4th Year Lectures

EPM 401A
Electrical Power Systems 2A
(Short Circuit Analysis)
Dr. Mostafa Elshahed

Electrical Power Dept., Faculty of

Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
Purpose of Short Circuit Analysis

• Select, set, and coordinate protective equipment such

as circuit breakers, fuses, relays, and instrument
transformers

• Interrupting requirements of circuit breakers

• Check mechanical, thermal, interference…etc

2
 Three-phase representation of a power system

Eia(0)
,b , c

EPa ,(0)
b ,c

(0)  Prefault

Using Thevenin’s Theorem, the internal impedance is represented by the bus

impedance matrix and the open circuit voltage is represented by the bus voltages
prior to the fault 3
Three-phase representation of a power system

The simplified three-phase representation is obtained by:

• Representing each machine by a constant voltage behind the
machine synchronous reactance, transient or subtransient.

• Neglecting shunt connections, e.g., loads, line charging, etc.

• Setting all transformers at nominal taps.

• In many short circuit studies, particularly for high voltage systems,

it is sufficient to represent transmission' line and transformer
impedances with the corresponding reactance value.

4
Three-phase representation of a power system
Eia(0)
,b , c

→ Fault at bus p

→ EPa ,(0)
b ,c

a ,b ,c Eia(,Fb,)c
Z Bus (0)  Prefault
(F)  During Fault
P  Faulted Bus
I Pa ,(bF,c) ↓
EPa ,(bF,c) i  Healthy Buses
Z af ,b,c ←
or
→ Y fa ,b,c (i = 1, 2, …, n & i ≠ P)

E= E
a ,b,c
Bus( F)
a ,b,c
Bus(0)
−Z a ,b,c a ,b,c
Bus Bus( F)
I
5
 a ,b,c a ,b,c
Fault Matrices Z F
&Y
F

6
 a ,b,c a ,b,c
Fault Matrices Z F
&Y
F

7
 0, + , − 0, + , −
Fault Matrices Z F
&Y
F

8
 0, + , − 0, + , −
Fault Matrices Z F
&Y
F
 Symmetric Components

 The key idea of symmetrical component analysis is to

decompose the system into three sequence networks. The
networks are then coupled only at the point of the unbalance
(i.e., the fault)

 The three sequence networks are known as the

– positive sequence (this is the one we’ve been using)
– negative sequence
– zero sequence

10
Symmetric Components

+ve Seq. Component -ve Sequence 0 Sequence

a a
c b b
c c

b
• Unbalanced 3-phase system has six degrees of freedom.
• Every balanced set of phasors has two degrees of freedom.
• Together +ve, -ve and 0 sequence phasors have six degrees of
freedom.
• Hence they can be used to synthesize 3phase unbalanced systems.
11
Unbalanced System and Sequence Components

Positive Seq. component

Unbalanced system c1 a1
c0 c a1 a2
c2
a0
c1 a b1
b

b0 Negative Seq. component

Zero Seq.
b2
a0 b2 c2
b0
c0 b1
a2
12
Sequence Set Representation
 Any arbitrary set of three phasors, say Ia, Ib, Ic can be
represented as a sum of the three sequence sets
Ia = I a0 + I a+ + I a−
Ib = I b0 + I b+ + I b−
Ic = I c0 + I c+ + I c−
where
I a0 , I b0 , I c0 is the zero sequence set
I a+ , I b+ , I c+ is the positive sequence set
I a− , I b− , I c− is the negative sequence set
13
 Sequence Set Representation
1 1 1 1 1 1
  −1 1  2
Transformation Matrix A = 1 α 2
α A = 1 α α 
3
1 α α 2  1 α 2 α 
   

 Ia   I a0  I0 
=  +  +
Then I=
a ,b ,c
Ib  A = I a  A = I  A I 0,+ ,−
 
 I c   −  −
 I a   I 

V a ,b,c = AV 0,+ ,− Z 0,+ ,− = A−1Z a ,b,c A

14
Three-phase representation of a power system
Eia(0)
,b , c

→ Fault at bus p

→ EPa ,(0)
b ,c

a ,b ,c Eia(,Fb,)c
Z Bus (0)  Prefault
(F)  During Fault
P  Faulted Bus
I Pa ,(bF,c) ↓
EPa ,(bF,c) i  Healthy Buses
Z af ,b,c ←
or
→ Y fa ,b,c (i = 1, 2, …, n & i ≠ P)

