5/21/2020

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 05

Development Length, Lap

Splices and Curtailment of
Reinforcement
By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
[email protected]

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Topics Addressed

 Development Length

 Development Length of Compression Reinforcement

 ACI provisions for Development of Tension Reinforcement

 ACI provisions for Development of Standard Hook in Tension

 Dimensions & Bends for Standard Hooks

 Various Scenarios where ldh must be satisfied

 Splices of Deformed Bars

 Curtailment of reinforcement

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Objectives

At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

 Explain importance of Development Length in concrete

members to avoid bond failure

 Outline location of curtailment of reinforcement

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 3

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 Consider a steel bar embedded in concrete block; If force P is

gradually increased, depending on the embedment length, either

 The bar will come out of the concrete block, or

 The steel will yield.

P
ℓ

P
ℓ

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 Development length (ℓd) is the minimum length of the bar to be

embedded in the concrete block so that the bar is yielded but not
pulled out of the concrete block due to bond failure.

 If the provided embedment length (ℓ) is less than the development

length (ℓd), the bar will be pulled out of the concrete block which is
termed as bond failure.

P
ℓ

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 5

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length

 There are two types of Bond Failure

1. Direct pullout of reinforcement: Direct pullout of reinforcement
occurs in members subjected to direct tension.

2. Splitting of concrete: In members subjected to tensile flexural

stresses, the reinforcement causes splitting of concrete as
shown.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length of Compression

Reinforcement

 In the case of bars in compression, a part of the total force is transferred by

bond along the embedded length, and a part is transferred by end bearing
of the bars on the concrete.

 As the surrounding concrete is relatively free of cracks and because of the

beneficial effect of end bearing, shorter basic development lengths are
permissible for compression bars than for tension bars.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 7

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development Length of Compression

Reinforcement

 In the next portion of the lecture we will discuss the development length
of tension reinforcement only because it is the governing criteria in most
of the cases in reinforced concrete structures.

 For more details refer to section 5.8 of Design of Concrete Structures

14th Ed. by Nilson, Darwin and Dolan.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Development of Tension
Reinforcement
 Tensile force (T), acting on bar (Ab) having yield strength fy , try to
pullout bar embedded in concrete member having bond strength (f b).

 Resistance (R), to force (T) , offered by skin friction around bar.

• R ≥𝑇

• Length * Circumference * fb ≥ 𝑓yAb

• ld* Лdb* fb ≥ 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑏
T
∗ Лdb2 ℓd
• ld* Лdb* α 𝑓𝑐′ ≥ 𝑓y 4

𝑓𝑦
• ld = ( ) 𝑑𝑏
4α 𝑓𝑐′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Provision for Development of

Tension Reinforcement
 Basic Equation (ACI 318-19, 25.4.2.4)
 For deformed bars or deformed wire, ld shall be:

3 𝑓𝑦 Ψ𝑡 Ψ𝑒 Ψ𝑠Ψ𝑔
ℓd = 𝑑𝑏
40 λ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
𝑑𝑏

 For practical construction the (cb + Ktr)/db is taken 1.5

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Provision for Development of

Tension Reinforcement

Ref: ACI 318-19

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 11

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Provision for Development of

Tension Reinforcement
 Basic Equation (ACI 318-19, 25.4.2.4)
When λ, Ψg, Ψt and Ψe values are taken equal to 1

 For No. 7 and larger bars, (Ψs = 1), the equation is reduced to

𝑓𝑦
ℓd (in)= 𝑑𝑏 (fy and fc′ are in Psi)
20 𝑓 𝑐 ′ (db is in inches)

 For No. 6 and smaller bars, (Ψs = 0.8), the equation is reduced to

𝑓𝑦
ℓd (in)= 𝑑𝑏
25 𝑓 𝑐 ′
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Provision for Development of

Tension Reinforcement
ℓd (inches) for grades 40 and 60; fc′ = 3 ksi
fy
ℓd = db (No. 7 bars and larger)
20 f ′
c
fy
ℓd = db (No. 6 bars and smaller)
25 fc′

Bar No Grade 40 Grade 60

#3 11′′ 17′′
#4 15′′ 22′′
#5 19′′ 28′′
#6 22′′ 33′′
#7 32′′ 48′′
#8 37′′ 55′′
#9 41′′ 62′′
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 13

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Provision for Development of

Standard hook in Tension

 If a hook is provided at the end of the embedded bar, the requirement

on the straight length portion of embedded bar is reduced. The
development length with hook (ldh) is given as follows

𝑓𝑦𝑑𝑏
ℓdh =
65 λ 𝑓𝑐′ ℓdh
P

( ACI 318-19, 18.8.5.1)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Provision for Development of

Standard hook in Tension

ℓdh (inches) for grades 40 and 60; fc′ = 3 ksi λ = 1)

ℓdh = fy db / (65 λ √fc′)

Bar No Grade 40 Grade 60

#3 5′′ 7′′
#4 6′′ 9′′
#5 7′′ 11′′
#6 9′′ 13′′
#7 10′′ 15′′
#8 12′′ 17′′
#9 13′′ 19′′

