplify.
144 117 Add.
The triangle is not a right triangle.
Exercises
Find the missing measure of each right triangle. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
1. 9 in. 2. 3.
cm a cm 13 cm
5m
4 in.
c in.
16 cm
7.5 m
Determine whether each triangle with the given side lengths is a

right triangle. Write yes or no.
4. 15 ft, 8 ft, 17 ft 5. 5 in., 13 in., 17 in. 6. 9 yd, 40 yd, 41 yd

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
12-2 Practice
The Pythagorean Theorem
Find the missing measure of each triangle. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
1. 2. c ft 3.
6.1 m
c cm am
7 cm
23.8 ft 24 ft
4.7 m
11 cm
4. a 3.3 in., b 5.6 in. 5. b 2.9 mm, c 4.4 mm 6. a 21 yd, c 29 yd
1 2 1 3 1
7. a 2 ft, c 4ft 8. b 7 in., c 7 in. 9. a 6 yd, b 10 yd
5 5 4 4 2
If a triangle has sides a, b, and c so that a2 b2 c2, then the triangle

is a right triangle. Determine whether a triangle with the given side
lengths is a right triangle. Write yes or no.
10. 9 cm, 12 cm, 18 cm 11. 7 ft, 24 ft, 25 ft 12. 5 in., 12 in., 13 in.
Find the missing measure in each figure. Round to the nearest tenth
if necessary.

13. 18 m 14. 1.8 yd
xm
9m
2.5 yd
30 m
x yd
15. SOCCER Find the width of the soccer goal.

Round to the nearest tenth. 11.2 ft 5 ft
x ft
16. CONVEYOR BELT The diagram shows the

horizontal distance a conveyor belt moves
a load of gravel. If the conveyor belt takes
54 seconds to move gravel from the bottom h ft
of the conveyor belt to the top at a rate
of 3 feet per second, how high does the 150 ft
conveyor belt lift the gravel? Round to
the nearest tenth.

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Problem-Solving Investigation: Make a Model
When solving problems, make a model to represent the given situation in order to
determine the best plan for a solution.
Example GIFT WRAP Rita wants to wrap a rectangular box. The box is
12 inches by 7 inches by 3 inches high. What must be the area
of the paper so that she has a 1 inch overlap to neatly wrap the paper?
Understand You know that the box is 12 7 3 and that you need to add 1 inch to
some measures for the overlap. You also know that the wrapping paper will
Lesson 12-3
be a rectangle.
Plan Draw a sketch of the box and then make a model of the box if it were cut
apart and laid flat. You need the overlap going around the box.
Solve Sketch the box. Make a model of the box unfolded.
12 in.
3 in.
7 in. bottom
7 in. 3 in. front

ᐉ
12 in.
side
side
top
back
1 in. overlap
The length of the paper needed is the distance around the box plus
1 inch. So, 7 3 7 3 1 or 21 inches.
The width of the paper would be 3 12 3 or 18 inches.

The area would be 21 18 or 378 in2.
Check Make a box using centimeters instead of inches. Then cut a piece of paper
18 centimeters by 21 centimeters to see if you can wrap the box neatly.
Exercises
1. GARDENING Peg wants to put a stone path 3 feet wide around her
rectangular garden measuring 10 feet by 15 feet. What will be the
perimeter of her garden including the stone path?
2. DRAWING Dante is making a full-size drawing of his favorite

cartoon character. If the figure is 1 inch by 0.5 inches and his scale is
1 inch 10 inches, how large will the full size character be?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
12-3 Practice
Problem-Solving Investigation: Make a Model
Mixed Problem Solving 4. SHOPPING A grocery store has five cash
registers. About 4 customers are
For Exercises 1 and 2, make a model to checked out at each register every 20
solve the problem. minutes. How many customers are
1. ARCHITECT Mrs. Peron is designing checked out at the store each hour?
a home for a client. The house is 45
feet by 76 feet. If she uses a scale of
1
1 foot inch, what are the
2
dimensions of the house on the
blue prints?
2. SWIMMING POOL Mr. Forrester has a 5. TESTS Diego scored a 95 on his first test
1 in science class. He then scored 100 on
swimming pool that measures 3 yards
3 his next 5 tests. If he scored a 91 on his
by 8 yards. If the deck around the pool
2 seventh test, what is his test average?
is 2 yards wide, what is the outside
3
perimeter of the deck?

Use any strategy to solve Exercises 3
through 6. Some strategies are shown
below.
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES 6. NEWSPAPERS Candace wants to increase

• Draw a diagram. the number of newspapers she delivers.
She currently delivers 58 newspapers.
• Use logical reasoning.
In fourteen weeks, she wants to be
• Make a model.
delivering 100 newspapers. How many
newspaper deliveries must she increase
3. BATTERIES A manufacturing plant can each week to obtain her goal?
make 350 batteries in 15 minutes. How
long will it take the manufacturing
plant to make 3,500 batteries?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Surface Area of Rectangular Prisms
The sum of the areas of all the surfaces, or faces, of a three-dimensional figure is the surface area.
The surface area S of a rectangular prism with length , width w, and height h is found using the
following formula.
S 2w 2h 2wh
Example Find the surface area of the rectangular prism.