E= E
a ,b,c
Bus( F)
a ,b,c
Bus(0)
−Z a ,b,c a ,b,c
Bus Bus( F)
I
15
Bus Impedance Matrix

Three Bus System

16
 Bus Impedance Matrix
a, b, c → Phase Values 0, +, - → Symmetrical Components

 Positive Sequence Bus Impedance Matrix

Z11+ Z12+ Z13+

+
Z Bus = Z21 + Z22 + Z=+
23 Z=
a
Bus Z=
b
Bus
c
Z Bus
Z31+ Z32+ Z33+
Zij = Zji Symmetrical Matrix
The system is working before fault in a balance conditions.
Zij+ = Zija = Zijb = Zijc
As the impedances of the different elements (generators, motors,
lines, transformers, …) are balanced.
17
Bus Impedance Matrix
 Negative Sequence Bus Impedance Matrix

Z11- Z12- Z13-

−
Z Bus = Z21- Z22- Z23- Zij = Zji Symmetrical Matrix

Z31- Z32- Z33-

 Zero Sequence Bus Impedance Matrix

Z110 Z120 Z130

0
Z Bus = Z210 Z220 Z230
Zij = Zji Symmetrical Matrix
Z310 Z320 Z330 18
Three Phase Bus Impedance Matrix
a,b,c
1 2 Z12 3

Z11a 0 0 Z11a 0 0 Z12a Z13a

a,b,c
Z11 = 0 Z11b 0

0 0 Z11c 1 0 Z11b 0 Z12b Z13b

0 0 Z11c Z12c Z13c

Z21a Z22a Z23a

a,b,c
ZBus = 2 Z21b Z22b Z23b
Z21 Z22c Z23c
c

Z31a Z32a Z33a

Z23a 0 0

Za,b,c = 0 Z23b 0 3 Z31b Z32b Z33b

23
0 0 Z23c
Z31 Z32c Z33c
c

a,b,c
19 Z33
Three Phase Bus Impedance Matrix

Z11a,b,c Z12a,b,c Z13a,b,c

a,b,c
ZBus = Z21a,b,c Z22a,b,c Z23a,b,c

Z31a,b,c Z32a,b,c Z33a,b,c

20
Symmetrical Components Bus Impedance Matrix
0, + , −
1 2Z 3
12
Z110 0 0
0,+ ,− Z110 0 0 Z120 Z130
Z11 = 0 Z11+ 0

0 0 Z11-
1 0 Z11+ 0 Z12+ Z13+

0 0 Z11- Z12- Z13-

Z210 Z220 Z230

0, + , −
Z Bus = 2 Z21+ Z22+ Z23+

Z21- Z22- Z23-

Z310 Z320 Z330

Z230 0 0

Z0,23+ ,− = 0 Z23+ 0 3 Z31+ Z32+ Z33+

0 0 Z23-
Z31- Z32- Z33-
0, + , −
21 Z 33
Symmetrical Components Bus Impedance Matrix

Z110,+,- Z120,+,- Z130,+,-

0, + , −
ZBus = Z210,+,- Z220,+,- Z230,+,-

Z310,+,- Z320,+,- Z330,+,-

22
Fault Variables

1. Fault Current

2. Voltage at Faulted Bus

3. Voltage of Healthy Buses

4. Currents Flow on Transmission Elements

5. Currents Flow from Generators

23
Three-phase representation of a power system
Eia(0)
,b , c

→ Fault at bus p

→ EPa ,(0)
b ,c

a ,b ,c Eia(,Fb,)c
Z Bus (0)  Prefault
(F)  During Fault
P  Faulted Bus
I Pa ,(bF,c) ↓
EPa ,(bF,c) i  Healthy Buses
Z af ,b,c ←
or
→ Y fa ,b,c (i = 1, 2, …, n & i ≠ P)

E= Ea ,b,c
Bus( F)
a ,b,c
Bus(0)
−Z a ,b,c a ,b,c
Bus Bus( F)
I
24
 Fault Variables Calculation
E= Ea ,b,c
Bus( F)
a ,b,c
Bus(0)
−Z a ,b,c a ,b,c
I
Bus Bus( F)

 Three phase bus impedance matrix (3n x 3n)

Z11a,b,c ... Z1Pa,b,c ... Z1na,b,c

... ... ... ... ...

Z a,b,c
Bus = ZP1a,b,c ... ZPPa,b,c ... ZPna,b,c

... ... ... ... ...

