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    Respiratory Supplement

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    Sebastian Smythe
    The document summarizes the respiratory systems of various organisms. It describes the process of respiration, which involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the external environment and body cells. It then discusses the major respiratory organs including the skin, gills, swim bladder, lungs and associated structures. For each organ, it provides details on their structure, development and functions in different groups of organisms.

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    Respiratory Supplement

    Uploaded by

    Sebastian Smythe
    16 views3 pages
    The document summarizes the respiratory systems of various organisms. It describes the process of respiration, which involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the external environment and body cells. It then discusses the major respiratory organs including the skin, gills, swim bladder, lungs and associated structures. For each organ, it provides details on their structure, development and functions in different groups of organisms.

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    Respiratory_supplement[869]

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    The document summarizes the respiratory systems of various organisms. It describes the process of respiration, which involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the external environment and body cells. It then discusses the major respiratory organs including the skin, gills, swim bladder, lungs and associated structures. For each organ, it provides details on their structure, development and functions in different groups of organisms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views3 pages

    Respiratory Supplement

    Uploaded by

    Sebastian Smythe
    The document summarizes the respiratory systems of various organisms. It describes the process of respiration, which involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the external environment and body cells. It then discusses the major respiratory organs including the skin, gills, swim bladder, lungs and associated structures. For each organ, it provides details on their structure, development and functions in different groups of organisms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 3

    RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

    Respiration is the process of obtaining oxygen from the external environment & eliminating
    carbon dioxide
    External respiration -- oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between the external
    environment & the body cells
    Internal respiration -- cells use oxygen for ATP production (& produce carbon dioxide
    in the process)

    Adaptations for external respiration:


    1. Primary organs in adult vertebrates are external & internal gills, swim bladders or lungs,
    skin, & the buccopharyngeal mucosa
    2. Less common respiratory devices include filamentous outgrowths of the posterior trunk &
    thigh (ex. African hairy frog), lining of the cloaca, & lining of esophagus

    MAJOR RESPIRATORY ORGANS:

    1) Cutaneous respiration
     respiration through the skin can take place in air, water, or both
     most important among amphibians (especially in the family Plethodontidae)

    2) Gills
    Comparison of gills among three representative groups:

    AGNATHANS CARTILAGINOUS FISH BONY FISH

    ~ 6 to 15 pairs of gill ~ 5 ‘naked’ gill slits ~ usually have 5 gill


    pouches ~ Anterior & posterior walls of the 1st 4 slits
    ~ pouches connected gill chambers have a gill surface ~ operculum projects
    to pharynx by afferent (demibranch). backward over gill
    branchial (or gill) ~ Posterior wall of last (5th) chamber chambers
    ducts & to exterior by has no demibranch. ~ interbranchial
    efferent branchial (or ~ Interbranchial septum lies between 2 septa are very short
    gill) ducts demibranchs of a gill arch or absent
    ~ Gill rakers protrude from gill cartilage
    and ‘guard’ entrance into gill chamber
    ~ 2 demibranchs = 1 holobranch

    Larval gills:
    a) External gills
    - outgrowths from the external surface of 1 or more gill arches
    - found in lungfish & amphibians
    b) Filamentous extensions of internal gills
    - project through gill slits
    - occur in early stages of development of elasmobranchs
    c) Internal gills - hidden behind larval operculum of late anuran tadpoles

    3) Swim bladder
    = may be paired or unpaired
    = have, during development, a pneumatic duct that usually connects to the esophagus.
    = serve primarily as a hydrostatic organ (regulating a fish's specific gravity)
    gain gas by way of a 'red body' (or red gland); gas is resorbed via the oval body on posterior
    part of bladder

    Other functions of the swim bladder:


    a) hearing -- some freshwater teleosts (e.g., catfish, goldfish, & carp) 'hear' by way of
    pressure waves transmitted via the swim bladder and small bones (Weberian ossicles)
    b) sound production -- muscles attached to the swim bladder contract to move air between 'sub-
    chambers' of the bladder.(e.g., croakers, grunters, & midshipman fish)
    c) respiration -- the swim bladder of lungfish has number subdivisions or septa (to increase
    surface area) & oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged between the bladder & the blood

    Q1. How is the development of the swim bladder related to the origin of lungs
    in tetrapods?
    Q2. Distinguish between physostomous and physoclistous gas bladders.
    Q3. Describe the role of the red gland and the oval gland in the movement of
    gases into and out of the swim bladder.

    4) Lungs & associated structures

    a. Nares
     External nares are called nostrils
     Internal ones are the choanae

    Q4. Distinguish the position of the internal nares in fish and higher tetrapods. What
    could account for the differences?
    Q5. Describe the external nares of cetaceans.

    b. Larynx
     Tetrapods besides mammals have 2 pair of cartilages: artytenoid & cricoid
     Mammals - paired arytenoids + cricoid + thyroid + several other small
    cartilages including the epiglottis (closes glottis when swallowing)
     Amphibians, some lizards, & most mammals - also have vocal cords stretched
    across the laryngeal chamber

    Q6. Describe how the position of the larynx affects breathing during the act of swallowing
    among primates.
    Q7. What are false vocal cords and thei known functions?

    c. Trachea
     usually about as long as a vertebrates neck (except in a few birds such as cranes)
     reinforced by cartilaginous rings (or c-rings)
     splits into 2 primary bronchi
     in birds only, forms the syrinx
    d. Lungs of tetrapods

    AMPHIBIAN REPTILE BIRDS MAMMALS


    ~ 2 simple sacs ~ simple sacs in ~ modified from those ~multichambered &
    ~ internal lining may Sphenodon & snakes of reptiles usually divided into
    be smooth or have ~ in lizards, ~ air sacs (diverticula of lobes
    simple sacculations or crocodilians, & turtles, lungs) extensively ~ air flow is bi-
    pockets the- lining is septate, distributed throughout directional
    ~ air exchanged via and generally multi- most of the body ~ air exchanged via
    positive-pressure chambered ~ arrangement of air negative pressure
    ventilation ~ air exchanged via ducts in lungs ----> no ventilation, with
    positive-pressure passageway is a dead- pressures changing
    ventilation end due to contraction &
    ~ air flow through lungs relaxation of
    (parabronchi) is diaphragm &
    unidirectional intercostal muscles

    Q8. What is the role of air sacs in the tidal ventilation of bird lungs?
    Q9. What are the gas exchange structures in the avian lungs?
    Q10. Explain why mammalian breathing is sometimes referred to as aspiration breathing.

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