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Exercise Sheet 5: Quantum Information - Summer Semester 2020

This document contains an exercise sheet for a quantum information course. Problem 1 involves analyzing the evolution of a qubit system A coupled to an environment qubit B under various unitaries. Problem 2 examines properties of the swap operator acting on bipartite systems, including how it relates to partial transposition and allows rewriting operator products over one system as tensor products over the joint system.

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Kiran Adhikari
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44 views3 pages

Exercise Sheet 5: Quantum Information - Summer Semester 2020

This document contains an exercise sheet for a quantum information course. Problem 1 involves analyzing the evolution of a qubit system A coupled to an environment qubit B under various unitaries. Problem 2 examines properties of the swap operator acting on bipartite systems, including how it relates to partial transposition and allows rewriting operator products over one system as tensor products over the joint system.

Uploaded by

Kiran Adhikari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exercise Sheet 5

Quantum Information - Summer Semester 2020


RWTH Aachen
Valentin Bruch, Fernando Martinez, Pedro Parrado
Due: 11 May 2020, 12.00

Problem 1 Qubit 1-way amplitude damping – Measurement model


(2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 1)
Consider the joint evolution of a system qubit A coupled to another qubit B which is discarded:
h  † i 00 0
ρA 7→ Tr UAB ρA ⊗ |0B ih0B | UAB with UAB (t) = UAB · UAB (t)
B

Here B plays the role of an environment which is initialized in the pure state |0B ih0B |. We first
perform an A-controlled Y -rotation on B:
0
UAB (t) = |0A ih0A | ⊗ 1B + |1A ih1A | ⊗ e−itYB

and then a B-controlled CNOT on A:


00
UAB = 1A ⊗ |0B ih0B | + XA ⊗ |1B ih1B | .

Please, please, use bra-ket notation!


0
(a) Show that both UAB 00 are unitaries.
and UAB
(b) Assuming a fixed value of t ∈ [0, π/2] and denoting p = sin2 (t) ∈ [0, 1], show that
( √
† † M0 = |0A ih0A | + 1 − p |1A ih1A |
ρA 7→ E(ρA ) = M0 ρA M0 + M1 ρA M1 , √
M1 = p |0A ih1A |

Hint: Use the standard formula for measurement operators Mb = hbB | UAB |0B i.
(c) Evaluate E(ρA ) in the limiting case where p = 1 and show it is independent of ρA by
using Tr ρA = 1. Explain this result physically in terms of A’s interaction with the
environment B: consider separately what the unitaries UAB 00 and U 0 (t) “do” for input
AB
ρA = |0A ih0A | and for input ρA = |1A ih1A |, respectively.
(d) Determine the transformation of the Bloch vector when the state is mapped ρA 7→ E(ρA ).
Hint: In this case it is easiest to first write out the mapping hi| ρ |ji → b=0,1 hi| Mb ρMb† |ji
P
in terms of matrix elements of ρ and then use the formulas (not writing A subscripts)

x = Tr{Xρ} = h0| ρ |1i + h1| ρ |0i (1)


y = Tr{Y ρ} = i h0| ρ |1i − i h1| ρ |0i (2)
z = Tr{Zρ} = h0| ρ |0i − h1| ρ |1i . (3)

(e) Using d) show that for any p ∈ (0, 1] the only state that is not altered by the evolution
map is the pure state ρ = |0A ih0A |.
Remark. This is called a fixed point of the channel which in this case is the only one.

1
Exercise sheet 5 Quantum Information SS2020 11 May 2020, 12.00

00
UAB 0 (t)
UAB

ρ0A ρA
⊗
|0B ih0B |

Figure 1: Circuit describing the evolution discussed in problem 2. The controlled operators are left
blank here.

(f ) Complete the circuit drawn in Figure 1 by filling in the controlled operators such that the
circuit correctly describes the unitaries UAB 00 and U 0 (t). Explain using the circuit that
AB
the pure state |0A ih0A | is not altered by the evolution.
(g) Show that for p = 1 (or t = π2 ) also |1A ih1A | is mapped to |0A ih0A | by the evolution. Also
explain this using the circuit. What is the second controlled operator in this case?
(h) How can you conclude from (f) and (g) that in this case arbitrary input states ρA are
mapped to |0A ih0A | by the evolution?
(i) Show that in this case (p = 1) the evolution map can be written as E(ρA ) = |0A ih0A | · TrA (ρA ).

Problem 2 Swap and partial transpose (2, 2, 2, 2, 3)


Pd
The bipartite operator SAB := i,j=1 |iA jB ihjA iB | is called swap operator relative to a fixed
basis {|iA i ⊗ |jB i}. Despite its simplicity, it plays an important role because it related to the
transposition map applied to a subsystem and allows for some neat tricks.
You should solve this exercise for arbitrary dimension d of systems A and B. Do not write
down any matrices, this will only complicate the solution! The master solution for this
problem is only 1.5 pages long including the explanation text!
(a) Diagonalize the swap operator.
Hint: Do not try to calculate the eigenvalues from a characteristic polynomial. Instead,
directly construct eigenvectors by considering what the swap operator “does” to basis vec-
tors.
(b) Show that the swap
P operator is related to the unnormalized maximally entangled state
vector |1AB i := di=1 |iA iB i as
SAB = (|1AB ih1AB |)>B ,
where >B denotes the partial transpose acting as (OA ⊗ |iihj|B )>B = OA ⊗ |jihi|B .
Below FA and GB are arbitary operators. We use the following useful notation: if OA is some
operator on system A, then OB denotes a corresponding operator with the same matrix elements,
hiB | OB |jB i := hiA | OA |jA i with respect to the fixed ONBs {|iB i} and {|iA i}, respectively, which
are also used to define the swap operator.
(c) Show that conjugation with SAB = (SAB )−1 swaps a tensor product:
SAB (FA ⊗ GB )SAB = GA ⊗ FB .

(d) Show that insertion of a swap operator under the trace converts an operator product for
system A to a tensor product on a bipartite system AB:
Tr{FA · GA } = Tr {(FA ⊗ GB ) · SAB } = Tr {SAB · (GA ⊗ FB )}.
A AB AB

2
Exercise sheet 5 Quantum Information SS2020 11 May 2020, 12.00

(e) In the lecture we discussed that the space of linear operators is itself a vector space, on
which we can define the Hilbert-Schmidt scalar product (F |G) := Tr(F † G). Consider a set
of operators {Fk } which form a complete orthonormal basis in the vector space of linear
operators:
P (Fk |Fk0 ) = Tr{Fk† Fk0 } = δkk0 . The completeness relation of this basis implies
that k Fk (Fk |G) = G for any operator G. Assuming one has such a basis on system A,
show that the swap operator can be written as
†
X
SAB = FAk ⊗ FBk .
k

Hint: Use {FA k } to construct a basis for the space of linear operators on the full system
AB and use the completeness relation of this basis.

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