Controlling Contamination in LCMS Systems
Controlling Contamination in LCMS Systems
G 1 OF 33
Controlling Contamination in LC/MS Systems
Best Practices
This document outlines best practices for controlling contamination in UPLC/MS and HPLC/
MS systems (both clinical and non‐clinical). A good contamination control plan includes
measures for preventing, troubleshooting, and cleaning contamination.
Important: This document updates, supersedes, and supplements all other
Waters documents on preventing, troubleshooting, and
cleaning contamination.
Note: To understand what causes contamination, see Major contaminants and their sources,
page 31.
Note: If you have followed the recommendations in this document and still need help with
contamination, contact your Waters representative.
Table of Contents
Preventing contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Select, prepare, and handle solvents correctly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Clean laboratory glassware properly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Prepare and handle samples correctly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Use clean fittings and tubing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Wear gloves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Use clean columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Check laboratory air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Troubleshooting Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Isolate the problem to the LC or MS system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Troubleshoot the LC system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Troubleshoot the MS system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Cleaning to Eliminate Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
General guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Cleaning MS Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Reference Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Solvent considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Recommended water purification process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Gloves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Major contaminants and their sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Contaminant database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 3 OF 33
Preventing contamination
Prevention is the most important factor in controlling contamination. It is much easier to
prevent contamination than it is to troubleshoot or eliminate it. To prevent contamination,
follow the steps in this section.
Select, prepare, and handle solvents correctly
Close attention to the selection and use of solvents (or mobile phases) is a critical safeguard
against contamination (see Possible effects of low‐quality solvents, page 23). Waters
recommends the following procedures when using solvents.1
Note: For more information on solvent recommendations and cautions, see your system
user guide.
Use clean, particle‐free solvents
Caution: Failure to use the proper grade of solvent for your application
causes excessive background noise and loss of sensitivity.
When preparing mobile phase, always use chemically clean and particle‐free solvents
(Table 3) and reagents. Solvent must be UPLC‐grade or a quality level suitable to the
application being run. (See Solvent considerations, page 23.)
Use fresh solvents
Use the freshest solvents available; do not store solvents without taking measures to prevent
microbial growth (see Store solvents in clean glass reservoirs with covers, page 6). When
solvents are exposed to the atmosphere, they become vulnerable to airborne contamination.
Caution: If using organic solvents, pay attention to the expiration date
suggested by the manufacturer. Open bottles of solvent can
become contaminated.
1. The recommendations are based on experiences in Waters’ laboratories.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 4 OF 33
Use ultra‐pure water
Use ultra‐pure water (defined as water that has been purified through a system that targets
contaminants detrimental to UPLC®/MS and HPLC/MS systems).
Note: See Recommended water purification process, page 29.
Ultra‐pure water is sterile and contains no particles greater than 0.2 microns, no detectable
ionizable compounds (>18‐MOhm.cm resistivity), and low UV absorbance at the monitoring
wavelengths. Use of ultra‐pure water reduces the number of impurities in the water that can
collect on the column during equilibration with the weak solvent.
Prevent microbial growth
Aqueous mobile phases and water are susceptible to microbial growth, which can cause
peaks to appear during gradient operation and increase background absorbance during
isocratic operation. Microbial growth can also block filters, frits, and columns, and can cause
check valves to malfunction. Such problems can cause high column or pump back pressure
and ultimately lead to premature column failure and system shutdown.
To prevent microbial growth in mobile phase, prepare, filter, and degas aqueous mobile
phase daily. During shutdown or over a long period (such as a weekend), flush the system
completely with water. Then flush with 10% (minimum) of an appropriate organic solvent
(such as acetonitrile or methanol).
Caution: To prevent microbial contamination, do not store the system in
water or >90% aqueous mobile phase.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 5 OF 33
Minimize the use of additives
Caution: To prevent microbial growth, do not add additives to stock bottles.
