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SQL Aggregate Functions PDF

Aggregate row functions allow users to answer business questions by aggregating or performing calculations on data from multiple rows. Some common aggregate functions include COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, and MAX. These functions count rows, calculate sums, find averages, and determine minimum or maximum values. Aggregate functions are useful in combination with the GROUP BY clause to partition data and calculate aggregates within each group.

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1K views19 pages

SQL Aggregate Functions PDF

Aggregate row functions allow users to answer business questions by aggregating or performing calculations on data from multiple rows. Some common aggregate functions include COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, and MAX. These functions count rows, calculate sums, find averages, and determine minimum or maximum values. Aggregate functions are useful in combination with the GROUP BY clause to partition data and calculate aggregates within each group.

Uploaded by

devang
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Aggregate Row Functions.

AGGREGATE ROW FUCTIONS

• Aggregate Row functions give the user the


ability to answer business questions such as:

 What is the average salary of an employee


in the company?
 What were the total salaries for a particular
year?
 What are the maximum and minimum
salaries in the Computer’s Department?
AGGREGATE ROW FUCTIONS

• Aggregate functions perform a variety of


actions such as counting all the rows in a
table, averaging a column's data, and
summing numeric data.
• Aggregates can also search a table to find
the highest "MAX" or lowest "MIN" values
in a column.
AGGREGATE ROW FUCTIONS
• List of aggregate functions including their syntax
and use.
Function Syntax Function Use
SUM( [ALL | DISTINCT] The total of the (distinct) values in a
expression ) numeric column/expression.
AVG( [ALL | DISTINCT] The average of the (distinct) values in a
expression ) numeric column/expression.
COUNT( [ALL | The number of (distinct) non-NULL values
DISTINCT] expression ) in a column/expression.
COUNT(*) The number of selected rows.

MAX(expression) The highest value in a column/expression.

MIN(expression) The lowest value in a column/expression.


AGGREGATE ROW FUCTIONS
• There are two rules that you must understand and
follow when using aggregates:
• Aggregate functions can be used in both the SELECT
and HAVING clauses (the HAVING clause is covered
later in this chapter).
• Aggregate functions cannot be used in a WHERE
clause.
EXAMPLE

• The following query is wrong and will produce the


Oracle ORA-00934 group function is not allowed
here error message.

SELECT *
FROM employee
WHERE emp_salary > AVG(emp_salary);

ERROR
COUNT( )
• If a manager needs know how many employees work in
the organization, COUNT(*) can be used to produce
this information.
• The COUNT(*) function counts all rows in a table.
• The wild card asterisk (*) would be used as the
parameter in the function.
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employee;
COUNT(*)
--------
8
COUNT( )
• The result table for the COUNT(*) function
is a single scalar value.
• Notice that the result table has a column
heading that corresponds to the name of the
aggregate function specified in the SELECT
clause.
• The output column can be assigned a more
meaningful column name as is shown in the
revised query .
COUNT( )
• This is accomplished by simply listing the desired
column name inside double-quotes after the
aggregate function specification.

SELECT COUNT(*) "Number of


Employees"
FROM employee;

Number of Employees
---------------------------
8
COUNT( )
• COUNT(*) is used to count all the rows in a table.
• COUNT(column name) does almost the same thing.
The difference is that you may define a specific
column to be counted.
• When column name is specified in the COUNT
function, rows containing a NULL value in the
specified column are omitted.
• A NULL value stands for “unknown” or
“unknowable” and must not be confused with a blank
or zero.
COUNT ( )
SELECT COUNT(emp_superssn) "Number Supervised
Employees"
FROM employee;

Number Supervised Employees


---------------------------
7
• In contrast the count(*) will count each row
regardless of NULL values.

SELECT COUNT(*) "Number of Employees“


FROM employee;
Number of Employees
-------------------
8
Using the AVG Function
• AVG function is used to compute the average value for
the emp_salary column in the employee table.
• For example, the following query returns the average of
the employee salaries.

SELECT AVG(emp_salary) "Average Employee


Salary"
FROM employee;

Average Employee Salary


-----------------------

$35,500
More Examples
• What is the average salary offered to employees?
• This question asks you to incorporate the concept of
computing the average of the distinct salaries paid by the
organization.
• The same query with the DISTINCT keyword in the
aggregate function returns a different average.
SELECT AVG(DISTINCT emp_salary) "Average Employee
Salary"
FROM employee;

Average Employee Salary


-----------------------
$38,200
Using the SUM Function
• The SUM function can compute the total of a
specified table column.
• The SELECT statement shown here will return the
total of the emp_salary column from the employee
table.

SELECT SUM(emp_salary) "Total Salary"

FROM employee;

Total Salary
------------
$284,000
More Examples
• If management is preparing a budget for various
departments, you may be asked to write a query to
compute the total salary for different departments.
• The query shown here will compute the total
emp_salary for employees assigned to department
#7.
SELECT SUM(emp_salary) "Total Salary Dept 7"
FROM employee
WHERE emp_dpt_number = 7;

Total Salary Dept 7


-------------------
$136,000
MIN and MAX Functions
• The MIN function returns the lowest value stored in
a data column.
• The MAX function returns the largest value stored
in a data column.
• Unlike SUM and AVG, the MIN and MAX
functions work with both numeric and character data
columns.
Example
• A query that uses the MIN function to find the lowest value
stored in the emp_last_name column of the employee table.
• This is analogous to determine which employee's last name
comes first in the alphabet.
• Conversely, MAX() will return the employee row where last
name comes last (highest) in the alphabet.

SELECT MIN(emp_last_name), MAX(emp_last_name)


FROM employee;

MIN(EMP_LAST_NAME) MAX(EMP_LAST_NAME)
------------------------- -----------------------
Amin Zhu
Using GROUP BY with Aggregate Functions

• The power of aggregate functions is greater when


combined with the GROUP BY clause.
• In fact, the GROUP BY clause is rarely used without
an aggregate function.
• It is possible to use the GROUP BY clause without
aggregates, but such a construction has very limited
functionality, and could lead to a result table that is
confusing or misleading.

Bordoloi and Bock


Example
• The following query displays how many employees
work for each department?

SELECT emp_dpt_number "Department",


COUNT(*) "Department Count"
FROM employee
GROUP BY emp_dpt_number;

Department Department Count


---------- ----------------
1 1
3 3
7 4

Bordoloi and Bock

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