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JSS INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL  

P.O.Box: 37232, JVC, Dubai – U.A.E
 

 
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms. / Mst. ……Mohammed Aashir…… has

satisfactorily completed the project in
……………Geography………………... prescribed by the ICSE
BOARD- Grade X of this institution in the year 2020-21.

Signature of Teacher in – charge Head of the Department

Date ……26-08-20…………

Name of the Candidate:

……Mohammed Aashir……………………..

Register Number:
…………………………………………………………………….  
 
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 Acknowledgement 

Presentation, inspiration and motivation have always played a role in the success of
any venture

I express my sincere thanks to Ms Lata Nakhra, Principal of this lovely school

I also pay my deep sense of gratitude to my history teacher and head of the
department, Pranati ma’am who has helped me ascend to the highest of peaks and
whose guidance has enabled me to complete this project

And lastly, I would like to thank my parents whose inspiration is indispensable to

my character

 
 

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 Index 

S. no  Pg. no 

Topic 
1. What is Industrialization? 6
2. What are the modes of Industrialization? 6
3. How to achieve Industrialization? 10
4. Need for industrialization 12
5. Types of Industrialization 16
5.1 Traditional Industrialization 19
5.2 Non-traditional Industrialization 21
6. Impact of slowing industrialization 24
7. Conclusion 26
8. Bibliography 26

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Images of Industrial parts of Chicago

​Early industrialization that had taken place in Europe

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What is Industrialisation? 
Definition:- 
Industrialization is the process by which an economy is transformed from primarily
agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods. Individual manual labour
is often replaced by mechanized mass production, and craftsmen are replaced by
assembly lines.

Characteristics of industrialization include economic growth,  

➔ more efficient division of labour,

➔ the use of technological innovation to solve problems as opposed to
dependency on conditions outside human control.

Modes of Industrialisation :- 

Different strategies and methods of industrialization have been followed at
different times and places with varying degrees of success.

1. Early Industrialization:- 

The industrial revolution in Europe and the united states took place under
protectionist policies that fostered early rapid growth followed with a
free-market approach that opened up to foreign markets and goods

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Women in post-WW2 japan manufacturing a transistor

Communist propaganda explaining the evils of capitalism

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2. Post World War 2:- 

Import Substitution 

Import substitution was a method of industrialization mainly

followed by African countries wherein they made use of protectionist
policies to develop local industries and protect it from competitively
priced foreign goods by levying huge taxes on them. Eg- Ghana, India
(until 1990)

Export-led Growth 

Countries in Asia and parts of eastern Europe generally pursued

an export-led growth wherein they emphasized on foreign trade which
relied on the cheap nature of their currency with regards to the
currency they are exporting to. Eg- China’s exports to the USA

3. Socialism:- 

Socialist nations in the 20th century often initiated centrally planned

programmes independent of foreign industries which aimed to
develop local industries by directing the nation’s resources to
particular sectors through a general period of five years. Eg- The great
leap forward, India’s white revolution

8
  
 
Education which is one of the fundamentals of industrialization

 
Development of ICT

 
 
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How to achieve Industrialization 

➔ Development in Education 

◆ Education is the most important pillar in the industrialization of any

nation

◆ Through education, we can have more talented youth who will be

knowledgeable enough to both setup and work in various fields of
industry

➔ Development in Information and communication technology sector 

◆ Development in ICT industries will enable the advancement of other

fields of Industry due to its relationship with automation, ai and
organisational data exchange

➔ Establishment of more industry 

◆ The most straightforward method of Industrialization is the setting up

of new industries and markets

➔ Political stability 

◆ Political stability ensures that the government and its policies remain
the same year after year

◆ This enables companies to make long term decisions and industrialize

based on current policies

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Creation of jobs

Reducing dependency on imports

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Need for Industrialization in India 

➔ Reducing dependency on Imports 

◆ Industrially advanced countries are able to export more and earn large
foreign exchange. The income elasticity of industrial goods is very
high than that of the primary goods. Hence, exports can be promoted
to earn adequate foreign exchange by producing advanced industrial
goods.
➔ Conservative approach to the use of economic resources 
◆ Agriculture often only uses grain and seeds to grow the plants and
pesticides to fertilise it
◆ Industrialization and various industries will enable us to use all our
economic resources such as precious stones, energy reserves and rare
flora in a more efficient manner
➔ Creation of jobs 
◆ With the rise of automation in industries such as agriculture, millions
of rural workers are losing their jobs year on year
◆ With the help of industrialization, new jobs can be created which can,
in turn, improve the living conditions of the population
➔ Capital Formation 
◆ Expanding employment opportunities, income generation through
rapid industrialisation will also lead to increased saving and capital
formation in the economy. This will help to diversify and expand the
industrial base further through higher investment.