• To reduce background, use the lowest concentration of mobile phase additive (for
example, acid, base, or buffer that is compatible with good, stable chromatography). The
more additive you use, the more contamination can be introduced into the mobile phase.
• When developing a new method or transferring an old one to a new column, eliminate
any additives that no longer affect the chromatography. For example, TEA is no longer
necessary on many columns to obtain good peak shape for basic compounds.
• Use the highest‐quality additives available (at minimum, LC/MS‐grade additives)
• Use additives (for example, formic acid) that have low concentrations of iron and other
metal ions. Acetic acid can contain a significant amount of iron and other metal ions.
• To prevent precipitation, avoid using inorganic salts or additives in high organic eluents.
Such salts or additives can precipitate at the high‐organic end of the gradient.
• Use additives that are volatile and compatible with mass spectrometers.
Caution: If you are using a mass spectrometer, avoid using non‐volatile
additives such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), or phosphate
(PO43‐).
Caution: Some additives can be incompatible with mass spectrometers.
Consult the documentation shipped with your system for
compatible additives.
• Volatile additives containing ammonium (NH4+), acetate, formate, or carbonate are
recommended.
Caution: Solvents with a pH greater than 10 dissolve silica. If your system
contains fused silica and glass components (for example, if you
have a nanoACQUITY or M‐Class UPLC system), avoid using
solvents with a pH greater than 10. Avoid storing the system in
high pH. Flush and store in methanol or a minimum of 10% organic
with no additives or buffers.
• To flush the system after using mobile phase containing additives, flush the system for at
least 5 minutes (at least 50 mL of water). Follow with 10% (minimum) of an appropriate
organic solvent (such as acetonitrile or methanol).
Use miscible solvents
Make sure all solvents and samples, including additives, are miscible. Proteins (from tissues,
blood, or serum samples) can precipitate in high (>40%) organic solvents. The precipitated
proteins can clog injectors and tubing, or adsorb the analyte or contaminants.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 6 OF 33
Store solvents in clean glass reservoirs with covers
• Store mobile phases in clean amber or brown‐stained borosilicate glass reservoirs (see
Clean laboratory glassware properly, page 6). Borosilicate glass must be type 1, class A, or
type 3.3.
Caution: The brown bottles in which the manufacturer ships solvents are
not borosilicate and must not be used to store aqueous solutions.
Caution: Never store liquids in plastic, which can contain plasticizers (for
example, phthalates) and thus promote organic contamination.
• Cover the reservoir to prevent airborne contaminants from entering the solvent.
• To cover the reservoir, use aluminum foil or caps supplied with the system.
Caution: Do not use Parafilm® or other plastic films to cover solvent
reservoirs.
• Use the smallest solvent reservoir appropriate for your analysis (it depends on your flow
rate and the length of your runs).
• Do not top off solvents. Instead, discard old solvent, rinse the bottles and solvent inlet
filters with the solvent that is used, and then refill with fresh solvent. Finally, prime the
system.
Clean laboratory glassware properly
Any glass container used to prepare or store mobile phase must be thoroughly cleaned
before use.
Standard cleaning process
Caution: Never wash glassware with detergents or in a dishwasher.
Caution: Always clean glassware with the same mobile phase/solvent you
use for the chromatography.
Rinse glassware with organic solvent and then water.
Aggressive cleaning process
If more aggressive cleaning is required (for example, when the container’s history is
unknown), use the following procedure:
1. Sonicate with 10% formic or nitric acid, then water, then methanol or acetonitrile, then
water.
2. Repeat two more times.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 7 OF 33
3. Store glassware used to prepare or store mobile phase separately from other common‐
use glassware.
4. If glassware or solvent reservoirs become contaminated with microbial growth, treat
them in an autoclave:
a. Remove and replace all filters and tubing between the mobile phase reservoir and the
instrument.
b. Purge the system with acetonitrile or methanol and let it sit overnight.
Prepare and handle samples correctly
Make sure that your samples are particle‐free. At the same time, you must take care not to
introduce contaminants during the process of preparing and handling samples.
