Deciphering Denisov: A Guide To Successful Collaboration in The Sonata For Alto Saxophone and Piano
Deciphering Denisov: A Guide To Successful Collaboration in The Sonata For Alto Saxophone and Piano
Deciphering Denisov: A Guide To Successful Collaboration in The Sonata For Alto Saxophone and Piano
Collaboration in the Sonata for Alto Saxophone and Piano”
By Benjamin Corbin
A NonTreatise Document
Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School
of The University of Texas at Austin
In Partial Fulfillment for the
Degree of Doctor of Musical Arts
The University of Texas at Austin
May, 2016
Deciphering Denisov: A Guide to Successful Collaboration in
the Sonata for Alto Saxophone and Piano
Among the many infamously challenging works in the canon of saxophone and piano
Sonata for Alto Saxophone and Piano
duo, Edison Denisov’s remains one of the most standard
and difficult pieces in the repertoire. The sonata was composed in 1970 for the French
saxophonist JeanMarie Londeix. At the sonata’s premiere on December 14, 1970 by JeanMarie
Londeix and pianist Milton Grainger at the second World Saxophone Congress in Chicago,
Londeix commented on the importance of this new work. “The
Sonata for Alto Saxophone and
Piano
by Edison Denisov opened the saxophone to avantgarde contemporary music in a way
that no other piece had ever done.”1 The sonata has since entered into the standard repertory and
presents significant challenges to both performers. While much has been written about the jazz
and serial elements in the sonata, there has not yet been a practical guide to the work from the
perspective of a collaborative pianist that deals directly with these challenges for a performance
setting. This document will present practical and useful suggestions and solutions for
collaborative pianists to learn and perform this sonata efficiently, securely, and effectively. It
will also briefly address why this particular sonata is so challenging.
Edison Denisov (19291996) entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of Tomsk
University in 1946 while concurrently attending special piano classes at the university’s music
school. He excelled in his mathematical studies but found himself drawn to music. He decided
1
JeanMarie Londeix: Master of the Modern Saxophone.
James Umble.
(Glenmoore: Roncorp Publications, 2000),
222.
1
that he needed to choose between music and mathematics. Upon his graduation from Tomsk
University in 1950, Denisov decisively wrote to Dmitry Shostakovich for feedback on a few of
his compositions. Shostakovich’s response was encouraging and settled the young composer’s
mind on his future career:
Dear Edik, your compositions have astonished me. If you don’t have the
elementary musical education, it is just a wonder how you could be so proficient
in your composition which looks fairly professional to me...Many things in your
compositions I liked very much. I believe that you are endowed with a great gift
for composition. And it would be a great sin to bury your talent….2
A regular correspondence began between Denisov and Shostakovich, and after a failed first
attempt at entry into the Moscow Conservatory, Denisov was successfully admitted into the
composition department in 1951.
The most comprehensive part of Denisov’s output is chamber music which came to
prominence in the 1960s. For Denisov this was a time of intensive development and a yearning
for an individual style.A sample of his chamber music output for this time includes Sonata for
Flute and Piano (1960), Sonata for Violin and Piano (1963), Three Pieces for Piano Four Hands
(1967), Three Pieces for Cello and Piano (1967), Trio for Violin, Viola, and Cello (1969), Wind
Quintet (1969), and the Sonata for Saxophone and Piano (1970).
While he certainly had support and encouragement from his now longtime pen pal,
Dmitry Shostakovich, it was during this time that Denisov found new inspiration. By the end of
the 1960s Denisov had evolved a means of expression based on fractured rhythms and angular
lines, both trademarks of the international avantgarde style. In the early 1970s, a more
2
Edison Denisov
Yuri Kholopov and Valeria Tsenova, , trans. Romela Kohanovskaya (Chur, Switzerland: Harwood
Academic Publishers, 1996), 4.
2
characteristic type of canonic writing based on small intervals also became a feature of his
Sonata
compositions, as in the . In addition to these features in the sonata, Denisov also explored
a flexible use of the serial language. Denisov was in full command of the serial technique, but
rigorous adherence to this compositional idea fell away for his works written in the 19701980s.
Sonata
The is essentially a dodecaphonic, or twelvetone, composition but is not
completely serially constructed.A twelvenote row began to more often represent a thematic
impulse or gestural idea. Denisov allows for harmonic, melodic, contrapuntal, and rhythmic
considerations in his use of serialism. The serial quality of the sonata more greatly affects the
learning and performance of the work than serve as an example of a pioneering or important
twelvetone composition.
In addition to serial and dodecaphonic techniques, the sonata exhibits several elements of
jazz including rhythmic syncopation and improvisatorysounding (albeit tightly controlled)
passages. The inclusion of these elements seems natural given the saxophone and piano are both
important instruments in the history and development of jazz music. Denisov himself provides
evidence that he was aware of and sought to use avantgarde jazz techniques in a quasiserial
composition. Concerning the several moments of canonic ostinato writing, he writes “But jazz
provides us with new forms of ostinato, not all of which (especially those in the finest works of
avantgarde jazz) have yet been investigated by composers”3 Denisov took two of the most
identifiable “jazz instruments”, piano and saxophone, to explore the jazz elements in the sonata.
In doing so, he also created an extremely challenging piece of music to learn and perform.
3
New Music and Jazz
Edison Denisov. , 32.
3
Encountering this sonata for the first time, the musicians may be confronted with specific
challenges that have not yet been explored in other repertoire. In addition to rhythmic and
physical challenges, the performers must acknowledge special difficulties in the learning process
of the sonata. These challenges derive from the role that expectation plays in approaching a new
piece of music. Western classical tradition derives from scalar, intervallic, and harmonic
evolution. Serial and atonal works such as this sonata pose a challenge in the learning process
because of their departure from the rest of the Western classical canon. As complex and
challenging as this sonata is, if it is learned well the first time, it does not require a “start from
scratch” method every time it is programmed. The approach taken in this document is to
decipher Denisov’s challenges and layer the learning process from the beginning stages to
performance as efficiently and securely as can be done.
This is a visceral and cerebral piece of music that is rewarding for performers and
audiences and whose success is ultimately dependent upon deciphering the sonata. In the words
of the composer, “My music is not easy to approach; it has a great inner tension and
concentration. There's some music that is very easy to come to and appreciate on a first hearing.