Zn1a,b,c ... ZnPa,b,c ... Znna,b,c

25
 Fault Variables Calculation
 Three phase injected bus currents during fault at bus P
0
0 a
… I P(F)
0
I a,b,c
Bus(F) = IP(F)a,b,c I a,b,c
P(F) = I bP(F)
0
… c
0 I P(F)
0

26
 Fault Variables Calculation
 Three phase bus voltages during fault at bus P

E1(F)a,b,c a
…
E P(F)

E a,b,c
Bus(F) = EP(F)a,b,c E a,b,c
P(F) =E b
P(F)
… c
En(F)a,b,c
E P(F)

27
 Fault Variables Calculation
 Three phase bus voltages pre-fault
E1(0)a,b,c

E a,b,c
Bus(0) = EP(0)a,b,c
From load flow analysis or Assumed
when neglecting the pre-fault
… calculations as follows:
En(0)a,b,c

E a
P(0) = 1∠0
E a,b,c
P(0) =E b
P(0) = 1∠ − 120 = E a,b,c
i(0)
i  any healthy bus or E c
P(0) = 1∠120
(i = 1, 2, …, n & i ≠ P)
28
 Fault Variables Calculation
E= E a ,b,c
Bus( F)
a ,b,c
Bus(0)
−Z a ,b,c a ,b,c
I
Bus Bus( F)

0
0
 Three phase voltage at the faulted bus P

⇒E =E −Z
… a ,b,c a ,b,c a ,b,c a ,b,c
0 I
I a,b,c
Bus(F) = IP(F)a,b,c
P ( F) P (0) PP P ( F)

0  Three phase voltage at the healthy bus i

…
0
0
⇒E a ,b,c
i( F)
=E a ,b,c
i(0)
−Z a ,b,c a ,b,c
iP
I P ( F)

(i = 1, 2, …, n & i ≠ P)
29
 a ,b,c
Fault Variables Calculation using Z F

E= Ea ,b,c
P ( F)
a ,b,c
P (0)
−Z a ,b,c a ,b,c
PP
I
P ( F)

The voltage at the faulted bus P is:

E a ,b,c
P ( F)
=Z a ,b,c a ,b,c
F
IP ( F)
ZF is the fault impedance matrix, whose elements depend on the fault
type (symmetrical or unsymmetrical) and fault impedance value.

⇒Z a ,b,c a ,b,c
F
I
P ( F)
=
E −Z a ,b,c
P ( 0)
a ,b,c a ,b,c
PP
I
P ( F)

1. Then, the fault current:

(Z )
−1
⇒I a ,b,c
P ( F)
= a ,b,c
PP
+Z a ,b,c
F
E a ,b,c
P (0)
30
 a ,b,c
Fault Variables Calculation using Z F

2. Then, the voltage at the faulted bus:

(Z )
−1
=
E Z a ,b,c
P ( F)
a ,b,c
F
a ,b,c
PP
+Z a ,b,c
F
E a ,b,c
P (0)

3. Voltage at the healthy buses

(Z )
−1
E a ,b,c
i( F)
=−
E Z a ,b,c
i(0)
a ,b,c
iP
a ,b,c
PP
+Z a ,b,c
F
E a ,b,c
P (0)

(i = 1, 2, …, n & i ≠ P)

31
 a ,b,c
Fault Variables Calculation using Z F
4. Fault current flows through the element xy:

=i y a ,b,c
xy( F)
a ,b,c
xy (E a ,b,c
x ( F)
−E a ,b,c
y( F) )
 y axy 0 0
yxy is the primitive admittance of the element  
connecting bus x with bus y. y axy,b,c = 0 y bxy 0
 0 0 y cxy 

5. Fault current flows through the generator k:

=i y a ,b,c
k ( F)
a ,b,c
k (E a ,b,c
k (0)
−E a ,b,c
k ( F) )
 y ak 0 0
yk is the primitive admittance of generator k.
y ak,b,c =0 y bk 0
 
 0 0 y k 
c

32
 a ,b,c
Fault Variables Calculation using Y F

E= E a ,b,c
P ( F)
a ,b,c
P (0)
−Z a ,b,c a ,b,c
PP
I
P ( F)

The voltage at the faulted bus P is:

I a ,b,c
P ( F)
=Y a ,b,c
F
E a ,b,c
P ( F)
ZF is the fault impedance matrix, whose elements depend on the fault
type (symmetrical or unsymmetrical) and fault impedance value.