Use efficient cold traps
Use an efficient cold trap when concentrating, lyophilizing, or distilling your sample.
Otherwise, vacuum pump oil can backstream and cause contamination.
Use clean vials, caps, and plates
1. Use Waters‐brand vials; they have been certified for certain levels of cleanliness. (Select
the vial appropriate for your application.) Other vials can contain contaminants that
interfere with the application and contaminate the system.
2. Make sure the liner on your vial and bottle caps does not contain contaminants (check
the manufacturer’s description):
• Do not use vials or bottle caps lined with paper. Paper can be a source of
contaminants.
• Self-sealing septa contain silicone that can interfere with LC/MS applications.
• Single-layered septa are acceptable if they do not contain plastics or adhesives
that can contaminate the sample manager (PTFE is recommended).
3. Use Waters‐brand wellplates. Other brands can leach plasticizers (for example, diisooctyl
phthalates).
4. Foil‐lined plate covers are acceptable as long as the aluminum does not touch the solvent
(possibly causing a possible reaction).
5. Do not use self‐sealing or adhesive cap mats; they can contain contaminants from the
adhesives.
6. Do not use cap mats that are not compatible with the solvents used for sample diluents,
mobile phase, and wash solvents.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 8 OF 33
Use clean fittings and tubing
Use clean, inert materials for connections
1. Connections that come into contact with solvents or sample include stoppers, O‐rings,
check valves, and solvent inlet filters (sinkers).
2. Labels on inlet tubing can contain contaminants. They must not come into contact with
solvents or mobile phases.
3. Some types of tubing (such as polyvinyl chloride, or PVC) contain plasticizers or other
contaminants.
Caution: Do not touch or bring surfaces into contact with anything
containing contaminants.
Wear gloves
Wear particulate‐free, powder‐free, non‐latex
Use Waters’ sterile nitrile gloves (see Table 4) when:
• Handling parts of the UPLC or HPLC system that come into contact with mobile phase or
sample
• Replacing old parts with parts that have the label “Critical Clean”.
Caution: To avoid incidental skin contact, do not wear finger cots as a
substitute for gloves.
Replace gloves if they become wet
Caution: Use caution when touching surfaces, even when wearing gloves.
Keep gloves dry, and replace gloves if they become wet. Wet
gloves can introduce contamination. Change gloves frequently.
Putting on gloves
For instructions on putting on gloves to prevent contamination, see How to put on gloves,
page 30.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 9 OF 33
Use clean columns
Important: For detailed instructions on using and caring for columns, refer
to the care and use instructions provided by the column
manufacturer. (An example is the ACQUITY UPLC BEH Column
Care and Use Manual, 715001371.)
Use clean columns
A UPLC or HPLC column can trap particles, precipitated proteins, and other organic
contaminants at the head of the column. These contaminants can adversely affect column
lifetime by increasing operating pressure or by altering chromatographic selectivity. In
addition, they can slowly bleed off, increasing carryover and background noise.
The column can also adsorb impurities from the solvents. This adsorption can occur when
you:
• Equilibrate a reversed‐phase column (for example, C18) for long periods of time in high‐
aqueous conditions
• Run a reversed‐phase column isocratically at lower organic concentrations
The adsorbed compounds can elute as distinct peaks or as a smear across the chromatogram.
The trace‐enriching effect amplifies the amount of contamination present in the solvents or
the UPLC or HPLC system.
Note: For guidelines on cleaning columns, see Cleaning columns, page 17.
Storing columns
Store columns in the solvent they originally came with (for example, 100% acetonitrile). Flush
columns to remove buffers and additives before storing them.
Note: For detailed instructions, refer to the solvent recommendations provided by the
column manufacturer.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 10 OF 33
Check laboratory air
Keep laboratory air clean
Compounds present in laboratory air can contaminate the LC/MS system:
• Siloxanes are often present in laboratory air. These compounds, which exist in deodorant
and other cosmetic products, can cause contamination under certain conditions, such as
NanoFlow (Figure 1).