Mine doesn't really fall into that category.”4 The goal of this document is, from a collaborative
pianist perspective, to assist in learning, rehearsing, and performing this sonata for both the
collaborative pianist AND the saxophonist.
4
Edison Denisov, interview by Bruce Duffie, Chicago 1991.
4
Movement One Allegro
Sonata
The first movement of Denisov’s is essentially a number of “musical events” of
varying lengths, in lieu of classical phrases. These musical events are passages or rhythms
preceding or leading to silence. A musical event may have any number of measures but is almost
always considered complete upon the arrival at an empty measure or a significant rest. Therefore,
learning, rehearsing, and performing the first movement involves the goal of moving organically
from one musical event to the next.
In order to do this, the performers must find a common thread between the many time
signature changes, decipher mathematical ratios, make sense of irregular meters, and overcome
the challenges of an atonal serial work. By isolating these challenges this movement can be
securely and efficiently learned.
Time Signature Changes and the Unified Pulse
Over the course of the one hundred and seventeen measures that comprise the first
Sonata
movement of the are eightyseven time signature changes. Denisov rhythmically unifies
the movement with a sixteenthnote pulse that is organized either in even duples and/or triplets.
Either subdivision can be used to decipher the frequent and irregular time changes throughout the
movement. Feeling a common and consistent pulse early in learning this sonata lays the
groundwork for overcoming other difficulties in this movement and is an important first step.
The first measure dictates the duple/triplet subdivision for the ensemble, so a great
responsibility lies with the saxophone to accurately set up the rhythm. This first 5/16 measure
(Figure 1) is divided between a duple subdivision (two sixteenth beats) and a triple subdivision
5
that will be referred to as a “triplet lift” (third, fourth, and fifth sixteenth beats). Dividing time
signatures this way is common for irregular meters such as 5/8 or 7/8. Denisov pays an homage
to Dmitry Shostakovich in the first measure by including the often used “DSCH” motive derived
from Shostakovich’s name, “D, Eflat, C, Bnatural”, but transposed for the alto saxophone.
Figure 1. Measure 1.
In this movement, the irregular meters are a way for Denisov to compose intricate and
improvisatory rhythms with a tightly controlled compositional technique. Throughout the
movement, both performers are challenged to orient themselves to both the duple or triplet
rhythm. There are several deviations that will be discussed, but the rhythmic difficulty for both
partners demands a foundational understanding of the unity in the movement, e.g., agreeing on a
sixteenth note subdivision.
By orienting to either the duple or triplet rhythm, the eightyseven time signature changes
can be woven together organically. Feeling a common sixteenth note pulse throughout the
movement in the various time signatures is no different than a shared pulse in any chamber work
regardless of meter, tempo, or complexity. In this particular sonata the shared pulse is no more or
less vital than in any other chamber work, but because of the complexity of the rhythms, there
6
are more opportunities for the connection between the two performers to unravel. The empty
measures and half measures can act as “safe points” to recover should such occur.
The use of the metronome is of vital importance throughout the process of learning this
sonata but should be done mindfully. A digital metronome can help set the subdivided
microrhythms of the movement, which at times need to be observed and incorporated into the
performance, at other times need to be enlarged to a duple and “triplet lift”, and at times need to
be disregarded for a larger pulse or gesture. In the first measure for example, a digital metronome
can aurally represent the correct and accurate placement of every single sixteenth beat in the 5/16
measure and ensure a correct duple and triplet that is not compressed in any way so as not to give
an incorrect indication of the tempo and rhythm to the pianist.
For as rhythmically and texturally dense as this movement can be at times, empty
measures must be accurately accounted for. It might be tempting to not consider these empty
measures as important, but as Denisov is aiming for a tightly controlled improvisational effect,
esprit
these measures help with the atmosphere and of the movement. They can also act as places
to regroup and to regain the collaborative connection.
Communicating, feeling, and adhering to a common sixteenth note pulse is the first step
in the process of learning and rehearsing the first movement. The next difficulty in learning the
first movement is deciphering the tightly controlled mathematical ratios and polyrhythms.
Mathematical Ratios
The process of learning and understanding the rhythmic complexity and the rhythmic
gestures of this movement involves simplifying the difficulties to identifiable pulses and
7
subdivisions. Throughout the sonata, Denisov composes atypical rhythmic groupings, or ratios,
as a means of composing improvisatorysounding “jazzlike” interjections in a very controlled
way. These rhythmic groupings are considered atypical when compared to the rest of the
Western classical music canon because they involve dividing beats into uneven distributions.
x
The mathematical ratios are written and bracketed as an “x:y” proportion where represents the
y
number of notes under that specific bracket and represents the number of beats for the “
x
x
event”. A simpler way of saying this is “ y
notes in the space of notes”.
For example, the 6/16 time signature of measure 22 (Figure 2) is split into two ratios. The
first half of the measure, for the piano, is bracketed 5:6, or five 32nd notes in the space of six
32nd notes. The second ratio, the second half of the measure, is bracketed 7:6, or seven 32nd
notes in the space of six 32nd notes. However, the saxophone has separate ratios meaning that
the mathematical ratios do not themselves dictate the pulse. In the saxophone part, the first half
of measure 22 consists of simple 32nd notes, but the second half of the measure is broken up into
a 3:2 (indicated as a triplet over beat 4) and a 5:4 ratio (beats 5 and 6). When such ratios occur,
x
there may not be exactly “” notes present.
y
The first step in accurately learning these ratios is to identify the “” component. This
indicates how the measure is organized and how each beat in the measure is accounted for. Each
y
“” consists of either a duple or triplet which means that the sixteenth note pulse and “triplet lift”
can be superimposed upon every ratio in the sonata. In this way, the most complicated
Y
polyrhythms can be understood using more familiar rhythms. s are only 4, 6, 8, or 12, divisible
y
by 2 or 3, duple or triplet. Once the “ x
” is understood, fitting the “ x
” depends on whether the “”
y
is a larger or smaller number than “”. If x is greater than y, then the notes are compressed, or
8
y
faster, in the y
beat. If x is less than y, then the notes are expanded, or slower, in the beat.
Ultimately the mathematical ratios will be felt as a large physical gesture and played as such, but
only once they are correctly deciphered and micromanaged.
As shown in Figure 2, the piano part in the first half of measure 22 has five 32nd beats
distributed into six 32nd notes, and in the second half of the measure, the piano part has seven
32nd beats distributed into six 32nd notes. Therefore, the rhythm of the first half of the measure
is slightly expanded, and the rhythm of the second half of the measure is slightly compressed.
