Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

Faculty of Civil and Water

Resource Engineering

Concrete Structures
Project
On
Equivalent Frame Method

Submitted to:
Temesgen W. (PhD)

Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

November 3, 2016
 Submitted By:
Anteneh Wondale
Getahun Gebeyehu
Mulat Worku
Muluken Amebereber

Group member Contributions

Each group have contributed equally for the completion of this project. To mention some specific

tasks by members:

 Anteneh Wondale: In modelling the frames and design of exterior columns with detailing

 Getahun Gebeyehu: Design of interior and exterior panel slabs with detailing

 Mulat Worku: computation of member properties and design of beam with detailing

 Muluken Amebereber: Load calculation and design of interior columns with detailing

I
Acknowledgement

We thank the almighty God for giving us courage and team sprit for successful completion of the

semester project work.

We also wish to express our sincere gratitude and appreciation to our instructor Temesgen

Wondimu (PhD) for his unlimited support and guidance during the project work. Last but not least

we would like to thank our beloved families for everything.

II
Contents
Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... II
Contents ........................................................................................................................................III
Chapter 1 .........................................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background ...................................................................................................................1
1.2. Materials .......................................................................................................................2
1.3. Design Methodology ....................................................................................................2
1.4. Frame System ...............................................................................................................2
Chapter 2 .........................................................................................................................................4
2. Interior Panel ........................................................................................................................4
2.1. Member Properties .......................................................................................................4
2.2. Load Calculation...........................................................................................................6
2.3. Analysis ........................................................................................................................6
2.4. Slab Design .................................................................................................................13
Chapter 3 .......................................................................................................................................17
3. Exterior Panel.....................................................................................................................17
3.1. Member Properties .....................................................................................................17
3.2. Load Calculation.........................................................................................................19
3.3. Analysis ......................................................................................................................20
3.4. Slab Design .................................................................................................................27
Chapter 4 .......................................................................................................................................32
4. Column Design ..................................................................................................................32
4.1. Interior Column ..........................................................................................................32
4.2. Exterior Column .........................................................................................................36
4.3. Design of Column for Shear .......................................................................................40
Chapter 5 .......................................................................................................................................41
5. Design of Spandrel Beam ..................................................................................................41
5.1. Design for Flexure ......................................................................................................41
5.2. Design for Shear .........................................................................................................42
Chapter 6 .......................................................................................................................................45

III
 6. Reinforcement Detailing ....................................................................................................45
Chapter Seven ...............................................................................................................................50
7. Conclusion .........................................................................................................................50
Reference ......................................................................................................................................51
Appendix .......................................................................................................................................52

IV
Chapter 1

1. Introduction

1.1. Background
This project covers the design of a five story office building using equivalent design method. Two

panels are chosen for the design; an interior panel in N-S direction and an exterior panel in N-S

direction, as shown in the figure below. Each panel is analyzed separately. Additionally design

for one interior and one exterior column is included in this project. The spandrel beam in N-S

direction is also designed.

The following design data have been provided.

 Unfactored gravity loads:

o Roof: LL = 1 kN/m2

o Floors: LL = 3kN/m2, DL = 2kN/m2 (partitions and ceiling)

 The slab thickness is 25 mm,

 Spandrel beams are 300 mm x 500 mm,

 Columns are 400 mm x 400 mm.

 Concrete C-25 and steel Fe = 400 MPa.

1
 Exterior Panel Interior Panel

Spandrel Beam

[email protected] = 36 m
PLAN

1.2. Materials
Concrete: Concrete used for this specific project is of grade C-25. The steel reinforcements are of
grade Fe-400.

1.3. Design Methodology

In this project, the analysis and design of the structure is based on ACI specifications. Analysis of

the frame is computed by Equivalent Frame Method specified in ACI-318.

For the analysis, ETABS was used. Besides EXCEL sheets were prepared and used for easy

computation of certain values.

1.4. Frame System

The frame used for modeling has the following format. The members of the frame are:

 Member 1: Column

 Member 2: Slab-Beam, between face of columns

 Member 3: Slab-Beam, from center of columns to face of columns.

 Member 4: Torsional members, exterior

2
  Member 4: Torsional members, interior

Each member has its own property. Furthermore, the property of the members is different for

exterior and interior panels. So, in the sections below each member’s property for both panels is

computed.

4 5 5 4
3 2 3 2 3 2 3
1 1 1 1
4 5 5 4
3 2 3 2 3 2 3
1 1 1 1
4 5 5 4

3 2 3 2 3 2 3
1 1 1 1
5 5 4
4
3 2 3 2 3
3 2 1
1 1 1
4 5 5
4
3 2 3 2 3 2 3
1 1 1
1

3@6m = 18 m

3
Chapter 2

2. Interior Panel

2.1. Member Properties

The interior panel has a slab section with panel width 7.2m. The frame for this panel has the

following properties.

