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Class 2

The document discusses relations and provides examples to illustrate relations between sets. It defines what a relation is and discusses properties of relations such as domain, range, and co-domain. Examples are provided to show how to represent relations as sets of ordered pairs and arrow diagrams. Questions at the end assess understanding of relations through examples testing properties like reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity.

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183 views5 pages

Class 2

The document discusses relations and provides examples to illustrate relations between sets. It defines what a relation is and discusses properties of relations such as domain, range, and co-domain. Examples are provided to show how to represent relations as sets of ordered pairs and arrow diagrams. Questions at the end assess understanding of relations through examples testing properties like reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity.

Uploaded by

Anonymous HSXJ3qIAeF
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class-2

Relations
We approach the concept of relations in different aspects using real life sense, Cryptography and
Geometry through Cartesian products of sets.
In our day to day life very often we come across questions like, “How is he related to you?”. Some
probable answers are,
(i) He is my father.
(ii) He is my teacher.
(iii) He is not related to me.
From this we see that the word relation connects a person with another person. Extending this
idea, in mathematics we consider relations as one which connects mathematical objects. Examples,
(i) A number m is related to a number n if m divides n in N.
(ii) A real number x is related to a real number y if x ≤ y.
(iii) A point p is related to a line L if p lies on L.
(iv) A student X is related to a school S if X is a student of S.

Consider the following example :


A={Mohan, Sohan, David, Karim} and B={Rita, Marry, Fatima}
Suppose Rita has two brothers Mohan and Sohan, Marry has one brother David, and Fatima
has one brother Karim. If we define a relation R " is a brother of" between the elements of A and
B then clearly.
Mohan R Rita, Sohan R Rita, David R Marry, Karim R Fatima.
After omiting R between two names these can be written in the form of ordered pairs as :
(Mohan, Rita), (Sohan, Rita), (David, Marry), (Karima, Fatima).
The above information can also be written in the form of a set R of ordered pairs as
R= {(Mohan, Rita), (Sohan, Rita), (David, Marry), Karim, Fatima}
Definition 2 A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of
the cartesian product A × B. The subset is derived by describing a relationship between
the first element and the second element of the ordered pairs in A × B. The second
element is called the image of the first element.

Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. A relation R from A to B is defined as a subset of the
Cartesian product of A and B. Symbolically R ⊆ A × B.

i.e.R ={(a,b) :a ∈A, b ∈B and aRb}


Definition 3 The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set
A to a set B is called the domain of the relation R.

Definition 4 The set of all second elements in a relation R from a set A to a set B is
called the range of the relation R. The whole set B is called the codomain of the
relation R. Note that range ⊂ codomain.

A Note The total number of relations that can be defined from a set A to a set B
is the number of possible subsets of A × B. If n(A ) = p and n(B) = q, then
n (A × B) = pq and the total number of relations is 2pq.

Remark A relation R from A to A is also stated as a relation on A.

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1)16
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EXAMPLE 2.1

Q 1. (i) Let A = {2, 4, 8}. Define R = {(2, 4), (4, 8), (8, 16)}. Is R a relation on A ?
(ii) Let A = {1,2,4},B = {2,4,6}. Define R= {(2,2), (4,4), (6,6)}. Is R a relation from A to B ?
(iii) Find a relation R from A = {1,2, 3,4,5} to B ={1,2,4} defined by xRy  x < y.

Q 2. Write R as a set of ordered pairs. Find Domain and Range


(i) Let R = {(x, y) : 2x + 3y < 10, x, y  N}.
(ii) Let R = {(x, y) : (x, y)  Z × Z, 4x2 + 9y2 = 36}

Q 3. (i)Let A = {1,2} and B={3,4}. Find the number of relations from A to B.

(ii) Let A = {x, y}. Find the number of relations on A.

(iii) Let A = {a, b, c}, B = {x, y}. Find the total number of relations from A to B
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ANSWERS
1. (i) No, 16  A (ii) No, (6, 6)  A × B (iii) R = {(1,2), (1,4). (2, 4), (3, 4)}
2. (i) R = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (3,1)} (ii) {(0,2), (0,-2), (-3,0), (3,0)}
3. (i)16(ii). 16(III) 64

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Problem 2.2

(1) If A = {1, 2,3}, B = {4,5,6}, which of the following are relations from A to B? Give reasons in
support of your answer.
(i) R1 = {(1,4), (1,5), (1,6)} (ii) R2 = {(1,5), (2,3), (3,6)}
(iii) R3 = ((1,4), (1,5), (3,6), (2,6), (3,4)} (iv) R4 = {(4,2), (2,6), (5,1), (2,4)}.

