Techniques in Selecting and Organizing  Comparison and Contrast pattern organizer

Information is used to show the similarities and differences

Brainstorming of two or more subjects.
- It is an opportunity to share ideas with others. It is also
a way to expand your limited knowledge - allows you to
see in different angles.
Tip: It is always better to have a notebook/paper and
pen with you.
 Cause-and-Effect pattern organizer is used
Graphic Organizers when the author intends to express why
 Timeline arranges event something happened or what resulted from a
chronologically. particular event that happened.
 Venn diagram shows the  Generalization and Example pattern
similarities and differences of
ideas.
 Fishbone commonly
shows cause-effect
relationship. organizer is used when the author explains a
 Semantic Web illustrates general idea and discusses it in specific terms
words or concepts that are using examples.
related.
 Comparison-Contrast
Chart lists the similarities
and differences of a character
or a concept.  Definition pattern organizer is used when the
author provides a meaning of a new or difficult
Functions of Graphic Organizers word.
 Time pattern organizer is used when ideas in a
text need to be arranged in chronological order
such as in stories and procedures.
 Space pattern organizer is commonly used in

descriptions to show how an object of

description appears in space (from top to
bottom; left to right).

 Listing pattern organizer is used when the

author provides a series of details that does not
require any order.

 Classification pattern organizer is used when

the author divides a group into subgroups or
smaller groups.

The Text as a Connected Discourse

Writing as an Essential Tool to Communicate
Free Writing
- This is commonly used as a prewriting exercise. It is a 5. Use balanced sentences.
technique in which an individual continuously writes for 6. Use elliptical sentences, especially when
a certain period of time, setting aside first the writing about dialogues.
conventions of grammar, punctuation and spelling.
An elliptical sentence is one in which the
Steps in Free Writing complete thought is implied rather than specifically
• Get a pen and a paper or use a computer. stated. Example: Yes! You do?! Follow me!
• Set a certain amount of time for your writing.
• Think of a topic and write down any insights or 7. Use the position of words in a sentence to gain
ideas that may be related to your topic. emphasis and variety.
• Do not rush but avoid pausing or stopping. The 8. Use the principle of climax in sentences.
idea is not to think too much of your sentence
construction but just let your ideas flow. --------------------------------------------------------------------
• Avoid reviewing or correcting your work while
writing. Outline
• When you are done, reread your work slowly.
Functions:
TAKE NOTE:
- It helps the writer to clarify his purpose and to
• Is there a word, phrase, or sentence that
organize his material to achieve that purpose.
does not make sense?
- It offers a convenient way of testing the proposed
• Is there a main idea to the sequence of
organization of an essay.
thoughts?
- It serves as a means of communication itself.
• Which ideas can be further expounded
- It may be used as an aid to efficient reading.
and developed?
Expressing Ideas with Clarity
Topic Outline
• Avoid the use of too many details in a single
- This is a systematic arrangement that consists of words
sentence.
and short phrases.
• Avoid redundant expressions.
Sentence Outline
• Avoid circumlocution or talking around a
- It has the same functions with the topic outline.
point.
However, instead of simply identifying your main and
• Avoid putting emphasis on unimportant
sub-points using words and short phrases, sentence are
details in the following sentence.
used to express specific and complex details.
• Avoid verbosity or using many words when a
few words would do.
Thesis Statement
• Avoid using mixed figures of speech.
- This is the assertion of the writer or the speaker about a
certain topic.
- The thesis statement serves as a roadmap for the entire
speech in the research or paper.
Showing Unity in Sentences
- Thesis Statement (NOT A THREE PRONG THESIS
- A sentence has unity when all the ideas expressed are
STATEMENT)
closely related, and contribute to a single impression.
Ex. Entrepreneurship is the answer to the worsening
Creating Variety in Structure unemployment problem among our graduates.
1. Vary sentence beginnings.
• Begin with a prepositional phrase. Characteristics of a good thesis statement
• Begin with a single-word modifier. It must be brief.
• Begin with a dependent clause. It must be specific and precise.
• Begin the sentence with a verbal It must be restricted.
phrase. It must be unified.
• Begin with a transposed appositive. It must be argumentative.
2. Vary the lengths of sentences. It must be relevant.
3. Do not overuse the words and and so. Use a It must be interesting.
variety of sentence structures. It must be visible
4. Vary the types of sentences. Using inverted
sentence can be helpful. Poor Thesis Statement
- The virus can be considered as the worst thing that can
An inverted sentence is one in which all or part happen to your computer system. Therefore, you must
of the verb in a sentence precedes the subject. devise ways to prevent the attack of these harmful
Example: Rarely do these things happen. elements.
Better Thesis Statement 7. Word choice - Your choice of words will depend
- The computer viruses can do a great damage to primarily on the type of audience, situation, occasion or
your computer system. This can be avoided by event in which you deliver your speech.
applying three unique mechanisms: self- 8. Grammatical correctness - speakers should strive to
replication, self-abstraction, and encryption. learn and master the language so they can avoid
grammatical lapses, especially the obvious ones.
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING
- To craft an effective and relevant speech, the principles
of speech writing can serve as your guide
1. Audience profile
- Pertains to the important details about your audience
that will help you plan your plan.
2. Choosing a topic
Asking yourself the following questions:
1. Is the topic interesting to audience?
2. Is it timely relevant?
3. Are there available sources of information on it?
3. Sourcing Information
- With your topic in mind, list as many information
about it.
- Make sure to properly site your sources