2.1.1. Column

The moment of inertia of column is assumed to be infinite from top to bottom of the slab beam.

{ACI 318-2014, 8.11.4.1} The moment of inertia of columns at any section outside of the joint

(section 1) is based on column gross section.

𝐼1 = 2133.33 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4

2.1.2. Slab-Beam

Since there is no beam in the direction of the panel only the slab section is considered. So, the

moment of inertia of the slab beam at a section outside of the joint (section 2) is based on slab

gross section.

7200mm

250mm

𝐼2 = 9375 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4

The moment of inertia for part of the slab from center of column to the face of column (section 3)

𝐶 2 400 2
is increased by dividing by (1 − 𝑙 2 ) = (1 − 7200) = 0.892… {ACI 318-2014, 8.11.3.1}
2

9375 ∗ 106
𝐼3 = = 10510.01 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4
0.892

4
 2.1.3. Torsional Member

9𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐶
The stiffness of the torsional member can be computed using 𝐾𝑡 =  𝐶 3 {ACI 318-2014,
𝑙2 (1− 2 )
𝑙2

R8.11.5}

𝑥 𝑥3𝑦
Where, 𝐶 =  (1 − 0.63 𝑦) 3

The polar moment of inertia, J is computed as:

𝐿𝐾 𝐿𝐾∗2(1+)
𝐽= =
𝐺 𝐸

The torsional section is taken as shown in the figure below… {ACI 318-2014, 8.11.5.1}

Exterior Torsional Member Interior Torsional Member

(Section- 4) (Section- 5)
550mm

250mm
500mm 250mm

400mm
300mm

300 3003 ∗ 500 250 2503 ∗ 400

𝐶 = 1 − 0.63 𝐶 = 1 − 0.63
500 3 400 3
250 2503 ∗ 550 = 1263.02 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4
+ 1 − 0.63
550 3 9 ∗ 𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗ 1263.02 ∗ 106
= 4843.27 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4 𝐾𝑡 = 2 ∗
400 3
7200 (1 − 7200)
9 ∗ 𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗ 4843.27 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑡 = 2 ∗ = 3.75𝐸 ∗ 106
400 3
7200 (1 − 7200)
Take L=100mm
6
= 14.37𝐸 ∗ 10 100 ∗ 3.75𝐸 ∗ 106 ∗ 2(1 + 0.2)
𝐽=
Take L=100mm 𝐸
100 ∗ 14.37𝐸 ∗ 106 ∗ 2(1 + 0.2) 𝐽 = 900 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝐽=
𝐸
𝐽 = 3448.8 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4

5
 2.2. Load Calculation
2.2.1. Dead Load

The dead load is the sum of the imposed load and self-weight of the slab.

𝐷𝐿𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = (2 + 0.25 ∗ 25) ∗ 7.2 = 59.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐷𝐿𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = (0.25 ∗ 25) ∗ 7.2 = 45𝑘𝑁/𝑚

2.2.2. Live Load

𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 3 ∗ 7.2 = 21.6𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 1 ∗ 7.2 = 7.2𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Since the live load in both cases is less than 0.75DL the live load will be applied simultaneously

on all panels. {ACI 318-2014, 6.4.3.2}

2.2.3. Design Load

𝑃𝑑 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿… {ACI 318-2014, R8.11.5}

𝑃𝑑𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 1.2 ∗ 59.4 + 1.6 ∗ 21.6 = 105.84𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑃𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 1.2 ∗ 45 + 1.6 ∗ 7.2 = 65.52𝑘𝑁/𝑚

2.3. Analysis
2.3.1. Modeling

The frame was modelled and analyzed using the above section properties and loads in ETABS

2015. In order to modify the section properties, like moment of inertia and polar moment of inertia,

a general frame section was used when needed.

6
 Area J I22 I33
Name Material cm² cm⁴ cm⁴ cm⁴
1-Col C-25 1600 360533.3 213333.3 213333.3
2-SB C-25 18000 3667968.8 777600000 937500
3-SB C-25 18000 3803200 1620000 1051001
4-TE C-25 100000 344880 100000000 100000000
5-TI C-25 100000 90000 100000000 100000000

7
Dead Load

8
Live Load

9
 2.3.2. Analysis Results

The Frame analysis gives the following outputs

Bending Moment Diagram

10
Shear Force Diagram

11
Axial Force (Combination)

12
 Axial Force (Dead Load)

2.4. Slab Design

2.4.1. Distribution of Moments

For this particular project we chose the floor slab in fourth story for design.