Figure 1 ‐ ESI+ spectrum showing siloxane contamination
• Phthalates are also present in laboratory air. Airborne phthalates come from air
conditioning filters and can contaminate any solvents or solids that come into contact
with the air.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 11 OF 33
Troubleshooting Contamination
This section outlines a common‐sense approach to troubleshooting contamination in an LC/
MS system. Use the flowchart to proceed.
Troubleshooting
contamination
Isolate the
Is it continuous problem to the
Continuous
background noise or background LC or MS
chromatographic peaks?
Peaks
Check the
sample Gradient or
Isocratic
manager isocratic?
Gradient
Yes Remove the column and
run a blank. Peaks found?
No
Check the
Run a gradient blank solvent
without injecting. Peaks Yes
manager
found?
No
Make a
zero‐volume
injection
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 12 OF 33
Isolate the problem to the LC or MS system
Note: Complete the flowchart steps on page 11 before beginning this section.
1. Flush the ESI probe and infusion mechanism with clean solvent other than mobile phase
and connect a syringe infusion kit directly to the ESI probe.
Important: Infuse into the MS the mobile phase that you are using in the
system (for example, a 50:50 A/B mixture at 0.3 mL/min). Make
sure to bypass the entire LC and solvent management system.
Troubleshoot the LC system
Try a new column
Note: Contaminants can collect and concentrate on a column (trace enrichment) when you
run low‐concentration organic mobile phases (for example, initial conditions) for a
long time. The contaminants elute from the column when a gradient is run.
Check the mobile phase
Mix 1 mL of mobile phase A with 1 mL of mobile phase B in a clean vial. Infuse the mixture
into the mass spectrometer.
• If contamination exists, the problem is in the bottles or mobile phase. See the guidelines
on using clean solvents and containers in Preventing contamination, page 3.
• If there is no contamination on infusion, pump the 50:50 A/B mixture through a clean
probe into the mass spectrometer. If you see contamination, it is located in the solvent
manager/chromatographic pump or sample manager/autosampler (or both). To
determine which component is the source, Make a zero‐volume injection.
Make a zero‐volume injection
• If you see contaminants, Check the solvent manager/chromatographic pump.
• If no contaminants are present, Check the sample manager/autosampler.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 13 OF 33
Check the solvent manager/chromatographic pump
Disconnect the solvent manager/chromatographic pump from the sample manager/
autosampler and pump directly into the mass spectrometer.
• If contamination exists, the solvent manager/chromatographic pump is the source of the
contamination. Reconnect the sample manager/autosampler and follow General
guidelines, page 16.
• If contamination does not exist, Check the sample manager/autosampler.
Check the sample manager/autosampler
1. Remove the column if it has not already been removed.
2. Pump a wash solution through the sample manager/autosampler to waste.
To flush the needle wash flow path, use the same solution you used to flush the pumps.
Also inject large volumes (for example, full loop with 3X overfills) of the cleaning
solution. If the wash solution is an acid, flush with copious amounts of water. Then
return to mobile phase and flush thoroughly. If contamination exists, determine whether
it is in the sample, the diluent, the infusion device, or the sample container.
3. Check the solvent, water, and acid used for dilution.
Infuse the sample diluent — for example, a mixture of equal parts water and either
acetonitrile or methanol plus 0.1% formic acid — into the mass spectrometer to check
for contamination. If there is no contamination in this “blank”, then the contamination
came with the original sample.
If the contamination persists, Check the sample.
4. Check the sample.
Infuse a diluted sample into the mass spectrometer.
Note: PEG can come from detergents used for sample preparation or PEGylated
pharmaceutical compounds.
If the contamination persists, Check the infusion device and sample container.
5. Check the infusion device and sample container.
Clean or replace each component. Then repeat the infusion test. If the infusion device
and container are clean, Check the needle wash solutions.