One approach to transfer the theoretical understanding of these ratios to learning them on each
x
instrument is to consecutively say aloud the number while setting the metronome or tapping the
y
foot/hand to the large pulse. For measure 22, that would mean saying “ 1 2 3 4 5 “ evenly over
beat 1 (saying “hippopotamus” will help evenly space out the subdivision) and “1234567”
evenly over beat 2 (alternatively, saying “unconventionality). This practice isolates the rhythm
x
while also physically creating the rhythm in the body. Including every beat in the part of the
ratio when doing this exercise, rather than only counting the notes that are played, creates an
understanding of the larger pulse, as the ultimate goal in performing these mathematical ratios is
to play them as a single gesture.
Figure 2. Measure 2123.
9
Another way to help understand the mathematical ratios is to replace the “y” value with
the corresponding note value. As both a rhythmic and visual aid, replacing the rhythmic
realization of a number with a note value better relates the atypical grouping to a typical rhythm.
♩
In measure 22 (Figure 2), for example, each “5:6” would become “5: ”.
•
The difficulty and complexity of the mathematical ratios increase during the course of the
movement. For example, the second mathematical ratio, measure 24 (Figure 3) is more
complicated for both partners than the first. While the first mathematical ratio is preceded by an
ostinato measure that reinforces the subdivision for measure 22, the 7/16 measure 24 does not
have a downbeat and is preceded by an empty 3/16 measure. It is paramount that there be some
element of communication in measure 23 so that there is a shared impetus for measure 24. The
saxophonist can conduct the 2nd and 3rd beat of measure 23 with his/her instrument setting up a
shared empty downbeat in measure 24. The saxophonist or the pianist can also execute a
rhythmic breath for the sixteenth note pickup to measure 24. Measure 24 can be divided into a
3/16 and a 4/16 measure so there can be a macrorhythm of one triplet and two duples.
Identifying any grounding rhythms will also help the understanding of these measures. The
grounding rhythms in this movement are the duple or triplet continual 16th or 32nd notes from
which a stable pulse can be derived. For pianists, there may be one hand that favors these
rhythms. In Figure 3, the left hand of the piano has syncopated 32nd notes for the first three beats
which can serve as the grounding rhythms in measure 24.
10
Figure 3. Measures 2425.
As the ratios become more complex, there is less unity between the piano and the
saxophone. The spirit of the movement is in the larger gesture, so each line must be accurately
understood and played. The difficulty lies in putting the piano together with the saxophone.
When each line in the piano part is understood and can be played separately and accurately,
reuniting the hands is a matter of how the notes move in succession. There will be a feeling of
compression or expansion in the measure, e.g. in measure 24 (Figure 3) how quickly the right
hand’s C and Dflat 9th in the 5:6 ratio follows the left hand’s Anatural vs how quickly the right
hand’s G and Aflat 9th follows the left hand’s Bnatural.
Often a mathematical ratio occurs in one subdivision of a measure such as in measure 29
(Figure 4). Such a ratio represents a foundational duple or triplet pulse. This particular ratio is
easier than the others because the pianist can glean the pulse from the saxophonist, who has a
measure of foundational rhythms that reinforce the regularity of the measure. The foundational
rhythms in this movement are the 16th and 32nd notes which are evenly subdivided. In measure
29, the pianist has a quintuplet, without the first note of the five, over the space of two 16th
notes. This rhythmic division is the opposite of the first measure of the movement which consists
11
of a triplet followed by a duple rather than a duple followed by a triplet.
Figure 4. Measure 29.
The next mathematical ratio is in measure 40 (Figure 5), and it is the most complicated in
the entire movement; however, deciphering it is no different. In the same way measure 24 was
broken up into 3/16 and 4/16 to be able to more accurately place the ratios, measure 40 can be
understood by converting the 10/16 measure into a ⅝ measure. The first step is to identify which
line has the most easily identifiable and “simple” rhythms. The left hand of the piano part, using
the 1/8th note as the common denominator, has an empty 1st beat, a triplet 2nd beat, a quintuplet
ratio 3rd beat, and a nonuplet ratio for the 4th and 5th beats. Once the simplest line has been
identified, its rhythmic construct can serve as the foundation for the pulse in the measure. It is
easier to superimpose the right hand, for example, over the left rather than the opposite because
the simpler pulse is the one being isolated. It should then be possible to play the right and left
hands in succession for the 4th and 5th 1/8th note beats.
This particular example works well for learning the piano part by itself, but collaborating
with the saxophonist is another consideration. Each partner needs to be able to understand how
the other part is written and how it relates to their own. Then everything can be put together very
slowly with a metronome until the choreography of the measure has been incorporated into the
12
body. To play these ratios, there needs to be a reconciliation between the microrhythms, ratios,
and subdivisions, and the macrorhythms and larger pulse.
Figure 5. Measure 40.
The remaining mathematical ratios in the first movement do not comprise single
measures in the same way as Figures 2, 3, and 5. Rather, they are distributed evenly over a
specific beat with a simpler subdivision.
After understanding the subdivisions, mathematical ratios, and macrobeats in the
measures comprising mathematical ratios, the mindful use of a metronome is very helpful. The
danger of learning the ratios incorrectly with an inconsistent beat will mean inevitable
“relearning” once the partners begin rehearsing together. By outsourcing that task to an
unwavering machine, accountability is honest. Using the metronome in these measures relates
these seemingly abstract rhythmical gestures to an actual pulse as it must be in performance.
The key to understanding and performing the mathematical ratios is to superimpose them
upon a single beat, pulse, or impulse. Learning the ratios is made easier by representing a beat or
pulse with a physical gesture such as tapping or speaking. While seemingly arbitrary, the ratios
are related to regular subdivisions. This is why the first step in the learning process is identifying
the unified sixteenth note pulse, duple and triplet subdivisions, and the relationship of the
13
mathematical ratios to those fundamental subdivisions. By first identifying and physically
incorporating the simpler subdivisions, a foundation is laid to then better understand the
mathematical ratios in the first movement.