ACI recommends that “critical section for negative moment shall be at the face of supports” {ACI

318-2014, 8.10.4.4}. Besides “negative moment shall be the greater of the two interior negative

moments calculated for spans framing into a common support” {ACI 318-2014, 8.10.4.5}.

Additionally, to design for the interior moments, each moment have to be divided to column and

13
middle strips. This is completed using the following factors… {ACI 318-2014, 8.10.5}Based on

this the following moments were taken as design moments for the interior panel.

3 3 1
1

2 4 2

Middle Strip 1.8m

Column Strip 3.6m

Middle Strip 1.8m

f1= 0… (No beam in direction of the panel)

f1l2/l1= 0
l2/l1= 7.2/6=1.2
𝑥 𝑥3𝑦
𝐶 =  (1 − 0.63 𝑦) … {ACI 318-2014, 8.10.5.2b}
3

250 2503 ∗ 7200

𝐶 = 1 − 0.63 = 36679.7 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4
7200 3
𝐸 𝐶
𝑡 = 2𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼 … {ACI 318-2014, 8.10.5.2a}
𝑐𝑠 𝑠

36679.7 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐𝑠

𝑡 = = 1.96 ≈ 2
2 ∗ 9375 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐𝑠
So, from the above values and Tables from ACI 318-2014, the factors for portions of moments in

column strip are given as follows:

 Interior negative moment: 0.75… {ACI 318-2014, Table 8.10.5.1}

 Exterior negative moment: 0.8… {ACI 318-2014, Table 8.10.5.2}

 Positive Moment: 0.6… {ACI 318-2014, Table 8.10.5.1}

14
That portion of negative and positive factored moments not resisted by column strips shall be

proportionately assigned to corresponding half middle strips. {ACI 318-2014, 8.10.6.1} Each

middle strip shall resist the sum of the moments assigned to its two half middle strips. {ACI 318-

2014, 8.10.6.2}

So, the moments in each column strip and middle strip at locations shown in the above figure are

tabulated as follows:

Column Column Half Middle Middle

Moment Moment
Strip Strip Strip Strip
Location (kN-m)
Factor Moment Moment Moment
1 -148.6 0.8 -118.88 -14.86 -29.72
2 221.57 0.6 132.942 44.314 88.628
3 -248.99 0.75 -186.7425 -31.12375 -62.2475
4 165.9 0.6 99.54 33.18 66.36

Since the spans have uniform sections, the middle strip moments (column-6) were calculated as

twice the half middle strip moments. For middle strips in between the exterior and interior panels,

the moment calculation is computed in the next part.

2.4.2. Reinforcement Design

The flexural reinforcement to resist the above moments was computed and tabulated as follows:

b
0.003 0.85fc’
C
c a=1c
d
h d-a/2

T
1=0.85… {ACI 318-2014, 22.2.2.4.3}

15
 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅
𝜌= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′

𝑀𝑢
𝑅=
𝛷𝑏𝑑 2

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑀𝑢
𝜌 = (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝛷𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐′

Minimum reinforcement for two way slabs is given as:

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0020…. {ACI 318-2014, Table 8.6.1.1}
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
Column Strip Reinforcement

Reinforcement
Moment h d b As Dia Spacing
(kN-m) (m) (mm) (mm) Φ ρ ρmin (mm )2 (mm) (mm)
118.88 250 225 3600 0.65 0.00251 0.00200 2032.14 10 130
132.942 250 225 3600 0.65 0.00281 0.00200 2272.51 10 120
186.7425 250 225 3600 0.65 0.00394 0.00200 3192.18 10 80
99.54 250 225 3600 0.65 0.00210 0.00200 1701.54 10 160

Middle Strip Reinforcement

Reinforcement
Moment h d b As Dia Spacing
(kN-m) (m) (mm) (mm) Φ ρ ρmin (mm2) (mm) (mm)
29.72 250 225 3600 0.65 0.00063 0.00200 1620.00 10 170
88.628 250 225 3600 0.65 0.00187 0.00200 1620.00 10 170
62.2475 250 225 3600 0.65 0.00131 0.00200 1620.00 10 170
66.36 250 225 3600 0.65 0.00140 0.00200 1620.00 10 170

16
Chapter 3

3. Exterior Panel

3.1. Member Properties

The exterior panel has a slab section with panel width 3.6+0.2=3.8m. The frame for this panel has

the following properties.

3.1.1. Column

The moment of inertia of column is assumed to be infinite from top to bottom of the slab beam.

{ACI 318-2014, 8.11.4.1} The moment of inertia of columns at any section outside of the joint

(section 1) is based on column gross section.