6. Change the injection volume.
If replacing the sample diluent did not solve the problem, try adjusting the injection
volume by a factor of 2 or more. If the contamination increases or decreases in
proportion to the injection volume change, it is probable that the sample is
contaminated. New sample or further sample clean‐up may be required.
If the sample volume change has no effect on the size of the carryover peak, Change the
injection mode.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 14 OF 33
7. Change the injection mode.
Partial loop needle overfill (PLNO) mode can cause more carryover than partial loop or
full loop mode. That is because the sample is pulled through the VDD, which is not
flushed with strong needle wash.
If the contamination persists, Check the needle wash solutions.
8. Check the needle wash solutions.
Are the wash solvents correct? If not, use the correct wash solutions. Make another
injection and check for contamination. If it still exists, Check the tubing and fittings on
the injector.
9. Check the tubing and fittings on the injector.
In particular, check the injector outlet to column inlet. If there is dead volume,
contamination can accumulate in those spaces. Replace the tubing and fittings. Make
another injection and check for contamination. If it still exists, Replace the needle.
10. Replace the needle.
Replace the needle, then make another injection. Some hydrophobic compounds adsorb
to PEEK needles. If contamination persists, try replacing it with a stainless steel needle. If
contamination still persists, Replace the other injector parts.
11. Replace the other injector parts.
Replace the other injector parts (for example, needle wash port, injector valve pod).
Refer to the operator’s manual for specific injector parts that can be replaced. Flush the
system with mobile phase. Make another injection and then check for contamination.
a. If contamination still exists, Troubleshoot the MS system, page 15.
b. If contamination does not exist, Reinstall the column.
12. Reinstall the column.
Reinstall the column, and then check for contamination. If contamination appears,
repeat the following steps with the column installed (but omit the infusion steps):
• Make a zero-volume injection, page 12
• Check the solvent manager/chromatographic pump, page 13
• Check the sample manager/autosampler, page 13
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 15 OF 33
Troubleshoot the MS system
If troubleshooting the liquid chromatography system does not yield the location of
contamination, the likely source is the mass spectrometry system.
Important: Do not waste time and resources attempting to remove typical
background noise. The sensitive nature of MS systems means
that some degree of chemical background is a constant. In
addition, different types of MS systems have different degrees
of sensitivity. For example, you see a higher background in a
more sensitive instrument. Sensitivity is signal‐to‐noise ratio,
not just absolute counts.
Check the front‐end components
Likely locations for MS contamination are front‐end components:
• ESI probe (probe tip, capillary, unions)
• Sample cone
• LockSpray baffle
• Ion source block
• Source enclosure
• PEEK tubing connecting column outlet to API source
• Components of the integral flow divert/injection valve (if fitted)
• Throttle valve (if fitted)
• PEEK support block
• LC tubing
• Nitrogen gas tubing
• Nitrogen gas source (for example, generator)
Remove, clean or replace, and test the components
Remove, clean or replace, and test each of these components one at a time. If contamination
still exists, the MS components possibly have become recontaminated after cleaning. To
avoid this problem, clean and replace all suspected parts simultaneously.
Clean or replace the contaminated component
If background noise is high after any test, clean or replace the last component added (see
Cleaning to Eliminate Contamination, page 16).
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 16 OF 33
Cleaning to Eliminate Contamination
Warning: To prevent injury, always use safe laboratory practices when
working with solvents and wash solutions. Know the chemical
and physical properties of the solvents and solutions. Refer to
the safety data sheets for each solvent and solution in use.
Always use eye protection and gloves when handling solvents or
cleaning mixtures.
Caution: Do not attempt to clean the system until you have found and
eliminated the source of contamination. If you clean without
finding the source, the contamination will soon return and the
system will require cleaning again.
Disconnect the LC system from the column and detector before
cleaning.
Solvents and acid or base must be of the highest purity for
cleaning and use.
If you must clean the LC/MS system, an understanding of contaminants and their sources is
essential. For information, see Major contaminants and their sources, page 31.
