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1) Discuss The Working Principle of A MEMS Sensor For Object Detection

thammudu oorkodu

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83 views6 pages

1) Discuss The Working Principle of A MEMS Sensor For Object Detection

thammudu oorkodu

Uploaded by

venky
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NAME:B VENKATA SAI KRISHNA

REG. NO:17BME0535

1) Discuss the working principle of a MEMS sensor for object


detection

The presence of an object can be detected with proximity sensors, and there are
several kinds of sensor technologies including here ultrasonic sensors,
capacitive, photoelectric, inductive, or magnetic.

Using MEMS sensor it is possible to detect an object’s motion.


MEMS are already used as accelerometers in automobile air-bags and tilt- sensing
applications like mobile and other gaming devices.
Working of accelerometer

Most accelerometers are Micro-Electro-Mechanical Sensors (MEMS). The basic


principle of operation behind the MEMS accelerometer is the displacement of a
small proof mass etched into the silicon surface of the integrated circuit and
suspended by small beams. Consistent with Newton's second law of motion (F =
ma), as an acceleration is applied to the device, a force develops which displaces
the mass. The support beams act as a spring, and the fluid (usually air) trapped
inside the IC acts as a damper, resulting in a second order lumped physical system.
This is the source of the limited operational bandwidth and non-uniform frequency
response of accelerometers.

Working of proximity sensors

The proximity sensor works on the principle of fringe capacitance. The target object
does not need to be part of the measuring system and could be either a conductor
or nonconductor. .... The proximity sensors could be batch fabricated using MEMS
technology, and the fabrication process is relatively simple.

A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of


electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field
or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity
sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors.

Above picture is of infrared proximity sensor

Proximity sensors are also used in mobile phones

Which used in automatic screen on or off according to the range of object

Working of ultrasonic sensors

The most common methods of ultrasonic examination utilize either longitudinal


waves or shear waves. Ultrasonic detection introduces high frequency sound waves
into a test object to obtain information about the object without altering or damaging
it in any way. Two values are measured in ultrasonic detection

The amount of time, taking for the sound to travel through the medium and
amplitude of the received signal. Based on velocity and time thickness can be
calculated.

Applications

Compare normal versus abnormal acoustic signatures in the frequency domain:

Condition monitoring: ultrasonic acoustic sensing may be an attractive option for


condition monitoring of objects such as bearings, valves, motors, gears, and pumps
for a prediction of failure or need for replacement. Acoustic sensors do not need to
be in contact with the equipment. There is typically little, if any, competing signal in
the ultrasonic range.

Leak detection: an ultrasonic sensor may listen for leak detection in pressure and
vacuum systems such as boilers, heat exchangers, condensers, chillers, tanks,
pipes, hatches, and hydraulic systems.

Electrical detection: arc and corona of electrical apparatus are identified.

Time-of-arrival: an array of two or more SPM0404UD5 ultrasonic MEMS sensors


may be used to determine the direction/location of an acoustic source/transmitter in
near proximity.

Event detection: one or more SPM0404UD5 ultrasonic MEMS sensors may be used
to detect an event that creates ultrasonic energy, such as an impulse or acoustic
shock wave.

2) Write short notes on: i) Micro dispenser, ii) SMA micro actuators
Micro dispenser

Microdispensers allow the application and technique of producing liquid media


dosages in volumes of less than one microlitre. The continuing miniaturization in
almost all technical areas creates constant challenges for industry, development and
research facilities. Microdispensing is one of those challenges. Ever smaller
amounts of adhesive, liquid, oil, grease and a multitude of other media must be
dispensed reliably and accurately in dosage and placement with shortest cycle
times. The precise positioning and quantity of fluids such as glue, reagents or any
other substance has a great influence on the overall quality of the medical device
involved.

There are different micro dispenser studying ink-jet micro dispenser

The dispensers manufactured by MicroFab are actuated piezoelectrically. An


annular piezoelectric (PZT) element, poled radially, is bonded to a glass tube with
an integrated nozzle and orifice. The glass tube is mounted in a protective housing
and, at the supply end, bonded to a fitting.

The annular actuator has electrodes on the outer and on the inner surfaces. The
inner electrode wraps around on the outer surface for easier electrical connection; a
small region on the outer surface has the metallization removed to separate the two
electrodes. Small gauge wires are soldered to the outer electrode and the (wrap
around portion of the) inner electrode; the wires are loosely twisted and placed
together in a connecter that matches the output cable of MicroFab’s JetDrive™
electronics box.

SMA actuator
An actuator is a type of motor that is responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or
system. It is operated by a source of energy, typically electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure, or
pneumatic pressure, and converts that energy into motion.

A shape-memory alloy (SMA, smart metal, memory metal, memory alloy, muscle
wire, smart alloy is an alloy that "remembers" its original shape and that when deformed
returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated. This material is a lightweight, solid-state
alternative to conventional actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and motor-based
systems. Shape-memory alloys have applications
in robotics and automotive, aerospace and biomedical industries.

The advantages of SMA actuators over existing solutions are reported to be:

(i) shape memory alloy actuators have highest power-to-weight ratio among light-weight
technologies. which means that they have a high potential for miniaturization.

(ii) Simplicity of mechanism: Avoidance of end-of-deployment shock loadings, which


are always associated with spring-deployed structures. Therefore no more need for
dampers, and hence overall system complexity can be reduced.

(iii) Silent actuation: Noiseless operation, which removes the vibration disturbances to
other payloads that are normally associated with motor-driven deployment.

The disadvantages of SMA actuators are:

A low energy efficiency

A strong relationship between the strain operation range and fatigue life Quite a low
response speed
non-linear behaviour.

3) Plot time and frequency response for the spring mass damper system where
elastostatic force balanced by electrostatic force and intermolecular force.

Simulink in mat-lab is used for the inputs where three forces are given and then double
integration is done to get the displacement.

The equation for spring damper given

Then we solve the equation by using some signal labels which are modelled as below each
label has an operation to be done as scope is used to view the output response of time and
frequency.

Response of time will be as


Response of frequency will be as

This of amplitude vs frequency

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