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Provision for Development of

Standard hook in Tension
Class Activity:

Comparison between ℓd and ℓdh (fc′ = 3 ksi)

Bar No Grade 40 Grade 60

ℓd ℓdh ℓd ℓdh
#3 11′′ 5′′ 17′′ 7′′
#4 15′′ 6′′ 22′′ 9′′
#5 19′′ 7′′ 28′′ 11′′
#6 22′′ 9′′ 33′′ 13′′
#7 32′′ 10′′ 48′′ 15′′
#8 37′′ 12′′ 55′′ 17′′
#9 41′′ 13′′ 62′′ 19′′

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Dimensions and bends for standard

hooks
 Standard bends in reinforcing bars are described in terms of the inside
diameter of bend since this is easier to measure than the radius of bend.

Ref: ACI 318-19

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Various scenarios where ldh must be

satisfied
 Beam Column Joint

Development of beam
reinforcement in column
shall be > ldh

Development of column
reinforcement in beam
shall be > ldh

Column
Beam

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Various scenarios where ldh must be

satisfied
 Development of column reinforcement in foundation

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed Bars

 Introduction
 Splice means “to join”.

 In general, reinforcing bars are stocked by supplier in lengths upto

60′. For this reason, and because it is often more convenient to
work with shorter bar lengths, it is frequently necessary to splice
bars.

 Splices in the reinforcement at points of maximum stress should be

avoided.

 Splices should be staggered.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed Bars

 Types
 Bar splicing can be done in three ways:

 Lap Splice

 Mechanical Splice

 Welded Splice

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 21

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed Bars

 Lap Splice

 Splices for #11 bars and smaller are usually made simply lapping
the bars by a sufficient distance to transfer stress by bond from
one bar to the other.

 The lapped bars are usually placed in contact and lightly wired so
that they stay in position as the concrete is placed.

 According to ACI 25.5.1.3, bars spliced by noncontact lap splices

in flexural members shall not be spaced transversely farther apart
than one-fifth the required lap splice length, nor 6 inches.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed Bars

 Lap Splice
 According to ACI 25.5.2.1, minimum length of lap for tension lap
splices shall be as required for Class A or B splice, but not less
than 12 inches, where:

 Class A splice ................................................... 1.0ld

 Class B splice ................................................... 1.3ld

 Where ld as per ACI 25.4 (discussed earlier).

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed Bars

 Lap Splice
 Lap splices in general must be class B splices according to ACI
25.5.2.1, except that class A splice is allowed when the area of the
reinforcement provided is at least twice that required by analysis
over the entire length of the splice and when ½ or less of the total
reinforcement is spliced within the required lap length.

 The effect of these requirements is to encourage designers to

locate splices away from regions of maximum stress to a location
where the actual steel area is at least twice that required by
analysis and to stagger splices.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed Bars

 Lap Splice
 According to ACI 25.5.5.2, compression lap splices shall not be
used for bars larger than #11 (Because of lack of adequate
experimental data on lap splices of No. 14 and No. 18 bars).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 25

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed Bars

 Mechanical Splice
 In this method of splicing, the bars in direct
contact are mechanically connected through
sleeves or other similar devices.

 According to ACI 25.5.7.1, a full mechanical

splice shall develop in tension or compression,
as required, at least 125 percent of specified
yield strength fy of the bar.

 This ensures that the overloaded spliced bar

would fail by ductile yielding in the region away
from the splice, rather than at the splice where
brittle failure is likely.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed Bars

 Welded Splice
 Splicing may be accomplished by welding in which bars in direct
contact are welded so that the stresses are transferred by weld
rather than bond.

 According to ACI 25.5.7.1, a full welded splice shall develop at

least 125 percent of the specified yield strength fy of the bar.

 This is for the same reason as discussed for mechanical splices.

 For more details refer to section 5.13 of Design of Concrete

Structures 14th Ed. by Nilson, Darwin and Dolan.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 27

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Splices of Deformed Bars

 Lap splice location

 The splicing should be avoided in the critical locations, such as at
the maximum bending moment locations and at the shear critical
locations.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Curtailment of reinforcement
 It is common practice to cut off bars where they are no longer needed to resist
stress. In the case of simply supported beams, figure shows cut off locations for
various percentages of reinforcement curtailment.

a b

a b

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE:320 Reinforced Concrete Design-I 29

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Curtailment of reinforcement

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Curtailment of reinforcement
 For nearly equal spans, uniformly loaded, in which not more than about one-half the tensile steel
is to be cut off, the locations shown in fig. are satisfactory.

 Note, in Fig. that the beam at the exterior support at the left is shown to be simply supported. If
the beam is monolithic with exterior columns or with a concrete wall at that end, details for a
typical interior span could be used for the end span as well.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Curtailment of reinforcement

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Curtailment of reinforcement

 For more details refer to section 5.10 of Design of Concrete Structures

14th Ed. by Nilson, Darwin and Dolan.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Design of Concrete Structures 14th Ed. by Nilson, Darwin and

Dolan.

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-

19)

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