Actions and Load Combinations Actions and Load Combinations

WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

Session & Topic of Presentation Action is term used in Limit State Code IRC: 112
Actions and Load Combinations for Loads as was normally in vogue till then.
Name of Presenter, Job Title / Affiliation An action can be the direct force on the structure.
Dhananjay Bhide
V P(Structure Design); Modern Road Makers Pvt. Ltd. OR
Brief Details / CV about the Presenter, in about 100 Words : A deformation imposed on the structure.
Presenter has a large experience, around 40 years in the field of
design of the bridges. This covers almost all kinds of bridges that are OR
most commonly built in India. Some of the major structures, he was
associated with are Bhagalpur Bridge with 60m long cantilever An unintended force acting on the structure.
supporting 34m long suspended span, Arch Bridge at Ramshila, Beas
Bridge at Mandi with unbalanced cantilevers from abutment, cable OR
stayed bridges at Aldona, Goa and Nagpur, 660m long continuous &
integral bridge across River Kali etc. He was also involved in finalizing A combination of all these.
the design basis for 460m span steel arch bridge across river Chenab,
under construction. He is an active member of IRC B4 committee for For design, various actions & combinations are
concrete bridges.
considered

Actions and Load Combinations Actions and Load Combinations

WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

The description, notations and basic values of Permanent Actions: (G)

Actions and their Combinations are specified in Permanent Gravity loads / effects i.e. Self Weight,
IRC:6. Same are generally followed in IRC:112. Back fill, Earth Pressure; Secondary effects; and
IRC:112 classifies actions and defines the design Pre-stressing effects are primary loads in this
situations and their combinations. class.
Variable Gravity loads such as Railing, Crash
The classification of Actions as primarily in Barriers, Wearing Coat, Utilities, Snow are also
Annexure A-1 of IRC:112, is in 4 basic classes, considered in this class.
1) Permanent Actions (G) Quasi-Permanent loads i.e. variable loads that act
2) Variable Actions (Q) for major part (more than 50%) of the design life
3) Accidental Actions (A) such as Seasonal or Daily Temperature Variation
4) Seismic Action (AE) are also considered in this class

Actions and Load Combinations Actions and Load Combinations

WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

Variable Actions: (Q) Accidental Actions: (A)

Vehicular loads, Impact, Centrifugal force, Tractive Loads originating from unintended situations,
effort / Braking, Surcharge effect of Earth Pressure, whose occurrence is unpredictable and frequency
Loads of Environmental origin e.g. Wind, is very rare are in this class.
Buoyancy, Wave pressure, Water current, Impact from external bodies e.g. Impact of barge,
Temperature deformations & gradients are Vehicle Collision, Floating Objects are some
considered in this class. examples.
It may be observed that loads that are quite Fire, Explosion and like actions are also in this
repetitive in the design life of structure but act for class. However these arise from very specific
finite duration are in this class. situations & location specific and action on
considered accordingly. Both codes do not cover
these.

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WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

Seismic Actions: (AE) Some Further Classification of Actions for Analysis

Effects arising from earthquake induced ground and Design is also referred in the code.
motion are specifically covered in this action. This Based on application: Direct or Indirect
is a very rare but a severe action. Behavior of the In most of the situations actions are direct. Indirect
structure is completely different in seismic event. actions need special detailing requirements. Some
By defining the separate design parameters for situations are covered in the code.
this, some elements are allowed to suffer large but Based on Action Type or Structural Response:
repairable damage without collapse or failure. Static, Quasi Static and Dynamic
Inertial loads, Hydrodynamic effects, Increased Design generally considers static loads only. Effect
Earth Pressure, Soil Liquefaction are effects of of Moving Vehicles is converted to static by Impact
seismic action. Factor. For other Dynamic Actions reference to
special literature is recommended.

Actions and Load Combinations Actions and Load Combinations

WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

Actions listed in Characteristic Value of Action: (FK)

IRC:6, Annexure B. Theoretically characteristic value is statically
Pre-stress is an obtained. This is a value that is likely to be
Action, not listed. exceeded by 5% in design life.
Combinations of
Nominal Value of Action:
these Actions are
In practice, defining characteristic value is rarely
used for design.
possible. Generally values based n experience or
Appropriate Partial
physical conditions are specified in the code and
Safety Factors are
used as characteristic values of actions.
adopted for type of
For analysis purpose generally Nominal values are
Limit State and
used.
Combinations.