Performers’ Expectation
In addition to the many rhythmic difficulties of the first movement of the Denisov
Sonata
, there is an inherent challenge in the piano part because of the serial, or twelvetone,
nature of the work. Most “traditional” Western classical music is based on common intervals and
triads derived from major and minor scales. The challenge in serial compositions is they are not
primarily derived from familiar intervals or harmonies. These challenges involve a physical and
aural unfamiliarity with unpredictable intervals, harmonies, and patterns. Despite these
challenges, neither performer needs to be aware of Denisov’s treatment of various twelvetone
rows nor do they need to know any particular row to deliver a successful performance of the
work. Overcoming these challenges in the first movement does not depend on posttonal
theoretical knowledge but an awareness of expectations for the music, infrequently occurring
intervals and chords, and procedural memory.
This particular sonata, and other serial works like it, can seem frustrating and slowgoing
to learn at first glance. Presumably, the pianist and saxophonist learning this sonata for the first
time have had several years of musical training and education that has been mostly based on
tonal music with tertian harmonies. Not only have the minds and ears adapted to this familiar
language, but much of the physical realization on the instrument has been automated in the brain.
Sonata
What separates Denisov’s from, for example, Paul Creston’s
Sonata for Alto Saxophone
14
and Piano Sonata for Alto Saxophone and Piano
or even Robert Muczynski’s , is the use of
unconventional harmonies, intervals, scales, and tonality. Both the Creston and the Muczynski
sonatas, while even in their most harmonically advanced moments, have regular and
recognizable intervals and harmonies. Edison Denisov’s sonata is far less regular. Classical
musicians and performers have come to expect certain patterns and intervals in the music that
they prepare and it can be somewhat jarring to encounter a piece of music that so strongly
deviates from the norm. The idea of expectation in music was first written about by musicologist
Emotion and Meaning in Music
Leonard Meyer in the 1950s. His book, , brought to attention the
notion that emotional content in music can be drawn from a composer’s “choreographing of
expectation”.5 While this idea brings to mind deceptive cadences in Beethoven or internal
expansions in classical phrase structure, musical expectation can have a strong effect when
learning a new piece of music in an unfamiliar language.
It is not only in pitches or tonality where our expectations based in the Western classical
tradition can be a challenge. There is also a rhythmic expectation that classical musicians have
come to expect in music. The musician psychologist David Huron surveyed some 8,356 musical
Dictionary of Musical Themes
themes from Harold Barlow and Sam Morgenstern’s in order to
figure out the percent occurrence of specific meters. By classifying the meters into simple
duple/triple/quadruple (2/2, 3/4, 4/4, etc.), compound duple/triple/quadruple (6/8, 9/16, 12/8,
etc.), and irregular (5/4, 7/8, etc.), Huron was able to see that irregular meters occur in less than
1% of Western classical music.6 In the first movement of this sonata, irregular meters occur in a
5
Sweet Anticipation: Music and the Psychology of Expectation
David Huron. . (Massachusetts: The MIT Press,
2006), 2.
6
Sweet Anticipation: Music and the Psychology of Expectation
David Huron. . (Massachusetts: The MIT Press,
2006), 195.
15
vast majority of the measures. Performers seem to not only expect certain pitches, but also
certain meters which inherently contain certain rhythms. The first movement of Denisov’s sonata
dispels any sort of expectation of metric or rhythmic regularity. This sonata must be approached
without any preconception of rhythm or interval. Acknowledging the particular challenge of
expectation in the learning process of this sonata can itself be a beneficial tool.
Infrequently Occurring Intervals and Chords
In the first movement, the most frequently used intervals for the piano part are
diminished and augmented octaves, i.e., major sevenths and minor ninths. These intervals occur
both consecutively and harmonically throughout the first movement. For example, measures
2425 are almost entirely comprised of one of these two intervals. This frequently occurring
interval creates a new physical and aural challenge because of its rarity in the classical canon
before the 20th century.
In order to learn this sonata efficiently and securely, one needs to first acknowledge that
this compositional language will not be as immediately understood as immediately as a tonal
work. Therefore, there cannot be an expectation of where the fingers and hands will fall
anywhere in the piece. New intervals and patterns need to be learned because of the atonality.
Learning the physicality of the movement must be done slowly and carefully with the intention
of teaching oneself to physically rather than mentally memorize the work. This movement
demands a slow and careful practice to focus on procedural memory that allows the hands to
know exactly where they are headed with each interval, leap, and harmony. Too often does the
term “muscle memory” get used in place of procedural memory as denoting the primary
16
mechanism of movement. However, it is important to remember that the brain controls of all
these movements.
Throughout the movement are large and rapid leaps for the piano as single notes and
sometimes chords.
Several passages in the first movement involve quick leaps from one chord to
another in unconventional configurations. One example is measure 72 (Figure 6) and pianists can
use advice from t
he 19th century pedagogue Theodor
Leschetizky in this and other similar
passages. Leschetizky advises “Where a leap from one chord to another is to be executed, press
the first one down short, and carry the hand over to the second with a swift swing. Where
different chords follow in succession, the hand must already catch the shape of each new chord
in the air.”7 While this is not necessarily a new technique for piano, it becomes especially
relevant in this sonata where the “shape of each new chord” does not conform to the tonality or
physicality that pianists are used to. In other words, the lack of any sort of frame of reference for
this particular sonata requires conventional piano technique to be reexamined in an unfamiliar
compositional language.
Figure 6. Measure 72.
7
Malwine Brée.
The groundwork of the Leschetizky method: issued with his approval
. (New York, G. Schirmer,
Inc., 1903), 35.
17
Procedural Memory
Procedural memory, or motor learning (referred often as “muscle memory”), is one type
of process that involves learning a physical pattern through repetition. Learning the rhythmic
difficulties in this sonata acknowledges the lack of a rhythmic frame of reference from previous
repertoire. Just as the rhythmic difficulties can be understood by a starting point of unification
and simplicity, the same can be true for the physical playing of the sonata. However, since there
is no idea of a “physical constant” as there was a “rhythmic constant” in the 16th notes, the
closest thing to a “physical constant” is the most commonly used intervals. Theodor Leschetizky
offers specific advice to pianists that can be extrapolated for use throughout the sonata, but
especially in the first movement.
Several passages of pointillistic material, where the piano part leaps with large intervals,
are difficult because of the arbitrary pitches. Leschetizky advises “Now read your
practicemeasure or measures through carefully and repeatedly with the eye, until the notes stand
out clearly before your mental vision, and name the notes a few times either aloud or mentally;
and then not before play the measure or phrase from memory, but no faster than memory can
dictate the notes.”8 There are two examples that illustrate how useful this approach can be in the
first movement. One example is measure 61 (Figure 7) where Leschetizky might recommend
saying “E” outloud in practicing getting to the last note of the 5:4 ratio.