General guidelines
To clean contamination in Waters systems, use only mobile phase‐ (highest‐) quality solvents
and acid or base.1 Remove the column and detector (any detector, including the mass
spectrometer). If you know what the contaminant is, use the mixture in which it is most
soluble.
Flush the system component with a high‐organic solvent such as 80% organic solvent and
20% water, and then test for contamination. Repeat the procedure until the background is
reduced to an acceptable level.
After using any wash, rinse with 50% acetonitrile or mobile phase to remove the cleaning
solution. If you use a phosphoric acid wash, pump ultra‐pure water (see Use ultra‐pure water,
page 4) through the system until the pH is close to neutral (pH=7).
1. These cleaning guidelines are based on traditional techniques using materials that are readily available
in the laboratory. They apply primarily to reversed‐phase LC/MS.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 17 OF 33
Cleaning columns
Important: If washed in solvents containing additives such as ammonium
hydroxideome, silica packing materials dissolve at pH > 8 . If
your mobile phase pH exceeds 8, use a column that is more
stable to high pH, such as the Waters ACQUITY UPLC™ BEH or
XBridge™ column.
For detailed guidelines on washing silica packing materials,
refer to the care and use instructions provided by the column
manufacturer.
To clean a contaminated column, wash the column with solvents that remove the
contaminants and do not damage the column. It is good practice to clean a reversed phase
column at the end of a run by flushing it with a high‐percentage (for example, 80%) organic
mobile phase.
Note: For full instructions on cleaning a column, refer to the care and use instructions
provided by the column manufacturer.
Recommended cleaning procedures for MS systems
To clean a standalone MS system, use the cleaning procedure (available in the Waters
Support Library) appropriate to your system:
• Mass spectrometry user guides
Recommended cleaning mixtures for LC inlet components
Caution: To prevent cross‐contamination, remove the connection to the
column and mass spectrometer before cleaning the LC inlet.
To clean the LC inlet, use the recommended cleaning mixtures in Table 1.
For other cleaning procedures that may be appropriate for your system, refer to the Waters
Support Library:
• Routine cleaning procedures for separations systems
• UPLC/UHPLC user guides
• Alliance HPLC user guides
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 18 OF 33
Final rinse
After cleaning with any of the mixtures, rinse the LC inlet with one of the following:
• Ultra‐pure water (required for phosphoric acid wash)
• 50:50 mixture of water/organic solvent
• 50:50 mixture of the chromatographic method’s mobile phases
Important: Always leave the system in the wash solvent that is most similar
to your mobile phase (pH) conditions.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
Table 1: Recommended cleaning mixtures for LC inlets1
Cleaning
Solvent mixtures (v/v) Stock concentration Description Cautions Comments
conditions
• Final rinse: Prime with ultra‐pure water through the lines used for cleaning for several minutes.
• Final rinse: Prime with ultra‐pure water through the lines used for cleaning for several minutes.
19
OF
33
Table 1: Recommended cleaning mixtures for LC inlets1
715001307 REV. G
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
Cleaning
Solvent mixtures (v/v) Stock concentration Description Cautions Comments
conditions
• Final rinse: Prime with ultra‐pure water through the lines used for cleaning for several minutes.
1. Use these cleaning solutions only to clean LC inlet components that have been identified as the source of contamination (see Troubleshooting Contamination, page
11). Do not use any of these cleaning solutions to clean a column. Refer to the care and use instructions provided by the column manufacturer.
20
OF
33
715001307 REV. G 21 OF 33
Cleaning the solvent manager/chromatographic pump
Pump the cleaning solution through the solvent manager/chromatographic pump (or solvent
manager/chromatographic pump and sample manager/autosampler) to waste. Then flush
thoroughly with mobile phases.
Caution: If you have flushed with phosphoric acid, you must flush with
water before mobile phase.