(2) Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {x, y, z} and R be a relation from A to B defined by


R = {(1, x), (1, z), (3, x), (4, y)}.
(i) Find the domain and range of R. (ii) Represent R by an arrow diagram.
(iii)Find R-1 also

(3) If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and R = {(x, y) : (x, y)  A × B, y = x + 1}, then


(i) find A × B (ii) write R in roster form
(iii) write domain and range of R (iv) represent R by an arrow diagram

(4) The adjoining figure show a relation between the sets P and Q. Write this relation

(i) in roster form (ii) in set builder form


What is its domain and range ?

(5). Let N be the set of all natural numbers and let R = {(a, b) : a, b  N and 2a + b = 10}. Show that R
is a binary relation on A. Find its domain, range and co-domain.
(ii)If A={a,b} and B={1, 2}, find total number of different relations from A to B

(6) If A and B are two sets such that n (A) = 2 and n (B) = 3, find the number of relations from
(i) A to B (ii) B to A (iii) A to A.
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ANSWER
(1)R1 is relation,(ii) R2 is not a relation as (2,3) AxB (iii)R3 is relation (iv)R4 is not a relation

2). (i) Domain = {1, 3, 4} and range = {x, y, z}

(ii) (iii) R-1 = {(x, 1), (z, 1), (x, 3), (y, 4)}

3. (i) {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 4)}
(ii) R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} (iii) Domain = (1, 2, 3}, Range = {2, 3, 4}

(iv)

(4) (i) R = {(4, 2), (4, -2), (9, 3), (9, -3), (25, 5), (25, -5)} (ii) R = {(x, y) : x = y2 , x  P, y  Q}

(5)(i) R = {(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 9), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 4), (5, 6)}
(ii)16 (6)(i)64 (ii)64 (iii)16

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Example 2.3
Verify
Q1 Let a relation R1 on the set R of all real numbers be defined as
(a, b)  R1  1 + ab > 0 for all a, b  R.
Show that:
(i) (a, a)  R1 for all a  R (ii) (a, b)  R1  (b, a)  R1 or all a, b  R
(iii) (a, b)  R1 and (b, c)  R1  (a, c)  R1 is not true for all a,b,c  R.

Q2 Consider the relation on set of all integers given by


(x, y)  R  x - y is divisible by n Prove that:
(i) (x,x) R for all x  Z (ii) (x, y)  R  (y, x)  R for all x, y  Z
(iii) (x, y) R and (y, z)  R  (x, z)  R for all x, y, z  R.

Q3 Consider R on Z defined by (a, b) ∈ R ⇔ | a - b | ≤ 5


Verify
(i) (a,a)∈ R for all a ∈ R
(ii) (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R for all a, b ∈ R
(iii) (a, b)∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R for all a, b, c ∈ R.
Ans: 3(i)True (ii0True (iii)False

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Problem 2.4
Q1 Let R be a relation on Q defined by
R = {(a,b) : a,b  Q and a – b  Z} Show that:
(i) (a, a)  R for all a  Q (ii) {a, b)  R  (b, a)  R
(iii) (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R  (a, c)  R.

Q2 Consider the relation on set of all integers given by


(x, y)  R  x - y is divisible by 5 Prove that:
(i) (x,x) R for all x  Z (ii) (x, y)  R  (y, x)  R for all x, y  Z
(iii) (x, y) R and (y, z)  R  (x, z)  R for all x, y, z  R.
Q3 Consider the relation R on R defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b}. Verify true or false
(i) (a,a) R for all a  R
(ii) (a, b)  R  (b, a)  R for all a, b  R
(iii) (a, b) R and (b, c)  R  (a, c)  R for all a, b, c  R.

Q4 Show that the relation R on the set R of all real numbers, defined as
R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b2}
Verify true or false
(i) (a,a) R for all a  R
(ii) (a, b)  R  (b, a)  R for all a, b  R
(iii) (a, b) R and (b, c)  R  (a, c)  R for all a, b, c  R.
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Ans Q3 (i)True (ii)False (iii)True
Q4(i)False (ii)False (iii)False
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