Actions and Load Combinations Actions and Load Combinations

WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

Combination Value of Variable Action: (y oQK) Graphical representation of factor y

A value chosen statistically. This is value that is
likely to be exceeded by 5% in design life, same as
for characteristic value.
Frequent Value of Variable Action: (y 1QK)
Theoretically value is obtained statically. This is
value that is likely to be exceeded for a small part
of design life.
Quasi-Permanent Value of Variable Action: (y 2QK)
This is value that is likely to be exceeded for a
large fraction of reference period.

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WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

Representative Value of an Action: (Frep) Design Situations:

Value adopted for limit state. Can be FK or y FK . Persistent Design Situation:
All basic actions, permanent, quasi permanent and
Design Value of an Action: (Fd) variable are considered. In simple terms this is
Value obtained by multiplying the representative NORMAL or SERVICE condition.
value by partial factor g f Transient Situation:
Accompanying Value of Variable Action: (yFK ) Actions of very short durations along with
Value of action that accompanies leading action. It concomitant permanent, quasi permanent actions
can be Frequent or Quasi-Permanent or are included. This can be construction condition,
temporary actions with restrictions or alike.
Combination value.

Actions and Load Combinations Actions and Load Combinations

WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

Accidental Situation: Load Combinations:

This caters for unintended actions. Only one action Combinations are made for verification of
of the type is considered with concomitant Equilibrium, Structural Strength, Serviceability
permanent, quasi permanent actions. Conditions and Foundations.
Seismic Design Situation: For each of these, four situations viz Permanent,
This caters for Seismic event along with Transient, Accidental and Seismic are checked with
concomitant permanent, quasi permanent actions. appropriate partial safety factors.
The application of the action and behavior of the For Equilibrium, Table 3.1 of IRC:6 apply.
structure is very unique in the situation hence this For Structural Strength Table 3.2 of IRC:6 apply.
is always treated and is included as separate entity. For Serviceability Table 3.3 of IRC:6 apply.
For Foundations Table 3.4 of IRC:6 apply.

Actions and Load Combinations Actions and Load Combinations

WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

Principles of Load Combinations: For

Each combination has ONE leading variable load, Equilibrium,
considered at its peak value and all other variable Actions and
loads are treated as accompanying loads, with Combinations
reduced values as appropriate. and partial
Variable loads causing favorable effects are safety factors
ignored for particular combination. thereof, Table
For accidental combinations Traffic Load on 3.1 of IRC:6
structure is generally treated as accompanying apply.
load, except for Collision Load on pier of the
flyover.

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 Actions and Load Combinations Actions and Load Combinations
WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

For Structural For

Strength, Serviceability,
Actions and Actions and
Combinations Combinations
and partial and partial
safety factors safety factors
thereof, Table thereof, Table
3.2 of IRC:6 3.3 of IRC:6
apply. apply.

Actions and Load Combinations Actions and Load Combinations

WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

For Factors for Pre-Stress:

Foundations, IRC: 6 specifies, the partial factors for Pre-Stress
Actions and shall be as defined in IRC: 112.
Combinations Design Value of factor for Bonded tendons,
and partial corresponding to time under consideration is 1.0.
safety factors This shall generally apply for stage pre-stressing or
thereof, Table intermediate load applications.
3.4 of IRC:6 For local effects of pre-stress factor is 1.3
apply. For design life checks, Superior and Inferior factors
need to be considered. For pre-tensioned and un-
bonded post tensioned members these are 1.05 &
0.95 while for post tensioned bonded tendons these
are 1.1 & 0.9.

Actions and Load Combinations Actions and Load Combinations

WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

Limit State Design: Limit State of Serviceability – SLS

Two types of States are checked for design. This state corresponds to limiting service
requirements, ensuring the structure or member
Limit State of Strength – ULS will meet the same.
This state is associated with collapse or failure.
The Code covers for three states.
The checks are for three conditions,
1) Equilibrium i.e. overall Stability of structure and 1) Limit state of Stresses.
members. 2) Limit state of Deformations.
2) Check individual members as well structure for 3) Limit state of Crack Width.
buckling. Fatigue as well as Vibration can be critical for
3) Check the members at critical section(s) for some structures but these are beyond scope of the
parameters resulting from actions viz. Axial Code. Use of specialist literature is recommended.
Force, Flexure, Shear and Torsion.