Cleaning the sample manager/autosampler
Pump the cleaning solution through the sample manager/autosampler to waste. Use the
same solution to flush the needle wash flow path. Also inject large volumes (full loop for the
fixed loop sample manager, or the largest volume available for the FTN sample manager) of
the cleaning solution. Then return to the mobile phase and wash solutions required for
analysis and flush thoroughly.
Cleaning the column
See Cleaning columns, page 17.
Cleaning MS Systems
Remove and clean or replace suspected MS components
Remove and clean or replace MS components suspected of causing contamination. Use the
highest‐purity solvents. The objective is to dissolve contamination from the surface of the MS
component. To avoid recontaminating clean or new components, use a methodical cleaning
process. Sometimes you clean or replace one component at a time, working from the first
component to come into contact with solvent to the last component. In other cases, it is
better to clean all suspected components simultaneously. Be sure to use ultra‐pure solvents
and clean glassware (see Preventing contamination, page 3).
1. Carefully wipe the component with a clean swab or lint‐free wipe.
Caution: To avoid contact with toxic contaminants, wear gloves and eye
protection.
2. Sonicate components in solvent for between 15 minutes to 1 hour. See Table 1 for
recommended MS cleaning solutions.
Note: Effective removal of contamination can require several sonication steps, using fresh
cleaning solvent at each step. Each sonication step should last between 15 minutes to
1 hour. Longer times may be required if the flow rates are low (for example, M‐Class).
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 22 OF 33
3. If these solutions fail to reduce contamination levels, replace the parts.
Caution: To avoid damaging PEEK components and T‐Wave assemblies, do
not sonicate in chlorinated solvents, hexane, acetone, or acids.
4. Be sure to rinse the glassware thoroughly and use fresh, clean solvent between each
step.
5. After final sonication, remove the MS component from the cleaning solution. Quickly dry
the component with a strong stream of clean, dry nitrogen.
Caution: Fast, thorough drying is necessary to prevent solvent spots, which
can affect MS performance.
Fluidics
After decontaminating the rest of the plumbing, strip and clean the fluidics according to
manufacturer instructions. Pay particular attention to the rotor seal, on which mechanical
wear (observable as circular grooves) can serve as a site of contamination. Replace the seal if
necessary.
API source
Because it can be exposed to a large quantity of sample material during normal operation,
the atmospheric‐pressure ionization (API) source is the most common location of MS
contamination. Disassemble and clean the source using normal maintenance procedures.
Sonicate API source components in solvent for between 15 minutes to 1 hour.
Important: Ensure that solvent quality and glassware cleanliness (Select,
prepare, and handle solvents correctly, page 3).
Notice: Ion optics from the ion transfer region forward are an unlikely
location of contamination detectable by MS analyses.
API probes
Replace or rebuild contaminated API probes rather than cleaning or flushing it.
LC tubing
Replace contaminated LC tubing rather than cleaning it through repeated flushing.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 23 OF 33
Reference Information
Solvent considerations
Possible effects of low‐quality solvents
Not all assays require a high‐grade solvent. When selecting a solvent, choose the highest‐
purity solvent appropriate for your application. Consider the solvent contaminant types and
consequences. Table 2 shows the possible effects of low‐quality solvents on your assay.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
Table 2: Possible effects of low‐quality solvents
24
OF
33
Table 2: Possible effects of low‐quality solvents
715001307 REV. G
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
25
OF
33
Table 2: Possible effects of low‐quality solvents
715001307 REV. G
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
26
OF
33
Table 2: Possible effects of low‐quality solvents
715001307 REV. G
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
27
OF
33
715001307 REV. G 28 OF 33
Solvent purity recommendations
A high‐purity solvent meets the criteria shown in Table 3.
Note: Table 3 values were obtained from known usable LC/MS solvents. Some brands have
certificates of analysis indicating higher purity than these values.