2m
You can use the net of the rectangular 4m
prism to find its surface area. There are 3m
three pairs of congruent faces in a back 2m 4m
2m
rectangular prism:
top and bottom side bottom side 3m
front and back

two sides 2m front
Faces Area
Lesson 12-4
3m top
top and bottom (4 3) (4 3) 24
front and back (4 2) (4 2) 16 4m
two sides (2 3) (2 3) 12
Sum of the areas 24 16 12 52
Alternatively, replace with 4, w with 3, and h with 2 in the formula for surface area.
S 2w 2h 2wh
2 4 32 4 22 3 2 Follow order of operations.

24 16 12
52
So, the surface area of the rectangular prism is 52 square meters.
Exercises
Find the surface area of each rectangular prism.
1. 2. 3.
9 ft
10 in.
3 cm 2 in.
7 cm
8 in.
3 cm
7 ft
5 ft

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
12-4 Practice
Surface Area of Rectangular Prisms
Find the surface area of each rectangular prism. Round to the
1. 2. 3.
3 ft
2
2 ft 6 3 yd
6 ft 5.5 m
12 yd
1
8 4 yd
1.2 m
1.6 m
4. length 20 cm 5. length 31.5 in. 6. length 5.3 mm

width 18 cm width 12.2 in. width 1.1 mm
height 25 cm height 24.8 in. height 3.4 mm
7. xm 8.
3m 5m
4.8 ft
2m 7.3 ft
3 ft
x ft

ESTIMATION Estimate the surface area of each prism.
9. 8.9 mm 10. 3.8 in.

8.9 mm
4.2 in.
8.9 mm 8.1 in.
11. BIRTHDAY GIFT When wrapping a birthday gift for his mother, Kenji adds
an additional 2.5 square feet of gift wrap to allow for overlap. How many
square feet of gift wrap will Kenji use to wrap a gift 3.5 feet long,
18 inches wide, and 2 feet high?
For Exercises 12 and 13, use the following information.

A company needs to package hazardous chemicals in special plastic containers
that hold 80 cubic feet of chemicals.
12. Find the whole number dimensions of the container that would use the
least amount of plastic.
13. If the plastic costs $0.10 per square foot, how much would it cost to make
24 containers?

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

Surface Area of Cylinders
The diagram below shows how you can put two circles and a rectangle 6m
together to make a cylinder.
The surface area the area of the area of the
of a cylinder equals two bases plus curved surface.

20 m
S 2(
r 2) (2
r)h
Two congruent C = 2
r ...make up the
h C = 2
r h
circles... two bases.
C
r
The rectangle
makes up the
curved surface.
In the diagram above, the length of the rectangle is the same as the
circumference of the circle. Also, the width of the rectangle is the same
as the height of the cylinder.
Example Find the surface area of the cylinder. Use 3.14 6m
for . Round to the nearest tenth.
Lesson 12-5
S 2
r2 2
rh
Surface area of a cylinder.

20 m
S 2
(6)2 2
(6)(20) Replace
with 3.14, r with 6, and h with 20.
979.7 Simplify.
The surface area is about 979.7 square meters.
Exercises
Find the surface area of each cylinder. Use 3.14 for . Round to the
nearest tenth.
1. 10 in. 2. 3 ft 3. 4.3 cm
8 in.
12 cm
24 ft

NAME ________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____
12-5 Practice
Surface Area of Cylinders
Find the surface area of each cylinder. Use 3.14 for π.
1. 2 ft 2. 5.5 m 3. 1
3 4 in.
5 in.
4.1 m
7 ft
4. 6.4 m 5. 4.3 cm 6. 9 ft
8 cm
8.1 m
1
9 2 ft
7. diameter 15.2 mm 8. diameter 28.4 yd 9. radius 50 cm

height 9.4 mm height 15.1 yd height 70 cm

ESTIMATION Estimate the area of each cylinder.
10. 4.2 ft 11. 9.9 mm 12. 2.9 yd
7.1 mm
4.1 yd
6.8 ft
13. FUEL STORAGE A fuel storage tank needs to be painted on the inside. If
the height of the tank is 40 feet and the diameter is 120 feet, what is the
surface that needs to be painted? Round to the nearest hundred square
feet.
14. PAPER TOWELS Each of the three rolls of paper towels in a package are
individually wrapped in plastic. The radius of each roll is 5.6 centimeters
and the height is 27.9 centimeters. How much plastic is used to
individually wrap the three rolls? Round to the nearest tenth.