𝐼1 = 2133.33 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4

3.1.2. Slab-Beam

The following slab-beam section is considered.

3800mm

250mm
500mm

300mm
𝐼2 = 9683.05 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4

The moment of inertia for part of the slab from center of column to the face of column (section 3)

𝐶 2 400 2
is increased by dividing by (1 − 𝑙 2 ) = (1 − 7200) = 0.892… {ACI 318-2014, 8.11.3.1}
2

17
 9683.05 ∗ 106
𝐼3 = = 10855.44 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4
0.892

3.1.3. Torsional Member

9𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐶 𝐼𝑠𝑏
The stiffness of the torsional member can be computed using 𝐾𝑡 = [ 𝐶 3
] {ACI 318-
𝑙2 (1− 2 ) 𝐼𝑠
𝑙2

2014, R8.11.5 & 8.11.5.2}

𝑥 𝑥3𝑦
Where, 𝐶 =  (1 − 0.63 𝑦) 3

𝐼𝑠𝑏 9683.05 ∗ 106

= = 1.96
𝐼𝑠 4947.92 ∗ 106

The polar moment of inertia, J is computed as:

𝐿𝐾 𝐿𝐾∗2(1+)
𝐽= =
𝐺 𝐸

The torsional section is taken as shown in the figure below… {ACI 318-2014, 8.11.5.1}

18
 Exterior Torsional Member Interior Torsional Member
(Section- 4) (Section- 5)
550mm

250mm
500mm 250mm

400mm
300mm

300 3003 ∗ 500 250 2503 ∗ 400

𝐶 = 1 − 0.63 𝐶 = 1 − 0.63
500 3 400 3
250 2503 ∗ 550 = 1263.02 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4
+ 1 − 0.63
550 3 9 ∗ 𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗ 1263.02 ∗ 106
= 4843.27 ∗ 10 𝑚𝑚 6 4 𝐾𝑡 = ∗ 1.96
400 3
7200 (1 − 7200)
9 ∗ 𝐸𝑐𝑠 ∗ 4843.27 ∗ 106
𝐾𝑡 = ∗ 1.96 = 3.67𝐸 ∗ 106
400 3
7200 (1 − 7200)
Take L=100m
6
= 14.09𝐸 ∗ 10 100 ∗ 3.75𝐸 ∗ 106 ∗ 2(1 + 0.2)
𝐽=
Take L=100m 𝐸
100 ∗ 14.09𝐸 ∗ 106 ∗ 2(1 + 0.2) 𝐽 = 880.8 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝐽=
𝐸
𝐽 = 3381.6 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4

3.2. Load Calculation

3.2.1. Dead Load

The dead load is the sum of the imposed load and self-weight of the slab.

𝐷𝐿𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = (2 + 0.25 ∗ 25) ∗ 3.8 = 31.35𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐷𝐿𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = (0.25 ∗ 25) ∗ 3.8 = 23.75𝑘𝑁/𝑚

3.2.2. Live Load

𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 3 ∗ 3.8 = 11.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐿𝐿𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 1 ∗ 3.8 = 3.8𝑘𝑁/𝑚

19
Since the live load in both cases is less than 0.75DL the live load will be applied simultaneously

on all panels. {ACI 318-2014, 6.4.3.2}

3.2.3. Design Load

𝑃𝑑 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿… {ACI 318-2014, R8.11.5}

𝑃𝑑𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 1.2 ∗ 31.35 + 1.6 ∗ 11.4 = 55.86𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑃𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = 1.2 ∗ 23.75 + 1.6 ∗ 3.8 = 34.58𝑘𝑁/𝑚

3.3. Analysis
3.3.1. Modeling

The frame was modelled and analyzed using the above section properties and loads in ETABS

2015. In order to modify the section properties, like moment of inertia and polar moment of inertia,

a general frame section was used when needed.

20
 Area J I22 I33
Name Material cm² cm⁴ cm⁴ cm⁴
1-Col C-25 1600 360533.3 213333.3 213333.3
2-SB C-25 10250 2110888.1 135661026.4 968305.4
3-SB C-25 10250 2110888 135661026 1085544
4-TE C-25 100000 338160 100000000 100000000
5-TI C-25 100000 88080 100000000 100000000

21
Dead Load

22
Live Load

23
 3.3.2. Analysis Results

The Frame analysis gives the following outputs

Bending Moment Diagram

24
Shear Force Diagram

25
Axial Force (Combination)

26
 Axial Force (Dead Load)

3.4. Slab Design

3.4.1. Distribution of Moments

As stated above, for this particular project we chose the floor slab in fourth story for design.