4. Outlining and Organizing Speech Content

- Effective practice of outlining and organizing a speech
is referred to as “the rule of three”

5. Logical Organization
Your speech must follow a certain flow if you need to
communicate your ideas clearly and effectively.
Patterns
 Categorical/tropical – this is the most common
pattern. Categories help the speaker organize the
message in a consistent matter
 Comparison/contrast – used to compare and
contrast subjects or ideas
 Spatial – organizes information according to
how things fit together in physical space. Used
to show main points which have main location
 Chronological – places the main idea in the
time order in which the item appear.
 Biographical – usually employed when a
speaker wants to describe a person’s life.
 Causal – this pattern is used to explain cause-
and-effect relationship.
 Problem-Cause-Solution – this pattern
describes a problem, identifies what you believe
is causing the problem and then recommends a
solution to correct the problem.
 Psychological – often used in persuasive
speeches as it is designed to follow logical
argument.

6. Duration - time is important and speaker should

always bear that in mind. A speech much be long enough
for the allotted time
 Patterns of Development in Writing - This refers to the organization of ideas in a text.
- This is when you are asked to do an outline of your
Narration text, in order for you to see the summary of your essay.
- It is the most basic pattern of development
- Describes how, when, and where an event or Coherence and Cohesion
occurrence actually happened - This refers to the connection of ideas and connection
- Used to tell a story or focus on a set of related events between sentences and between paragraphs.
- This is when you use transitory words to connect the
Components: old and new ideas.
1. Logical Actions
- Are considered the very movements within the plot or Appropriate Language Use
the narrative that drive the characters forward, be it - This refers to the acceptable style of language for a
during the dialogue, or within a scene particular form of a text.
2. Way of narration - For example: In journalism, words should be
- Refers to how the writer presents the story formal and precise. In literature, words should be
- Includes the pace by which scenes are given out less formal and more creative.
3. Terminology
- Places emphasis on the fact that concepts are critical Proper Mechanics
to the narration - This refers to the conventions of writing which
- Words or ideas that should be given an emphasis includes contractions, suffixes, base words, prefixes,
 Concrete Terms - words that identify things, word orders.
places, and events that can be measured and
observed
 Abstract Terms - refer to ideas or concepts that
are intangible
 General Terms - commonly used to denote
groups
 Specific Terms - refer to an individual
component of the group

Description
- Pattern of development which goes into details about a
specific object, person or location in order to firmly set
its appearance
- It is a pattern of organization of a text which presents
the writer’s dominant impression about a person, place,
thing, or event as the main idea.
Characteristics:
 ● has a clear focus and sense of purpose
● uses sensory details and precise words
● presents details in a logical order

Varieties:
1. Objective Description
- looks into factual and scientific characteristics of what
is being described as objectively as possible
- The writer stays away from emotional impressions or
responses and instead, describes the scene as it is.
2. Subjective Description
- a sort of description that the author would normally use
to “paint a picture” of how he sees a character, or how he
wants the reader to see a character - also used in a
literary discourse when there is stereotyped image that
can be attributed to a person, place, or an event.
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Properties of a Well-Written Text
Organization