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Study Guide and Intervention

and Practice Workbook

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Send all inquiries to:

Printed in the United States of America

12-1 Estimating Square Roots ..................191

1-1 Study Guide and Intervention

Example 1 Use the four-step plan to solve the problem.

Use the four-step plan to solve each problem.

2. BOOKS A student assistant in the school library is asked to shelve 33

2. DISTANCE While traveling in Montana from Butte to Sidney, Mr. Kowalski,

3. NUMBERS What are the next two numbers in the pattern?

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

5. BASKETBALL If team A won by 2 points

6. COOKING A cake recipe requires a total 16 tablespoons of butter for one

1-2 Study Guide and Intervention

Example 1 Write 63 as a product of the same factor.

Example 2 Evaluate 54.

Example 3 Write 4 4 4 4 4 in exponential form.

The base is 4. It is used as a factor 5 times, so the exponent is 5.

Write each power as a product of the same factor.

Evaluate each expression.

Write each product in exponential form.

7. four to the eighth power 8. eight cubed 9. ten squared

Write each product in exponential form.

13. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 14. 5 5 15. 4 4 3 3 3 3 3

Evaluate each expression.

19. 103 20. 93 21. 81

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Order the following powers from least to greatest.

1-3 Study Guide and Intervention

a. Find the square of 5. Find the square of 16.

So, the tile measures 12 inches by 12 inches.

Find the square of each number.

Find each square root.

Find each square root.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1-4 Study Guide and Intervention

Example 1 Evaluate (10 2) 4 · 2.

(10  2)  4 2 8  4 2 Subtract first since 10  2 is in parentheses.

Example 2 Evaluate 8  (1  5)2 4.

8  (1  5)2 4 8  62 4 First, add 1 and 5 inside the parentheses.

Evaluate each expression.

10. 5 22  32 8 11. 3 6  (9  8)3 12. 3.5 102

10. 2 52  6 11. 7 23  9 12. 27 3 2  42

13. 63  12 4 3 14. (15  3) (8  4) 15. (9  4) (7  7)

16. 8  3(5  2)  7 2 17. 5(6  1)  4 6 3 18. (5  7)2 12

19. 12 (8  6)2 20. (7  2)2 32 21. (11  9)2 (8  5)2

22. 64 8  3(4  3)  2 23. 8 5.1  (4.1  1.4)  7.1

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1-5 Study Guide and Intervention

20 20 2(20)  4(20) 120

1. NUMBERS A number is multiplied by 7.

5. ALGEBRA What are the next two

MENU 6. MONEY Leeann received $60 for her

(10 2) 4 2 8 4 2 Subtract first since 10 2 is in parentheses.

Example 2 Evaluate 8 (1 5)2 4.

8 (1 5)2 4 8 62 4 First, add 1 and 5 inside the parentheses.

10. 5 22 32 8 11. 3 6 (9 8)3 12. 3.5 102

10. 2 52 6 11. 7 23 9 12. 27 3 2 42

13. 63 12 4 3 14. (15 3) (8 4) 15. (9 4) (7 7)

16. 8 3(5 2) 7 2 17. 5(6 1) 4 6 3 18. (5 7)2 12

19. 12 (8 6)2 20. (7 2)2 32 21. (11 9)2 (8 5)2

22. 64 8 3(4 3) 2 23. 8 5.1 (4.1 1.4) 7.1

20 20 2(20) 4(20) 120

6x 7 6(8) 7 Replace x with 8.

5m 3n 5(6) 3(5) Replace m with 6 and n with 5.

27 4 Use the order of operations.

10. 2bc 11. ac 3b 12. 6a2

13. 7c 14. 6a b 15. ab c

10. 3u2 11. 2t2 18 12. r2 8

Example 1 Solve 23 y 29 mentally.

23 y 29 Write the equation.

m 490 790 Write the equation.

10. h 12 24 11. 19 y 28 12. 9f 90

13. 1.2 k 3.0 14. 2.7 f 1.1 15. v 0.5 0.2

16. 12.6 c 7.0 17. 8.8 j 18.7 18. w 13.5 16.0

Example 1 Use the Distributive Property to write 6(4 3) as an equivalent

6(4 3) 6 4 6 3 Apply the Distributive Property.

12 0 12 Identity Property of Addition

7 (6 3) (7 6) 3 Associative Property of Addition

6. (7 8) 2 7 (8 2) 7. 6(3 2) 6(3) 6(2)

4. 5(8 3) 5. 7(4 1) 6. (9 2)3

10. 3(g 7) 3 g 3 7 11. 8 1 8 12. y 11 11 y

13. 5(w 1) (w 1)5 14. (4 d) 1 4 (d 1) 15. (6 2)7 (6)7 (2)7

22. 8(y 5) y 23. (h 2)3 2h

10. |12| 2 |5| 11. |4| 7 |3| 12. 9 |6| 12