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Limit state of Fatigue is partially covered in Code, Frequent Combination

indirectly, by restricting stresses in the member. Combination of actions with fixed probability of
Each of these limit states is governed by different being exceeded during a reference period of few
Actions and Combinations thereof. weeks. Normally used for reversible limit states
Load Combinations for SLS: e.g. Crack Width, Deformation for RCC and partial
PSC structures and Decompression check in full
Rare Combination PSC structures.
Combination of actions with fixed probability of Quasi-Permanent Combination
being exceeded during normal service, within
structure’s design life. Used for stress checks for Combination of actions expected to exceed by
concrete and reinforcement. about 50% of the design life since durability is
influenced by average actions, not the worst action
ever experienced .

Actions and Load Combinations Actions and Load Combinations

WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

Examples of Combinations: ULS – Equilibrium Examples of Combinations: ULS – Strength

Against overturning / sliding of intermediate pier Pier Section in Basic Combination, LL leading
0.9 DL & SIDL + 1.0 Surfacing + 1.15 LL + 1.0 Hyd + 1.35 DL & SIDL + 1.75 Surfacing + 1.5 LL + 1.0 EP
1.5W etc. + 0.9W + 1.0 Hyd + 0.15 Buoyancy etc.
Abutment Section in Basic Combination, EP Leading
Against overturning / sliding of abutment
1.35 DL & SIDL + 1.75 Surfacing + 1.0 L + 1.5 EP + 0.9 W
1.05DL or 0.9DL + 1.35SIDL or 1.0 SIDL + 1.5 Fep
+ 1.2 LL Surcharge + 1.0 Hyd + 0.15 Buoyancy etc.
(including surcharge) + 1.5LL / 0.0LL etc.
Pier Section in Accidental Combination
In first case Wind is leading load while LL is an
1.0 DL & SIDL + 1.1 Surfacing + 0.2 LL + 1.0 EP
accompanying. In second case appropriate Partial + 1.0 A + 1.0 Hyd + 0.15 Buoyancy etc.
Safety Factors are considered for Restoring and Pier Section in Seismic Combination
Disturbing actions. Restoring Variable Actions are 1.35 DL & SIDL + 1.75 Surfacing + 0.2 LL + 1.0 EP
omitted. + 1.5AE + 1.0 Hyd + 0.15 Buoyancy etc.

Actions and Load Combinations Actions and Load Combinations

WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

Examples of Combinations: SLS – Examples of Combinations: Check for Base

Stress level, Crack Width, Deformation Pressure and Design of foundations
Beam Section in Rare Combination, Wind Leading The actions and combinations are same as for
1.0 DL & SIDL + 1.0 Surfacing + 1.0 Pre-stress effects earlier three verifications. One action, Buoyancy
+1.0 Creep etc. + 0.75 LL + 1.0 or 0.0 Settlement effect differs in its application. For base pressures it is
+ 0.6 Thermal + 1.0 W always with Partial Safety Factor as 1.0 while for
Beam Section in Frequent Combination, LL leading design of foundation it is 0.15.
1.0 DL & SIDL + 1.0 Surfacing + 1.0 Pre-stress effects
+1.0 Creep etc. + 1.0 LL + 1.0 or 0.0 Settlement effect +
0.6 Thermal + 0.6 W
Accidental Actions & Seismic Action are not
considered in this case.

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WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI WORKSHOP ON CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES IRC:112 – 2011, ORGANISED BY ING-IABSE, 18-19 NOV 2016, MUMBAI

Examples of Combinations: Check for Base References:

Pressure and Design of foundations IRC: 6- 2014
The actions and combinations are same as for IRC: 112- 2011
earlier three verifications. One action, Buoyancy
Euro Code 2 Commentary by European Concrete
differs in its application. For base pressures it is
Platform, ASBL June 2008.
always with Partial Safety Factor as 1.0 while for
design of foundation it is 0.15. Acknowledgement:
Author is grateful to Mr. Alok Bhowmick and Mr. U K
Rajeshirke for the their valuable help in preparation.

And Thank you all for this

opportunity and your kind attention.