8
Ibid., 76.
18
Figure 7. Measure 61.
Another example where the practice of saying specific pitches aloud is useful is at the end of the
first movement, specifically measures 107115 (Figure 8). In a sentence that is suited perfectly to
this particular sonata, Leschetizky writes “Thought is most essential in the study of pieces; for
the way by which they are learned, or rather memorized, goes from brain to fingers, and never in
the other direction, from fingers to brain.”9 Finding accuracy in measures 107115 requires
training the hands to find their way to each successive note quickly, calmly, and relaxed. One
useful tool is Leschtizky’s idea to say the note name aloud before leaping to it. Another is to
arrive at the note before it is to be played, leave the finger on the key, and then depress it. This
helps train accuracy and ease in this particular passage.
9
Malwine Brée.
The groundwork of the Leschetizky method: issued with his approval
. (New York, G. Schirmer,
Inc., 1903), 76.
19
Figure 8. Measures 72115.
The infrequently occurring intervals, wideranging leaps, pointillism, and serial language
are all challenges in this sonata that do not have to do primarily with deciphering rhythm and
collaborating with another musician. Instead, these challenges require a careful and mindful
learning method in order to accommodate for the physicality of the movement. In the words of
violinist Itzhak Perlman, “If you practice something slowly, you forget it slowly. If you practice
20
something fast, you forget it fast.”10 In this sonata, the idea of practicing slowly becomes more of
a necessity than just good advice.
Considerations for Collaboration
Many times in the first movement, a shared pulse may be lost preceding a musical event
of any length. In these cases, some sort of cue must be communicated to or between the two
partners. This is most useful in the first movement since many musical events initiate from an
empty downbeat or are preceded by a measure of rest. Because the saxophonist is in sight of the
pianist, based on a standard duo placement, the saxophonist may deliver a visual cue similar to a
conductor’s downbeat. In the empty measures that precede musical events, the shared pulse may
be lost or simply counted differently between each partner. A rhythmic visual cue from the
saxophonist using his or her instrument can account for an empty downbeat. For example,
measure 24 is preceded by an empty measure and has an empty downbeat off of which a musical
event is placed against. A simple “up down” motion, similar to an “upbeat downbeat” from a
conductor, in the saxophone can provide a rhythmic upbeat and downbeat to measure 24 and
other examples like it. This nonauditory cue works well with any duo work that has moments
that lack an aural downbeat and do not have a strong rhythmic context.
Auditory breathing cues such as a sniff from the pianist or saxophonist also go a long
way towards communication. This is again most important when there is no strong rhythmic
precedence. For example, in measures 4 and 6, 32nd notes set up by the saxophone dictate the
rhythm. However, in measure 17 (Figure 9), there is only a 64th rest before canonic quintuplet
10
Itzhak on Practicing
Itzhak Perlman. “ ”. Filmed June 28, 2010. YouTube video, 2’49”. Posted June 28,
2010. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3xEHigWShM.
21
sets of 32nd notes. The preceding 5/16 measure has a downbeat chord from the piano and
accented duple 32nd notes on beats 2 and 3. In this case, it is a matter of the sixteenth note pulse
that continues through the rests being felt by both partners. A rhythmic sniff on the upbeat to
measure 17 may set up the empty downbeat of measure 17 so the musical event in measures
1718 can unfold.
Figure 9. Measures 1617.
A collaborative pianist is not only responsible for his or her own music, but his or her
partner’s music as well. As the pianist is usually the only one reading from a full score, there is
an added responsibility for ensemble and collaboration. For a collaborative pianist, there is
perhaps no greater substitute for imprinting the saxophone part, or any other part, than by
playing it on the piano with some portion of the original piano part. This attempts to recreate a
partner’s music both physically and aurally so that collaboration is not left out of the learning
process. As often as it is possible to do so, the pianist is strongly advised to use this practice
method. It is not only specific to the Denisov sonata, but to all duo and chamber works. There is
additionally a specific tool that can be used to assist with collaboration in the first movement:
rebarring.
22
Rebarring
The particular challenges with the rhythmic difficulties in the first movement involve
finding a common pulse and then using the pulse to decipher the mathematical ratios. Another
tool to facilitate the process of learning, rehearsing, and performing this movement of the sonata
is rebarring measures for more successful collaboration. To rebar in music means to move one or
more barlines in order to change the metric structure. This rebarring does not alter tempo,
rhythm, or subdivisions but rather helps the performers by simplifying certain measures. In
measure 24 (Figure 3) the 7/16 bar can be divided into a 3/16 and 4/16; however, to shorten this
measure would mean losing the larger gesture of the 7/16 bar. Rebarring, on the other hand, is a
division made to help understand the measure, not necessarily to perform it as such. The first part
that can be rebarred based on the criteria of preserving the musical idea, while making it visually
and metrically simpler, are measures 3435.
Measures 3435 (Figure 10) are comprised of an 11/32 measure followed by a 17/32
measure.
Figure 10. Measures 3335.
The musical idea, a common one in this movement, is a canonic series of repeated notes between
the saxophone and the piano. The exact placement within the measures are of little concern once
23
the figure begins. Rebarring these two measures as one measure of 14/16 does not change or
alter the gesture, but removes the unnecessary complication of figuring out how to count each
x
irregular measure. In the same way that speaking the portion of the mathematical ratios aloud ,
described in the previous section, created the rhythm in the body, speaking the rhythm aloud in
ostinato passages when practicing can help keep focus and rhythm for the pianist. In this
example, the mental or aural speech would be “12345and”. “1” represents the right hand’s first
entrance and “and” represents the left hand’s final note in the pattern. The full version would be
“12345and 1234and 123456and 123and 123and”. The rhythmically accurate entrance of the
saxophone in this measure depends on the foundational rhythm in measure 32 (Figure 11) a
14/32 bar better counted as a 7/16 that precedes the empty 3/16 measure 33. The constant stream
of even 32nd notes in measure 32 keeps a unified pulse for the ensemble in measure 33.
Figure 11. Measure 32.
The next example of rebarring is measures 5657 (Figure 12). The 7/32 and 9/32 measure
can be reduced to a 4/8 measure, making it visually and musically easier to count.
24
Figure 12. Measures 5657.
