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    The female reproductive system contains two ovaries that produce eggs and hormones. The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus where fertilization and implantation may occur. The vagina leads from the uterus to the outside of the body. The male reproductive system contains two testes which produce sperm and hormones. The vas deferens carries sperm from the testes to the prostate and urethra for ejaculation. During meiosis, germ cells undergo two cell divisions to produce gametes like eggs and sperm, which are haploid cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

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    The female reproductive system contains two ovaries that produce eggs and hormones. The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus where fertilization and implantation may occur. The vagina leads from the uterus to the outside of the body. The male reproductive system contains two testes which produce sperm and hormones. The vas deferens carries sperm from the testes to the prostate and urethra for ejaculation. During meiosis, germ cells undergo two cell divisions to produce gametes like eggs and sperm, which are haploid cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

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    The female reproductive system contains two ovaries that produce eggs and hormones. The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus where fertilization and implantation may occur. The vagina leads from the uterus to the outside of the body. The male reproductive system contains two testes which produce sperm and hormones. The vas deferens carries sperm from the testes to the prostate and urethra for ejaculation. During meiosis, germ cells undergo two cell divisions to produce gametes like eggs and sperm, which are haploid cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    25 views6 pages

    Repro

    Uploaded by

    riana
    The female reproductive system contains two ovaries that produce eggs and hormones. The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus where fertilization and implantation may occur. The vagina leads from the uterus to the outside of the body. The male reproductive system contains two testes which produce sperm and hormones. The vas deferens carries sperm from the testes to the prostate and urethra for ejaculation. During meiosis, germ cells undergo two cell divisions to produce gametes like eggs and sperm, which are haploid cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

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    of 6

    Female Reproductive System

    Structures
    INTERNAL

     2 Fallopian Tubes
    - Ovulation- secretion of egg
    - Egg pass through fallopian tube to uterus to vaginal canal
    - Fimbriae- catches egg after it comes out of ovaries
    - Ampulla- broadest part
    - During ovulation, progesterone secretion increase resulting to the thickening of inner kayers
    foe preparation of possible pregnancy.
     2 Ovaries
    - Ova meaning egg
    - Female gonads, produces eggs and dufferent hornones that play important role in reproduction.
    - Endocrine that produces diff hormones
    - Oocytes- one that produces eggs. 5M. Prior birth; after birth, on 2M. Remain.
     200-500k follicles when you are born; drop to 30-40k, specifically 34,000 follicles after birth
    - Follicles are vital part of your ovary; One that shelters and protects egg
    - Produces prog. Estrogen, relaxin( helps in child birth), and inhibin
    - Shelters and protects the egg
     Ovaries are connected or anchored by ovarian ligaments to uterus
     Suspensory ligaments- ligaments where there are arteries, veins, and nerves pass through.
     Broad ligament- anchors and connects reproductive organs to pelvis
     Fallopian tubes
    - Then goes to fimbriae- catches the egg when it goes out of the ovary
     Ampulla- where fertilization occurs
     Fallopian Tube- Connected all the way to the uterus
    - One responsible transporting egg to the uterus
    - Thickening of the layer
    - If it doesnt get fertilized it will get out of your system

     Uterus
    3 parts

     Fundus-top part
     Body-middle
     Cervix -Narrowest. Almost always closed. Just a little opening during ovulation. Important during
    child birth.
    - When in labor through inravaginal examination, cervix dilates to 10cm for child birth
    - When Mom is about to give birth, cervix is very elastic that can be able to facilitate during child
    birth.
    - Where sperm goes to

    Riana Santos 1NUR1


    3 layers of Uterus

     Perimetium- outer
     Myometrium- responsible for contracting during child birth
     Endometrium- inner part. Thickens during ovulation.

    - Vaginal canal
    Vagina
    - Superior part is connected to
     Vulva- external
     Vulva Vestibule-utheral and vaginal opening
    - Covered by longitudinal fold called labia minora, rounded fold is called Labia Majora
     Young females have covering called hymen or mucous membrane
    - Hymen easily breaks because of strenuous activity
     Clitoris- like your glands penis. Has sensory receptors. Sexual arousal can be felt.
    Right and left clitoris

     Connection of labia majora on top- mons pubis- Soft and brown, where hair grows
     Clinical perinium- between vaginal opening to anus. Can become laserated when giving birth.
    - Episiotomy- cutting the perinium for child birth. Midline incision of medio lateral if sideways.
     Usual pH of vagina is 3.5-4. If acidic some of the sperms may die. Sperms are alkaline in nature.

    Breast

     Nipple- where milk goes out


     High pigmented part- areolar
     Montgomery Glands- secrete lubricants that keep nipples and areolar moist, bumps in areolar
     Mammary glands- responsible for milk production
     Lobes consists of smaller lobes called lobules which produces milk
     Adipose tissue- yellow part
     Morbid Obesity Hypotension Syndrome- lungs cannot fully expand because the chest is too
    heavy, thus resulting to retained carbon dioxide
     Big breasts- gynecomastia
     Big breasts doesnt mean you have a lot of milk.
     Can be;
    - Everted nipple
    - Inverted nipple- uses breast pump
    - Flat nipple
     Dry nipples- contribute to crack nipples during breastfeeding. Ineffective breastfeeding
     Once the baby comest out. Protocol is to put the baby on the chest of the mother. Do not wipe
    the hands because it has the scent of the mother.