Table 3: LC/MS solvent purity recommendations
Suggested level
Parameter
Acetonitrile Methanol Isopropanol Water
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 29 OF 33
Recommended water purification process
Ultra‐pure water is sterile and contains no particulates, no detectable ionizable compounds,
and no UV‐absorbing compounds. The purification process must include all the following
steps:
a. Reverse osmosis (to remove most contaminants)
b. UV sterilization (to kill bacteria)
c. Ion exchange (to remove any remaining ions)
d. Carbon filtration (to remove any remaining ionizable compounds)
e. A pharmaceutical‐grade 0.2‐µm membrane filter (to remove any remaining particu‐
lates)
Caution: House deionized (DI), reverse‐osmosis (RO), and distilled water do
not meet these criteria.
Caution: If using a purification system, you must perform regular
maintenance on it.
Other considerations
• If outlet lines have been without flow for more than 24 hours, flush them to eliminate
bacterial growth.
• Once the water has been purified, do not store it for longer than 24 hours without taking
measure to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
• If using bottled water, pay attention to the expiration date suggested by the manufacturer,
and discard the water after that date. Open bottles of water can become contaminated.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 30 OF 33
Gloves
Order gloves
Table 4: Nitrile gloves
How to put on gloves
Open the gloves by unfolding the packaging leaves until the cuffs are exposed (Figure 2).
Figure 2 ‐ Removing gloves from package
Grasp the cuff of one glove and pull it over your hand, leaving the cuff turned up. Repeat with
the other glove. Then turn down the cuffs of both gloves.
Caution: When putting on gloves, do not touch the glove fingers with your
bare hand. Once the gloves are on, do not touch anything other
than the critical‐clean parts being handled or serviced.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 31 OF 33
Major contaminants and their sources
This section lists some major contaminants in LC/MS systems, along with their sources and
spectra.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PEG‐like materials
PEG (Figure 3) is a synthetic polymer produced in a range of molecular weights. Common
sources of PEG contamination include:
• Organic solvents (methanol, 2‐propanol, acetonitrile, water)
• Mass spectrometer calibration solution
• Hand cream and other personal care products
• Detergent (Triton X‐100, glassware detergents, and so on)
• Cutting solutions in machining
• Column manufacturing
Figure 3 ‐ PEG contamination spectra (series of mass peaks separated by 44 Da)
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 32 OF 33
Metal ions
Metal ions such as lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), copper (Cu), platinum (Pt), and
iron (Fe) can be sources of contamination.
For example, iron forms adducts with varying numbers of acetate in acetic acid or acetate
mobile phases. Iron can contaminate an LC/MS system through the following sources:
• Solvents such as water and acetonitrile
• Acetic acid (lower in formic acid)
• Formic acid
• Non‐passivated stainless steel parts
• Titanium or inert metal parts fabricated with steel tools
Figure 4 shows the typical pattern of Fe‐acetate cluster spectra. The strongest ion (base peak
intensity, or BPI) mass can differ, depending on the number of acetates in the cluster. The
upper spectra are based on the MassLynx isotope model.
Figure 4 ‐ Fe contamination spectra
Phthalates
Phthalates are chemical compounds used chiefly as plasticizers, and can cause
contamination. The compounds can be detected on a wide range of laboratory materials,
including water and other solvents, laboratory air, and plastic materials such as tubing and
water storage containers. Common phthalates include di‐2‐ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP),
diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP).
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS
715001307 REV. G 33 OF 33
Diisooctyl phthalates can form the following adducts:
• [M+H]+ = 391
• [M+Na]+ = 413
• [M+K]+= 429
• [2M+NH4]+= 798
• [2M+Na]+ = 803
Slip agents (amides)
Avoid using components packed in plastic bags containing slip agents, or amides (Figure 5).
The three most commonly used amides are:
• Oleamide ([M+H]+=282)
• Stearamide ([M+H]+=284)
• Erucamide ([M+H]+=338)
Figure 5 ‐ Contamination spectrum of oleamide and erucamide in zip bag
Contaminant database
For a comprehensive list of major contaminants, see PEG master list and Background Ion
Master List.
CONTROLLING CONTAMINATION IN LC/MS SYSTEMS