Denisov sometimes writes mathematical ratios that cross bar lines. In measures 3335
(Figure 10) rebarring does not change the ensemble considerations or the visual aspect of the
score. Rebarring measure 5657 for ensemble reasons simplifies the metric structure. Rebarring
y
measures 6162 (Figure 7) means finding the common pulse and organizing the measures
around it. The success of rebarring any of these measures depends on whether or not the
saxophone and pianist can agree on its usefulness and practicality. Several examples of rebarring
have to do with creating a smaller and more manageable challenge to replace a far more difficult
one. Rebarring measures 6162 (Figure 13) creates a hemiola from two measures of 5/16 to one
y
measure of 5/8. The piano part is made up of duple components when there are ratios written
and each ratio can therefore be one 1/8th note, or one beat, in the large 5/8 measure. This
rebarring is possible because of the even doubling of the 1/16th note to create the hemiola. It will
not interfere with the unified pulse of the movement.
25
Figure 13. Measures 5964.
y
In the same way that measures 6162 were rebarred based on a common portion of the
ratio, measures 7778 (Figure 10) can be rebarred. Each beat, with the exception of a hanging
1/16th rest at the end of measure 78, is a ratio of either 5:4 or 6:4. The challenge with this
rebarring is the irregularity between the saxophone implied rhythm and the piano implied
rhythm. Combining the 7/16 and 6/16 bar mathematically result in 13 beats, but by using
y
values as four 32nd notes, the pulse is distributed among two 1/16th beats leaving onehalf of
one beat remaining to be consolidated into a triplet. This is graphically represented in Figure 14
as “(1 2 3)”. Since each performer is now familiar with the triplet lift, the lift can round out and
26
complete the rebar. Figure 14 shows the suggested change as five main beats followed by a
triplet lift.
Figure 14. Measures 7679.
The rebarring of measures 8284 (Figure 15) has a dual purpose for the piano and should
not pose a problem for the ensemble. The first reason for rebarring measures 8284 for the piano
is that it evens out the 17/32 measure 82 and allocates the extra beats to measure 83. The 17/32
needs a triplet lift since it cannot be divided into duples. The second reason for rebarring these
measures is that the rising line in the left hand is evenly spaced and accented in the 17/32
measure, but because of the asymmetry of the meter, the following 5/16 measure finds the line
awkwardly syncopated and accented against the main beat. By rebarring the three measures, the
left hand line can continue as a strong beat accentuation. The triplet lift needed to correct the
rebar can happen in several places: either at the end of measure 83, ending the consistent 16th
note beats from measure 82 at the last three 32nd notes, or over the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th 32nd note
27
beats in measure 84. The second approach is preferable so that the 16th note left hand line can
finish. In either case, the second 16th beat of measure 84 becomes the foundational rhythm.
Figure 15 illustrates the consecutive beats. The numbers in red that indicate the beats in Figure
15 are arbitrary and indicate the consistent left hand line. The triplet lift is shown as “( 1 2 3)”
and the red arrow indicates the beat where the rebar effectively ends.
Figure 15. Measures 8285.
In the passages of rapid canonic material, the organization of the measures is a distant
second to feeling a common and shared pulse to ensure an even succession of 32nd notes. In
measures 8691 (Figure 16) it is helpful to ignore the barlines and time signatures completely
rather than attempt to reorganize the six measures. The consistent and even 32nd notes are the
rhythmic organization via a common denominator pulse. Figure 16 shows one of many possible
ways to recount the larger beats, and when it is possible to switch to the canonic material and
mentally or aurally speak the rhythm “1234&”, “12345&”, etc.
28
Figure 16. Measures 8694.
One other opportunity for rebarring in the first movement is in measures 110115 (Figure
17) which normalizes the syncopated sixteenth notes in the piano part. It works well for the
piano but displaces the syncopated main beat in the same way that Figure 15 illustrated. When
considering rebarring measures 110115, a choice must be made to decide if the collaboration is
improved with the piece as originally written with careful slow rehearsal of the piano syncopated
beat or if the rebar is more consistently accurate with one small correction. Consistency,
rhythmic accuracy, and collaboration are the deciding factors. Figure 17 illustrates this example
29
using measures 110113. Measure 111 is an 11/32 bar that has the same consideration as measure
82 and the same consequence for the following two measures. A consistent 16th note pulse can
be maintained for the piano and still have the desired effect of displacement against the
saxophone. However, the syncopation is shortlived and not difficult to coordinate. The
correcting triplet lift is shown as “( 1 2 3)”.
Figure 17. Measures 110115.
The benefit of exploring the idea of rebarring in the first movement, independent of
whether or not it will be used in performance, is that it is another tool for understanding,
rehearsing, and performing Denisov’s complex rhythms and patterns.
The solutions to the rhythmic challenges of this sonata depend on successfully layering of
a number of simpler components. In understanding and learning the rhythmic challenges, it is
important to find the sixteenth note pulse that unifies the movement. As it is often divisible into
simpler duple and triplet rhythms, this unified pulse can become the foundation for complex
30
mathematical ratios. These rhythmic mathematical ratios have at their core simple rhythmic
fragments that act as their “blueprint”. Whether it is an 11:12 in the right hand and a 9:8 in the
left hand, the meter, rhythm, and/or gesture can be simplified for a better understanding. The
almost motivic quality of the duple and triplet subdivisions rhythmically unite the first
movement. The serial and atonal quality of the work also presents challenges in learning and
performing this movement. Infrequently occurring and unpredictable intervals and pitches
require mindful and careful slow practice. The challenges in this movement involve reducing
complexity to simpler building blocks for both the composition and learning process. The
movement must be reduced to its rudimentary elements in order to securely and efficiently learn
it. The ultimate goal, however, is to recombine the individual components into larger musical
events and gestures that follow seamlessly.
Movement Two Lento
Sonata
Compared to the first movement of the Denisov , the second movement is
practically sightreadable. The second movement is an extended solo for the saxophone, so the
main challenge for the pianist is to sit quietly. The piano enters at the end of the movement and
dolcissimo
its punctuated chords fit logically into the slow rhythms of the saxophone. The one
challenge for the ensemble is an accelerated figure in the piano (Figure 18) that leads to the
near
saxophone, who enters with
to but not exactly the final 32nd note in the figure. The easiest
way to accomplish this is to treat the gesture as a pickup to the note that the saxophone plays.