ACI recommends that “critical section for negative moment shall be at the face of supports” {ACI

318-2014, 8.10.4.4}. Besides “negative moment shall be the greater of the two interior negative

moments calculated for spans framing into a common support” {ACI 318-2014, 8.10.4.5}.

Additionally, to design for the interior moments, each moment have to be divided to column and

27
middle strips. This is completed using the following factors… {ACI 318-2014, 8.10.5}Based on

this the following moments were taken as design moments for the interior panel.

3 3 1
1

2 4 2

Middle Strip 1.8m

Column Strip
2m

𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏
𝑓1 = ………… {ACI 318-2014, 8.10.2.7b}
𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠

3125.00 ∗ 106
𝑓1 = = 0.63
4947.92 ∗ 106
l2 7.2
𝑓1 = 0.63 = 0.76
l1 6
l2/l1= 7.2/6=1.2
𝑥 𝑥3𝑦
𝐶 =  (1 − 0.63 𝑦) … {ACI 318-2014, 8.10.5.2b}
3

300 3003 ∗ 500 250 2503 ∗ 3500

𝐶 = 1 − 0.63 + 1 − 0.63 = 20207.85 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚4
500 3 3500 3
𝐸 𝐶
𝑡 = 2𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼 … {ACI 318-2014, 8.10.5.2a}
𝑐𝑠 𝑠

20207.85 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐𝑏

𝑡 = = 2.05 ≈ 2
2 ∗ 4947.92 ∗ 106 𝐸𝑐𝑠
So, from the above values and Tables from ACI 318-2014, the factors for portions of moments in

column strip are given as follows:

 Interior negative moment: 0.70… {ACI 318-2014, Table 8.10.5.1}

 Exterior negative moment: 0.76… {ACI 318-2014, Table 8.10.5.2}

28
  Positive Moment: 0.67… {ACI 318-2014, Table 8.10.5.1}

That portion of negative and positive factored moments not resisted by column strips shall be

proportionately assigned to corresponding half middle strips. {ACI 318-2014, 8.10.6.1} Each

middle strip shall resist the sum of the moments assigned to its two half middle strips. {ACI 318-

2014, 8.10.6.2}

From the moment in column strip, the beam should resist some part of the moment. The factor for

portions of moments in column strip to be resisted by beam is: 0.65… {ACI 318-2014, Table

8.10.5.7.1}

So, the moments in each column strip and middle strip at locations shown in the above figure are

tabulated as follows:

Half Half Middle

Column Column Moment Strip Middle
Moment Moment Moment Moment Middle Moment
Strip Strip in Beam from Strip
Location (kN-m) in Beam in Slab Strip
Factor Moment Factor Interior Moment
Moment Panel

1 -77.24 0.76 -58.7024 0.65 -38.1566 -20.5458 -9.2688 -14.86 -24.1288

2 111.8 0.67 74.906 0.65 48.6889 26.2171 18.447 44.314 62.761
3 -131.02 0.7 -91.714 0.65 -59.6141 -32.0999 -19.653 -31.1238 -50.7768
4 87.95 0.67 58.9265 0.65 38.30223 20.62428 14.51175 33.18 47.69175

For middle strips in between the exterior and interior panels, the moment calculation is computed
by adding half middle strip moments from the exterior panel (column 8) with half middle strip
moments from the interior panel (column 9), which were computed in the previous part.

29
 3.4.2. Reinforcement Design

The flexural reinforcement to resist the above moments was computed and tabulated as follows:

b
0.003 0.85fc’
C
c a=1c
d
h d-a/2

T
1=0.85… {ACI 318-2014, 22.2.2.4.3}

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅
𝜌= (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′

𝑀𝑢
𝑅=
𝛷𝑏𝑑 2

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑀𝑢
𝜌 = (1 − √1 − )
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝛷𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐′

Minimum reinforcement for two way slabs is given as:

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0020…. {ACI 318-2014, Table 8.6.1.1}
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

Column Strip Reinforcement

Reinforcement
Moment h d b As Dia Spacing
(kN-m) (m) (mm) (mm) Φ ρ ρmin (mm2) (mm) (mm)
20.546 250 225 2000 0.65 0.00078 0.00200 900.00 10 170
26.217 250 225 2000 0.65 0.00100 0.00200 900.00 10 170
32.100 250 225 2000 0.65 0.00122 0.00200 900.00 10 170
20.624 250 225 2000 0.65 0.00078 0.00200 900.00 10 170

30
 Middle Strip Reinforcement

Reinforcement
Moment h d b As Dia Spacing
(kN-m) (m) (mm) (mm) Φ ρ ρmin (mm2) (mm) (mm)
24.1288 250 225 3600 0.65 0.00051 0.00200 1620.00 10 170
62.761 250 225 3600 0.65 0.00132 0.00200 1620.00 10 170
50.77675 250 225 3600 0.65 0.00107 0.00200 1620.00 10 170
47.69175 250 225 3600 0.65 0.00101 0.00200 1620.00 10 170

31
Chapter 4

4. Column Design

4.1. Interior Column

From the interior columns, a typical column having the following forces was selected for design.

