Power Electronics
Lecture 5: DC-DC Converters
Mahmood Sunny, Assistant Professor, DEEE, UU
DC-DC converters
• DC-Dc converters are widely used for traction motor control in electric
automobiles, trolley cars, marine hoists, forklift trucks, and mine haulers.
They provide smooth acceleration control, high efficiency, and fast
dynamic response
• DC-DC converters can be used in regenerative braking of dc motors to
return energy back into the supply, and this feature results in energy
savings for transportation systems with frequent stops
DC-DC converters
• DC-DC converters are used in dc voltage regulators; and also are used in
conjunction with an inductor, to generate a dc current source, especially
for the current source inverter
• DC-DC converters are integral parts of energy conversion in the evolving
area of renewable energy technology
Performance parameters
Principle of step-down operation
Generation of duty cycle
Converter classification
First quadrant: rectifier
Second quadrant: inverter
Examples
Second quadrant converter
Examples
First and second quadrant
converter
Switched-mode converters
• Buck converters
• Boost converters
• Buck-boost converters
• Cúk converters
• Flyback converters
• Forward converters
• Pull-pull converters
Buck converter
• In a buck converter, the average output voltage is less than the input
voltage.
• Transistor Q1 and diode Dm act as two single-pole-single-through (SPST)
bidirectional switches.
• Mode 1: begins when transistor Q1 is switched on at t = 0. The input
current, which rises, flows through filter inductor L, filter capacitor C, and
load resistor R.
Buck converter
• Mode 2: begins when transistor Q1 is switched off at t = t1 . The
freewheeling diode Dm conducts due to energy stored in the inductor, and
the inductor current continues to flow through L, C, load, and diode Dm . The
inductor current falls until transistor Q1 is switched on again in the next
cycle.
• Its assumed that the inductor current rises and falls linearly, and is
continuous.
• Depending on the switching frequency, filter inductance, and capacitance,
the inductor current could be discontinuous.
Buck converter
Buck converter
Buck converter
The voltage across the inductor
Assuming that the inductor current rises linearly
Hence
And during time t2 and hence,
Buck converter
because
Buck converter
Assuming a lossless circuit,
Hence,
Buck converter
or
Buck converter
(Assuming negligible load ripple current)
Buck converter
or
Critical values of inductor and capacitor and
Example problem: buck converter
Solution: buck converter
Boost converter
• Output voltage is greater than the input voltage.
• Mode 1 begins when transistor M1 is switched on at t = 0. The input
current, which rises, flows through inductor L and transistor Q1.
• Mode 2 begins when transistor M1 is switched off at t = t1. The current
that was flowing through the transistor would now flow through L, C, load,
and diode Dm . The inductor current falls until transistor M1 is turned on
again in the next cycle. The energy stored in inductor L is transferred to
the load.
Boost converter
Boost converter
Boost converter
and
and
Boost converter
Boost converter
, using
, assuming lossless circuit, i.e.
Boost converter
or
Boost converter
When switch is on, Ic = Ia (during 0 to t1)
, using
Or
Boost converter
Example problem: boost converter
Solution: boost converter
Example problem: boost converter
Buck-boost converter
• A buck-boost converter provides an output voltage that may be less than
or greater than the input voltage.
• The polarity of the output voltage is opposite to that of the input voltage.
• During mode 1, transistor Q1 is turned on and diode Dm is reversed
biased. The input current, which rises, flows through inductor L and
transistor Q1.
Buck-boost converter
• During mode 2, transistor Q1 is switched off and the current, which was
flowing through inductor L, would flow through L, C, Dm, and the load.
• The energy stored in the inductor L would be transferred to the load and
the inductor current would fall until transistor Q1 is switched on again in
the next cycle.
Buck-boost converter
Buck-boost converter
Buck-boost converter
or
or
Buck-boost converter
(because and )
Buck-boost converter
or
Buck-boost converter
When switch is on, average discharge current Ic = -Ia (during 0 to t1)
using
Or
Example problem: buck-boost converter
Solution: buck-boost converter