The saxophonist can communicate the entrance with a breath or a visual cue and the pianist can
insert the gesture into the space, taking care to land on the “downbeat” with the saxophone. Since
31
this movement is unmetered and this particular gesture is unregulated by any sort of pulse, the
approximate placement of the end of the gesture with the saxophone is sufficient.
Figure 18. Movement two.
Movement Three Allegro moderato
attaca
The ethereal second movement leads to the third movement of the sonata. Unlike
the unmetered second movement, the third movement is entirely set in 6/4 with the pulse dictated
very clearly by the quarter note. The consistent 6/4 meter simplifies the rhythmic challenges of
the first movement. However, the challenges of rhythmic complexity, mathematical ratios are
still present in the third movement. The consistent meter and regular pulse mean the challenges
are not as complex and naturally have a rhythmic and metric foundation.
The third movement is texturally well balanced throughout and is divided into three main
sections. Imitating a jazz trio, a strong foundational bass line in the piano supports soloistic
material in the saxophone and top line of the piano. The first three of the four main sections
begin with a new bass line, often marked “quasi pizzicato” imitating the pluck of a double bass.
The fourth section is improvisatory and riddled with complex rhythms. The main sections begin
32
at measure 1, 21, 53, and 69. The main challenges of syncopation, mathematical ratios, and
virtuosic difficulty rely on and are facilitated by the inclusion of a consistent quarter note pulse.
A prominent feature of jazz music is rhythmic syncopation, or a
displacement of strong
beat by stressing weak beats.
This feature permeates the third movement from the beginning
(Figure 19) and the ostinato rhythm continues in the left hand of the piano until measure thirteen,
only to be replaced by more syncopation. To ensure proper placement of the sixteenth note
pickup to the third beat, the pianist can play the C2 from beat 1 (or any pitch) on beat three. This
creates a rhythmic event out of an empty beat and can help ensure rhythmic accuracy when
playing the measure as written. Beats four, five, and six, in their regularity, will communicate the
desired tempo to the saxophone more effectively than the first three beats.
Figure 19. Measures 12.
Adding a rhythmic foundational note in place of an empty or syncopated beat works well
in this movement in practice to ensure that no sixteenth note or rest is unaccounted for. As the
texture increases density, there is often only eighth or sixteenth rests separating passagework.
The way that Denisov has chosen to group smaller passages under one slur, no matter their
placement in the measure, can be visually and rhythmically confusing. Accurate subdivisions are
crucial in these measures and neither partner would be remiss in including visual cues in their
33
music, since frequent syncopated accents can undermine the foundational pulse of the
movement. Measures 1314 (Figure 20) illustrates Denisov’s atypical stemming and how the
actual beats are placed against the notes.
Figure 20. Measures 1314.
In several sections in the third movement, the visual rhythmic values do not accurately
represent their placement in the measure as musicians have been accustomed to seeing in the
traditional repertoire. In measures 1617 (Figure 21), syncopated eighth note chords are stemmed
in such a way that they look regularly placed in the measure. In learning passages like this, a
metronome or tapping the foot can demonstrate the correct placement of the syncopated chords,
played in unison with the saxophone. Successful and consistent collaboration during this and
other syncopated moments do not necessarily require a relationship to the quarter note pulse. As
long as the eighth notes themselves are rhythmically even and placed together, micromanaging
their placement against the quarter note pulse is not required. However, this movement can be
34
very effective as a “toetapping” piece where the beat is successfully communicated to the
audience who can tap along. Learning syncopated passages like measures 1617 accurately
against the main beat enables the performers to play the larger gesture while still being
rhythmically correct. Similar to the first movement, these syncopations are all under the realm of
tightly controlled improvisatory jazz. Approaching the movement as only a classical performer
or jazz performer will miss an opportunity to discover the true spirit of the sonata: rhythmic
accuracy to create the desired effect of improvisation.
Figure 21. Measures 1617.
The composed jazz solo for the piano in measures 4550 (Figure 22) is marked
poco
rubato rubato
which allows for some freedom. However, using , during certain “identifying
rhythms” that communicate the pulse is not advisable. One such “identifying rhythm” would be
the third beat of measure 46 where the triplet and duple polyrhythm encompass an entire beat
35
rubato
rather than a portion of one. The use of freedom or in this section must not affect the
unison interjections with the saxophone.
36
Figure 22. Measures 4550.
These examples illustrate other possibilities and solutions for syncopation throughout the
movement. The consistent quarter note pulse in the 6/4 meter act as the foundation for the
syncopation. In the first movement, the performers needed to find and sometimes create a
foundational rhythmic understanding and pulse from complex and irregular time signatures. In
the third movement, that unifying pulse is already there and does not change.
Mathematical Ratios
In the first movement, the mathematical ratios depended on finding common subdivisions
and organizing them into irregular meters. In the third movement, the consistent quarter note
pulse acts as the organizing beat, making the ratios easier to understand and play. The
37
mathematical ratios in the third movement function and are deciphered in exactly the same way
as the ratios in the first movement. The main difference is that while many of the ratios in the
first movement were part of independent gestures that encapsulated entire measures, often
preceding or leading to rests, the ratios in the third movement follow a more linear construction
with the consistent 6/4 meter. It becomes a challenge to keep the musical flow moving forward
in the third movement despite the mathematical ratios.
In measure 33 (Figure 23), the first ratios in the piano part appear under swirling
sixteenth notes that have been the predominant rhythmic figure up to that point. The challenge in
this passage is to feel the same quarter note pulse. The saxophone’s sixteenth notes define the
quarter note pulse based on its subdivisions, and the piano’s 5:4 ratio, five eighth notes in the
space of four eighth notes (or two beats), will feel a larger and less defined pulse. This is an
example where the piano can initiate the passage on beat three because of the metric placement
of the chords beginning on beat three. If the partners are feeling the same pulse and both can
always find the relationship of the music to the main beats, they will be able to superimpose any
irregular rhythm with some degree of success.
Figure 23. Measure 33.