Axial force due

Axial force Moment, M2 Moment, M3
to dead load

In the design of columns the following steps were followed and the calculated values are tabulated

below.

The effective length factor for a compression member (k) is recommended to be taken as 1…

{ACI 318-2014, R6.6.4.4.3}

The critical buckling load is calculated from:

32
 …. {ACI 318-2014, 6.6.4.4.2}

Where:

…. {ACI 318-2014, 6.6.4.4.4 (a)}

And 𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓𝑐′

dns is the ratio of maximum factored sustained axial load to maximum factored axial load. ….

{ACI 318-2014, 6.6.4.4.4}

To consider the effect of slenderness a magnified moment was used for design. The magnification

factor is calculated as:

…. {ACI 318-2014, 6.6.4.5.2}

…. {ACI 318-2014, 6.6.4.5.3 (a)}

Then the moment from first order analysis is amplified as:

…. {ACI 318-2014, 6.6.4.5.1}

But, M2 in the above equation shall be at least:

…. {ACI 318-2014, 6.6.4.5.4}

Taking the above equations the design values for the given column are presented in tabular form

as follows:

33
 Column Section Properties

Storey lu (mm) h (mm) b (mm) A (mm2) Ig (mm4) r (mm) EC (N/mm2)

5th 4500 400 400 160000 2133333333 115.470 23500
4th 3600 400 400 160000 2133333333 115.470 23500
3rd 3600 400 400 160000 2133333333 115.470 23500
2nd 3600 400 400 160000 2133333333 115.470 23500
1st 3600 450 450 202500 3417187500 129.904 23500

Loads

Storey Pu (kN) P,dl (kN) M1 (kNm) M2 (kNm) M2,min (kNm)

5th 404.098 279.495 -25.361 -32.789 10.911
4th 1055.109 644.034 -72.107 -81.553 28.488
3rd 1708.886 1010.604 -119.516 -129.164 46.140
2nd 2365.947 1379.094 -167.069 -176.565 63.881
1st 3032.365 1752.964 -217.716 -223.714 86.422

Slenderness

Storey k klu/r Slender?

5th 1 38.97 YES
4th 1 31.18 YES
3rd 1 31.18 YES
2nd 1 31.18 YES
1st 1 27.71 YES

Magnified Moment

Storey dns EI Pc (kN) Cm δns MC (kNm)

5th 0.692 1.185E+13 5777.645 0.909 1.003 32.884
4th 0.610 1.245E+13 9483.066 0.954 1.120 91.322
3rd 0.591 1.260E+13 9596.368 0.970 1.272 164.320
2nd 0.583 1.267E+13 9647.832 0.978 1.454 256.701
1st 0.578 2.035E+13 15501.049 0.989 1.338 299.410

34
N.B:

 Since the moment in 3-3 axis is negligible, the column is designed as uniaxial loaded
column.
 Since there is no available interaction chart in SI-units, we were forced to change the
design loads to US-units. In doing so we also assumed 4ksi grade concrete and 60ksi grade
steel.
 Assuming 50mm cover to center of reinforcement by each side:
400 − 2 ∗ 50
𝛾= = 0.75
400

N.B. Since the 400X400mm section was found not to be sufficient for the first story, we were

forced to revise the section to 450X450mm.

Reinforcement

Pu/Ag Pu/Ag Mu Mu/Agh Mu/Agh

Storey Pu (kN) ρ As Provide
(kPa) (ksi) (kNm) (kPa) (ksi)

5th 404.098 2525.614 0.37 32.884 513.818 0.075 0.010 1600.000 8 Φ 16mm
4th 1055.109 6594.430 0.96 91.322 1426.904 0.207 0.010 1600.000 8 Φ 16mm
3rd 1708.886 10680.538 1.55 164.320 2567.497 0.372 0.010 1600.000 8 Φ 16mm
2nd 2365.947 14787.166 2.14 256.701 4010.958 0.582 0.035 5600.000 12 Φ 25mm
1st 3032.365 14974.642 2.17 299.410 3285.707 0.477 0.040 8100.000 18 Φ 25mm

35
 4.2. Exterior Column
From the exterior columns, a typical corner column having the following forces was selected for

design.