E= Ea ,b,c
P ( F)
a ,b,c
P (0)
−Z a ,b,c
PP
Y a ,b,c
F
E a ,b,c
P ( F)

1. Then, the voltage at the faulted bus :

(U + Z )
−1
⇒E a ,b,c
P ( F)
= a ,b,c
PP
Ya ,b,c
F
E a ,b,c
P (0)
33
 a ,b,c
Fault Variables Calculation using Y F

1 0 0 
U = 0 1 0 
 
0 0 1 
2. Then, the fault current:

(U + Z )
−1
⇒I = Ya ,b,c
P ( F)
a ,b,c
F
a ,b,c
PP
a ,b,c
Y
F
E a ,b,c
P (0)

3. Voltage at the healthy buses

(U + Z )
−1
E a ,b,c
i( F)
=
E −Z
a ,b,c
i(0)
a ,b,c
iP
Ya ,b,c
F
a ,b,c
PP
Y a ,b,c
F
E a ,b,c
P (0)

4. Fault current flows through the element xy: the same

5. Fault current flows through the generator k: the same
34
 0, + , −
Fault Variables Calculation using Z F
1. The fault current:
(Z )
−1
=
I 0, + , −
P ( F)
0, + , −
PP
+Z 0, + , −
F
E 0, + , −
P ( 0)
2. The voltage at the faulted bus:

(Z )
−1
=
E Z 0, + , −
P ( F)
0, + , −
F
0, + , −
PP
+Z 0, + , −
F
E 0, + , −
P ( 0)

3. Voltage at the healthy buses (i = 1, 2, …, n & i ≠ P)

(Z )
−1
E 0, + , −
i ( F)
=−
E Z 0, + , −
i ( 0)
0, + , −
iP
0, + , −
PP
+Z 0, + , −
F
E 0, + , −
P ( 0)

E 0P (0) = 0  Z0PP 0 0 
E 0,+ ,−
= E +
= 1∠0 0,+ ,−
= E i (0) Z0,PP+ ,− = 0 +
ZPP 0 
P(0) P (0)  
E −P (0) = 0  0 0 ZPP 
−

35
 0, + , −
Fault Variables Calculation using Z F
4. Fault current flows through the element xy:

=i y 0, + , −
xy( F)
0, + , −
xy (E 0, + , −
x ( F)
−E 0, + , −
y( F) )
 y 0xy 0 0
yxy is the primitive admittance of the element  
connecting bus x with bus y. y 0,xy+ ,− = 0 y +xy 0
 0 0 y −xy 

5. Fault current flows through the generator k:

=i y 0, + , −
k ( F)
0, + , −
k (E 0, + , −
k (0)
−E 0, + , −
k ( F) )
 y 0k 0 0
yk is the primitive admittance of generator k.
y 0,k + ,− =0 y +k 0
 
 0 0 y k 
−

36
 0, + , −
Fault Variables Calculation using Y F

1. The voltage at the faulted bus :

(U + Z )
−1
E = 0, + , −
P ( F)
0, + , −
PP
Y 0, + , −
F
E 0, + , −
P ( 0)
2. The fault current:

(U + Z )
−1
=
I Y 0, + , −
P ( F)
0, + , −
F
0, + , −
PP
Y 0, + , −
F
E 0, + , −
P (0)

3. Voltage at the healthy buses

(U + Z )
−1
E 0, + , −
i( F)
=
E −Z 0, + , −
i(0)
0, + , −
iP
0, + , −
Y
F
0, + , −
PP
Y 0, + , −
F
E 0, + , −
P (0)

4. Fault current flows through the element xy: the same

5. Fault current flows through the generator k: the same
37
General Short Circuit Program
Read System Data

Form ZBUS

Three phase Line to line

Fault Type
Bus No.

To Ground

Double line to ground Line to ground

Fault Type
Bus No.

Three phase to ground

Corresponding Yf 0,1,2 or Zf 0,1,2

Calculate Fault Variables

38
and Print Results
Fault and Event Recording
Every event is a system test - don’t repeat!
Recordings should be analyzed for operation, equipment
problems, and model validation

Digital fault recorder

GPS GPS
DFR DFR
Time Event & Time
System
Data Analysis Data
Volts, Volts,
Amps, Amps,
Status Status

X
39
Fault current limiter (FCL)

• The short circuit current is large enough to do

considerable damage mechanically and thermally.

• The interrupting capacities of circuit breakers to

handle such current would be very large.

• To reduce this high fault current, artificial reactances

are sometimes connected between bus sections.

40
Fault current limiter (FCL)

41