38
Another example of a rhythmically looser mathematical ratio, one that is spaced over two
or more quarter notes, is measure 80 (Figure 24) towards the end of the third movement. This
passage is metrically the largest ratio in the entire sonata. The 15:16 ratio involves 15 sixteenth
notes in the space of 16 sixteenth notes, or four beats. Reducing this measure to the regular
subdivisions is a helpful way to rehearse this measure. As the mathematical ratios in this
movement depend on an understanding of the main beats, finding foundational rhythms can help
the irregular ratios become coherent. In measure 80, the piano has quarter note chords for beats 1
and 2, and the saxophone has a similar simple rhythm for beats 3, 4, 5, and 6. By having the
piano play beats 1 and 2 but not the rest of the measure, and the saxophone play beats 3, 4, 5, and
6 but not the first two beats of the measure, then the fundamental rhythm of the measure is
shared and understood by both partners. As long as the notes in the mathematical ratios are
proportionate, i.e. the quarter note in the 15:16 ratio being equally as long as the eighth notes, the
approximate placement with the saxophone and in the meter is acceptable.
Figure 24. Measure 80.
39
In measures 5253 (Figure 25), verbalizing is very helpful because the two instruments
are in unison. Recalling the idea from the first movement that if x>y the figure is slightly
compressed and if x<y then the figure is slightly expanded, the ratios in measures 5253 are a
challenge to perform exactly in unison. This particular ratio can be presented successfully by
ensuring that both partners understand the ratio in the same way and can play it as such. A
metronome dictating the quarter note pulse helps to understand these two ratios, providing a rare
opportunity in the movement to disregard the main pulse in order to ensure unity between the
two parts. Since these two ratios are the end of a main section of the movement, and Denisov
took the care to write “a Tempo” in the middle of measure 53, these particular mathematical
ratios can function somewhat independently of the quarter note pulse as long as they are played
in unison. Representing this rhythm verbally, as long as it is done accurately, is a very quick way
for this ratio to be understood immediately by both performers.
Figure 25. Measures 5253.
40
poco rubato
The most complex section containing mathematical ratios is the at measures
poco rubato
6975 (Figure 26). The use of indicates that this section can ultimately have some
flexibility but only from an accurate understanding of the mathematical ratios. While measures
6975 are very complex in both parts, the specific solution is finding more foundational or
simpler rhythms to check the ratios or measures against as done in the first movement. Finding
notes on main beats and simpler eighth or triplet rhythms helps in learning these measures. In
measures 6975, finding simpler and more identifiable rhythms also extends to the other person’s
part. For example, the saxophone downbeat in measure 70, the piano eighth note in beat 1, and
the piano accented beat 3 all help define the pulse. The pianist must be careful not to misinterpret
the accented C in the left hand under the 5:4 ratio on beats 3 and 4 as occurring directly on beat
does
4. In measure 71, however, a similar 5:4 ratio contain a left hand quarter note that occurs
directly on beat 2. The clue to the differences between the two 5:4 ratios is that the one in
measure 70 has a dotted quarter note that, when combined with the quarter rest in the ratio, adds
up to 5 eighth notes. It is also visually placed exactly with the G, the third eighth beat and second
eighth note in the 5:4 ratio. In measure 71, there is clearly a quarter rest, quarter note F on beat 2
that is tied to beat 3, quarter note Bnatural on beat 4, and two ratios in the left hand making of
beats 5 and 6. Finding the foundational notes or rhythms can be applied for the rest of the
example, until measure 75. After finding the foundational notes or rhythms, using the metronome
to aurally create them where they do not exist, ensures the correct spacing of the ratios. Despite
these seven measures being challenging to understand, play, and put together, the consistent
meter and quarter note pulse act as a guide. The remainder of the ratios involves the same
41
understanding that was set out in the first movement such as speaking aloud each rhythm to first
understand it or determining which hand has the simple foundational rhythms.
42
Figure 26. Measures 6975.
43
The challenges in the third movement of the sonata involve the same fundamental
understanding of rhythm and pulse as in the first movement. The challenges also include the
same idea of battling the performers’ expectation of the music. What makes this particular
movement easier to learn, rehearse, and perform, is the use of a consistent 6/4 meter. By using an
inherent common pulse, the challenges in this movement of syncopation, mathematical ratios,
and bravura passagework are easily related to the beat and meter. Even the challenges of
intervals and harmonies are made easier with the consistent meter because it is simply one
element that takes the unfamiliarity out of the third movement. That does not mean that this
movement is at all without its difficulties. Denisov’s irregular stemming and jazzlike
syncopations require a firm foundation of rhythm and subdivision. Identifying the feel of the
polyrhythms and mathematical ratios also depend on their relationship to the main beats. The use
of a consistent meter and pulse removes many of the challenges that were overcome in the first
movement, but moments where the ensemble could dissipate become much more noticeable in
this movement. In the first and third movements of the sonata, the challenges and solutions for
collaboration depend on a steadfast understanding and adherence to the intricate and complicated
rhythms Denisov has written.
Conclusion
Sonata
With an average performance time of 12 minutes, Denisov’s may involve the
most work for collaboration per minute of any piece of music in the saxophone and piano
repertoire. The rhythmic and physical challenges are complex and sophisticated, but those
performers willing to work to overcome them are rewarded in performance. The process of
44
preparing this sonata involves understanding the individual components of the many challenges
and then uniting all aspects into the rehearsals and performance. In the first movement, for
example, the key challenges are finding foundational rhythms and pulses and using them to
decipher the mathematical ratios. This process of preparation is not a concept unique to the
Sonata
Denisov . Most performers isolate difficult passages in order to solve specific challenges.
requires
This sonata Gradus ad Parnassum
this isolation. It also requires that there be a “ ”
approach to gradually bring the process of learning the sonata from its infancy to its maturation.
To do so often demands inventive ways to solve its challenges such as the use of rebarring in the
first movement, mindful use of a metronome with the consistent meter in the third movement,
specific moments where auditory or visual cues are to be included in the rehearsal process.
The overarching challenge of this sonata does not have to do with the external playing or
rehearsing of the work but with the psychology of expectation and how greatly compositions like
this deviate from what our ears and fingers expect. Infrequently occurring intervals, harmonies,
and rhythms are stacked against traditional Western classical pieces of music that form the
foundations of musical education. Unconsciously, much of what performers create on their
instruments has been automated to the point that they can be caught off guard by something
unusual for which there is no frame of reference. This is an inherent challenge in the Denisov
sonata but one that must be overcome nonetheless. Making mindful use of procedural memory
not
and repetition just for the sake of repetition is one such way to overcome this challenge.
The rhythmic, collaborative, physical, and learning difficulties of the sonata must
eventually become internalized for the learning process to be complete. Ultimately, the spirit of
45
the sonata does not reside in the complex challenges of the composition, but in overcoming and
transcending them.
46
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