Axial force due

Axial force Moment, M2 Moment, M3
to dead load

Taking the equations similar to the interior column design, the design values for the given column

are presented in tabular form as follows:

Column Section Properties

Storey lu (mm) h (mm) b (mm) A (mm2) Ig (mm4) r (mm) EC (N/mm2)

5th 4500 400 400 160000 2133333333 115.470 23500

4th 3600 400 400 160000 2133333333 115.470 23500

3rd 3600 400 400 160000 2133333333 115.470 23500

2nd 3600 400 400 160000 2133333333 115.470 23500

1st 3600 400 400 160000 2133333333 115.470 23500

36
 Loads

Storey Pu (kN) P,dl (kN) M1 (kNm) M2 (kNm) M2,min (kNm)

-18.670 -13.358 2.644
5th 97.938 66.227
-54.913 41.333 1.469
-43.983 -38.317 6.938
4th 256.971 155.915
-52.614 38.346 3.855
-69.117 -63.457 11.193
3rd 414.544 244.534
-49.436 36.943 6.218
-94.850 -88.502 15.399
2nd 570.348 332.118
-51.333 35.548 8.555
-117.346 -114.075 19.473
1st 721.212 416.862
-14.315 24.190 10.818

Slenderness

Storey k klu/r Slender?

5th 1 38.97 YES

4th 1 31.18 YES

3rd 1 31.18 YES

2nd 1 31.18 YES

1st 1 31.18 YES

37
 Magnified Moment

Storey dns EI Pc (kN) Cm δns MC (kNm)

1.159 1.186 15.837
5th 0.676 1.196E+13 5830.859
0.069 1.000 41.333
1.059 1.099 42.101
4th 0.607 1.248E+13 9504.636
0.051 1.000 38.346
1.036 1.099 69.733
3rd 0.590 1.261E+13 9605.394
0.065 1.000 36.943
1.029 1.117 98.828
2nd 0.582 1.267E+13 9651.400
0.022 1.000 35.548
1.011 1.123 128.113
1st 0.578 1.271E+13 9677.740
0.363 1.000 24.190

N.B:

 The column is designed as biaxial loaded column.

 Since there is no available interaction chart in SI-units, we were forced to change the
design loads to US-units. In doing so we also assumed 4ksi grade concrete and 60ksi grade
steel.
 Assuming 50mm cover to center of reinforcement by each side:
400 − 2 ∗ 50
𝛾= = 0.75
400

For biaxial moment loaded columns we used Equivalent Eccentricity Method to calculate the

equivalent uniaxial moment as follows:

If the column can be designed for Pu and . Where:

38
fy is in psi.. i.e. 400MPa= 58021psi

Equivalent uniaxial moment

Storey Pu/(fcAg) a ex ey ex/lx ey/ly eox Moy

5th 0.024 0.600 0.162 0.422 0.022 0.070 0.503 49.252

4th 0.064 0.600 0.164 0.149 0.023 0.025 0.231 59.397

3rd 0.104 0.600 0.168 0.089 0.023 0.015 0.232 96.333

2nd 0.143 0.630 0.173 0.062 0.024 0.010 0.220 125.696

1st 0.180 0.667 0.178 0.034 0.025 0.006 0.204 147.470

Reinforcement

Pu/Ag Pu/Ag Mu Mu/Agh Mu/Agh

Storey Pu(kN) ρ As Provide
(kPa) (ksi) (kNm) (kPa) (ksi)

5th 97.9379 612.1119 0.09 49.252 769.563 0.112 0.01 1600 8 Φ 16mm

6th 256.9705 1606.066 0.23 59.397 928.0719 0.135 0.01 1600 8 Φ 16mm

7th 414.5436 2590.898 0.38 96.333 1505.196 0.218 0.01 1600 8 Φ 16mm

8th 570.3476 3564.673 0.52 125.696 1964.005 0.285 0.01 1600 8 Φ 16mm

9th 721.212 4507.575 0.65 147.470 2304.223 0.334 0.01 1600 8 Φ 16mm

39
 4.3. Design of Column for Shear
Assume 10mm diameter bars

The spacing between stirrups is the minimum of:

 48*dia of stirrup = 480mm

 16*dia of bar = 250mm

 h = 400mm

So provide Φ10 c/c 250mm bars.