    - Lymph nodes
    - Lymph vessels

    Riana Santos 1NUR1


    MALE REPRODUCTIVE

    INTERNAL

    * Scrotum- skin that covers the testis or testicles


    - surrounded by smooth musles called dartos muscle which is responsible for skin to contract and for
    the testicles to get smaller when it’s cold; looser when it’s hot to maintain temperature for sperm
    - Contract with the cremaster muscle; pulls testicles away or near the body to keep temperature; when
    it’s warm, it’s away from the body.
    Warm- loose testicles are aways from body to keep it cool
    Cold-

     Usual temp of sperm to survive is less than normal body temp. 98.6 F or below 37 c.
    - Anything below 37 survives,
    - pH is 7.2-8
     Epididymis connected to vastus deferens

    Cross section of testicles


     Seminiforous tubule- site of sperm production; looks like an uncooked tubule.
    - Has smooth muscle and leydig cells- produce testosterone outside; inside is sertoli cells
    Sperm cell production

     Sertoli cells- nourishing your sperm


     Leydig cells- produces testosterone outside
     Rete testis- like a net connected to efferent ductules.
    - Transfer sperm from rete to epididymis
    - Site where the sperms mature
    - Then goes up to the ductus deferens (45cm long)
     Spermatic cord- arteries veins nerves and vas deferens
     Prostate gland-accessory gland in the male repro. System. Walnut sized
     Cowper’s gland- pea sized
     Semen- consists of 60% seminal fluid; 30% prostatic; 5% bulbourethral; 5% testicular
     Prostatic glandins- viability of the cell
     Normal ph of male- 7.2-8
    Accessory
     Seminal vessicle
    - secrete alkaline fluid with fructose(nourish sperm), enzymes and prostaglandins
    - Alkaline fluid neutralizes the acids in the female reproductive tract
    * Prostaglandins- provide motility and viability of sperm
    * prostate gland- secrete citrate, enery source for sperm motility
    - secrete enzymes that liquifies the semen
    * Bulbourethral Gland- secretes viscous fluid that contains mucus

    EXTERNAL
     Penis

    Riana Santos 1NUR1


    - Prepuce- skin covering or head of penis if not circumcised
    - German cut- completely cut all the way
    - Vcut
    - Sensiry receptors that produce sexual arousal

    * Corpus cavernosum- dilates and gets filled with blood so you will have erection.
    - Morning wood- morning is peak of testosterone production stimulating erection.
    * Corpus spongiosum- responsible to keep the urethra open while erected, for urine or sperm to pass
    through.
    - Pee during erection. Part where penis passes through.

     Urine dribbling- comes our in drops. Hurts. Urine cannot pass through (prostate cancer)
     Prostate enlargement- common in males 50 and above
     Prostate cancer-underuse, overuse, misuse

    Sperm

    - Tail- propels and help sperm swim


    - Head
    - Neck
     Viginal canal when semen is secreted there 1M of sperm cells in that semen.

    Meiosis.
    -production of gametes

     Gametes- sex cells


    - Egg cell
    - Sperm cell
    - Goal: make daughter cells with exactly half as many chromosomes as the starting cells.
     2n- 46; n23
     Goal: makes four genetically different cells unlike in mitosis which is one
     Half is sister chromatid
     Center is centromere
     Protein patches- kinetochores
     Homologous pair or chromosome
    - One from father
    - One from mother
    - 2 chromosomes together- homologous pair.
     Why siblings look alike
    - Have qualities of mother and qualities of father.

     Division process that takes us from a diploid cells to haploid cells


    2 step division process.
     Meiosis 1. Homologous oairs separate suring first round of division
     Meiosis 2. Sister chromatids separate during second round of division
    Video.
     Germ cells- where meiosis happens

    Riana Santos 1NUR1


     Synapsis- chromosomes are side by side
     Crossing over- physicsl exchange of non sister chromatids occur
    - Centroiles extends

    Combination of meiosis i and ii

    MEIOSIS I

    - Prophase i starting cell is diploid 2n=4


    - Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange fragments (crossing over)
    - Where crossing over happens

    Metaphase I
    - Homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate
    - Independent assortment

    Anaphase I
    - Homologous separate to opposite ends of the cell
    - Sister chromatids stay together.

    Telophase I
    - Newly forming cells are haploid
    - Non identical sister chromatids but not similar
    - Still cleavage formation and cytokinesis i
    - Each chromosome has 2 non identical sister chromatids

    MEIOSIS II

    Prophase II
    - Starting cells are the haploid cells made

    Metaphase II
    - Chromosomes line up in plate

    Anaphase II
    - Sister chromatid cells separate to opposite ends

    Telophase II
    - Newly forming gametes are haploid
    - 4 haploid with 23 chromosomes each

     Come up with 4 gametes that are genetically similar but not the same
     Crossing over and independent assortment reason why we look like our parents but not
    identical

    Twins.
     Indentical- same. Fingerprint are diff.

    Riana Santos 1NUR1


     Do not confuse twinning with meiosis. Identical come from same ovum
     Fraternal- 2 ovum. Like 2 girls but not identical

    Meiosis I

    - Initially it will come out as germ cells.


     Spermatogonium (diploid)
     Primary spermatocyte(diploid)

    Meiotic division I

    Meiosis I

    Secondary spermatocyte

     Oogenesis
     Mitosis
    - Primary oocyte. Will undergo meiosis i. 2 haploid cells
    - Primary oocyte(commencing maturation)
    - Have one secondary oocyte and first polar body
    Mature ovum
     One ovum. 3 polar bodies
    - Oogenesis. 1 product

     During the 5th month. When your reproductive system is being from. Oocyte is already made,
    women are usually always naturally prepared.

     Mature ovum- start ovulating and mensturating.

    - Remains dormant. By the time puberty hits.

    Spermatogonia undergo meiosis


    Spermatozoa- if it has a tail

    Female
    - Primary oocyte
    - Secondary oocyte
    - Mature if u start ovulating.
    - Thats’s why no pregnancy
    Manarchy- first menstural period
    - Sometimes ovum gets fertilized at a young age

    Riana Santos 1NUR1

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