40
Chapter 5

5. Design of Spandrel Beam

5.1. Design for Flexure

The beam is expected to resist moment from the slab and moment due to loads on the beam and

dead load of the beam below the slab. {ACI 318-2014, 8.10.5.7.2} Since there is no load on the

beam provided, only self-weight of the beam and moment from the slab are considered. Dead load

of the beam below the slab is: 1.2*(0.25*0.3*25) = 2.25kN/m

3 3
1 1

2 4 2

Minimum reinforcement ratio is computed from:

√𝑓𝑐′ 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035

41
 Moment
Moment Total
Moment from
from Moment
Location Self
Slab (kNm)
Weight
1 0 -38.1566 -38.1566
2 6.48 48.6889 55.1689
3 -8.08 -59.6141 -67.6941
4 2.05 38.30223 40.35223

Reinforcement
Moment h d b As Dia
(kN-m) (m) (mm) (mm) Φ ρ ρmin (mm2) (mm) No.
38.15656 500 434 300 0.65 0.00260 0.00350 455.70 14 3
55.1689 500 434 300 0.65 0.00376 0.00350 488.91 14 4
67.6941 500 434 300 0.65 0.00461 0.00350 599.91 14 4
40.35223 500 434 300 0.65 0.00275 0.00350 455.70 14 3

5.2. Design for Shear

The beam is expected to resist shear from the slab and shear due to loads on the beam and dead

load of the beam below the slab. {ACI 318-2014, 8.10.8.2}

42
 1 2 3

From the above diagrams, the design shear is:

Vu=164.96+8.1=173.06kN

The concrete shear capacity is computed using:

ΦVc=0.75*108.5kN=81.38kN

The design shear in stirrups, Vs, is calculated from:

43
 173.06 − 81.35
𝑉𝑠 = = 122.28𝑘𝑁
0.75

The required stirrup reinforcement spacing is computed from:

2 ∗ 50 ∗ 400 ∗ 434
𝑆= = 141𝑚𝑚 ≈ 140𝑚𝑚
122.28 ∗ 1000

But the minimum shear reinforcement according to ACI is:

So

16𝐴𝑣 𝐹𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑣 𝐹𝑦𝑡

𝑆= ≤
√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 0.33𝑏𝑤

16 ∗ 2 ∗ 50 ∗ 400 2 ∗ 50 ∗ 400
𝑆= ≤
√25 ∗ 300 0.33 ∗ 300

𝑆 = 426.6𝑚𝑚 ≤ 404𝑚𝑚

And the maximum stirrup spacing is the minimum of d/2 =217mm or 600mm

So the 140mm spacing governs.

Provide Φ8 c/c 140mm bars.

44
Chapter 6

6. Reinforcement Detailing

The following figures show reinforcement details for slab, beam and column.

45
 46
1 2 3 4 5 6
1800 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 1800
D

6000
C

6000
B

6000
A 7200 7200 7200 7200 7200
Slab Reinforcement in N-S Direction
Column Reinforcement
+18.90 +18.90

400x400

400x400
3600

3600
3 3 3 3

+15.30 +15.30
400x400

400x400
3600

3600
3 3 3 3

+11.70 +11.70
400x400

400x400
3600

3600
3 3 3 3

+8.10 +8.10
400x400

400x400
3600

3600

2 2 3 3

+4.50 +4.50
450x450

450x450
4500

4500

1 1 3 3

+0.00 +0.00

INTERIOR COLUMN EXTERIOR COLUMN

47
 48
400
400
450

400 400
450
50
50
50

340
50
50

340
50
390

340 340
390
L= 880mm L= 780mm L= 780mm
Section 1-1 Section 2-2 Section 3-3
 49
Beam Reinforcement
Spandrel Beam On Axis 1 & 6 (500x300)
A B C D
6000 6000 6000
2200 1000 2000 2000 1000 2200
Chapter Seven

7. Conclusion

Equivalent frame method is a powerful method for slab analysis and design. This method is

applicable to a variety of conditions where the coefficient method cannot be applied. This method

is appropriate for flat slabs, for slabs with holes or discontinuities and for one or two way beam

supported slabs.

After completing this project we were able to discover a vast knowledge about the equivalent

frame method. We were able to compute middle and column strip slab moments and also moment

and shear transferred to the beams. We also develop a great understanding on design of reinforced

concrete structure parts: slab, beam and columns.

Overall, the project has been a successful means to advance our knowledge in reinforced concrete

structure design.

50
Reference

1. AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI), “Building Code Requirements for

Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14); Commentary on Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318R-14)”,2014
2. WIGHT, J. K.; MACGREGOR, J. G., “REINFORCED CONCRETE Mechanics
and Design”, 6th edition, 2012, Pearson Education, Inc.
3. MCCORMAC, J. C.; BROWN, R. H., “Design of Reinforced Concrete”, 6th edition,
2014, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

51
Appendix

Column Interaction Diagram for ACI 318

(From WIGHT & MACGREGOR)

52