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agriculture

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 ➔ Progression of the ICT sectors 
◆ The industrial sector will also promote technological progress through
its course of development and expansion. The technological
advancements and their dynamic contents provide the required
elements to strengthen the economy as a whole.
➔ Improvement in the Agricultural sectors of the country 
◆ India is an agro-based economy. About 67% of the total working force
is engaged in agriculture. However, Indian agriculture is still
following the primitive method of cultivation, therefore, the
productivity is very low. After the introduction of New Agricultural
Policy, use of scientific tools and equipment like tractors, pump sets,
chemical fertilizers, insecticides and harvesters have increased a lot in
the agricultural land. All these products are the outcome of industries.
Hence there is an urgent need to develop the industrial sector in India
➔ Increasing tax revenue of the country 
◆ Recent reports suggest that only 1.5 crore people have filed income
tax in India, a figure which can only be expected to grow with
industrialization and the creation of jobs
◆ This additional income can be used up by the country in fields such as
education and social welfare projects

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Indian economy

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The latest trends of 
Industrialization in India 

Although the Indian economy had been on an upward trajectory in terms of

industrialization from the early reign of prime minister Man Mohan Singh to the
end of the first term of prime minister Narendra Modi. the second term has left a
lot to be desired both in terms of economic growth and industrialisation.

The second term of Narendra Modi had been characterised by growing

unemployment and slowing economic growth caused by mismanagement on part
of the economic minister Nirmala Prasad, the effects of which have been
compounded by the onset of the COVID 19 pandemic.

In this section of the project, we will be looking at the latest trends in the various
industries of the Indian economy detailing the state before and after the onset of the
Coronavirus Pandemic, and its impact on the Indian economy

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Types of Industrialization 
Traditional Industrialization 
Refers to industrialization in the traditional industries of the Indian
economy, these include further improvement in the fields of ​ Iron and Steel,
Textiles, Jute, Sugar, Cement, and Paper.

Non-traditional Industrialization 
Refers to industrialization in the non-traditional industries of the Indian
economy like ICT, automation, nuclear technology and pharmaceuticals

**Note: This project has taken only 3 industries from the traditional and non-traditional industries 
due to the word limit that was imposed 

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Steel industry in India

Cement industry in India 

  

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Traditional Industries 

Iron and steel industry 

The iron and steel industry is among the most important industries in India and
from 2014 to 2016 resulted in India becoming the world’s largest producer of raw
steel. However, the economic slowdown has resulted in India falling behind China
on the iron ore producing just 82.68 million tons of total finished steel and 9.7
million tons of raw iron. The slowdown was further amplified by the COVID 19
pandemic causing the shutdown of all factories on part of reliance and tata.

Cement industry 
Although the cement industry has been hard hit by the pandemic through the
closure of factories on part of Larsen and Toubro, Bharat Forge, UltraTech
Cement, Grasim Industries, the future for this industry is much brighter as seen by
the possibility of expansion into the northeastern states. The eastern states of India
are likely to be the newer and virgin markets for cement companies and could
contribute to their bottom line in future. In the next 10 years, India could become
the main exporter of clinker and grey cement to the Middle East, Africa, and other
developing nations of the world.

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Textile industry in India

ICT industry in India

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Textile Industry 
India’s textiles industry contributed seven per cent of the industry output (in value
terms) in FY19. It contributed two per cent to the GDP of India and employed
more than 45 million people in FY19. The sector contributed 15 per cent to India’s
export earnings in FY19. The textiles industry has around 4.5 crore employed
workers including 35.22 lakh handloom workers across the country. The domestic
textiles and apparel market stood at an estimated US$ 100 billion in FY19.
Although this market will continue to grow, there is predicted to be a large
reduction in jobs due to further automation in the nation.

Non-Traditional Industries 
ICT 
IT & BPM industry’s revenue was estimated at around US$ 191 billion in FY20,
growing at 7.7 per cent y-o-y making it one of the few industries which have not
been as affected by the slowdown in the economy. It is estimated to reach US$ 350
billion by 2025. India is the topmost offshoring destination for IT companies
across the world. Having proven its capabilities in delivering both on-shore and
off-shore services to global clients, emerging technologies now offer an entire new
gamut of opportunities for top IT firms in India. The IT industry is expected to
grow to US$ 350 billion by 2025 and BPM is expected to account for US$ 50-55
billion of the total revenue.

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22
Automobile Industry 
The automobile industry has been a downward curve since the inception of Q2 of
2019. Domestic automobiles production increased at 2.36 per cent CAGR between
FY16-20 with 26.36 million vehicles being manufactured in the country in FY20.
Overall, domestic automobiles sales increased at 1.29 per cent CAGR between
FY16-FY20 with 21.55 million vehicles being sold in FY20. this rate is extremely
low in relation to the economic growth incurred during the same period. Future
projections, however, paint a different image with analysts predicting the
automotive industry to grow at a rate of 9% over the coming years.

Aviation Industry 
The civil aviation industry in India has emerged as one of the fastest-growing
industries in the country during the last three years. India has become the
third-largest domestic aviation market in the world and is expected to overtake the
UK to become the third-largest air passenger* market by 2024. However, the
recent failure of one of India’s largest aviation company, Jet airways along with the
recent failure to privatise air India reveals that there is still a long way to go for this
industry.

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Impact of Slowing 
industrialization in the country 

➔ Disruption of supply chains 

◆ Entrepreneurs often make decisions up to 5 years in advance to plan
out the distribution of goods and services. Slowing industrialization
means that there are a growing number of uncompleted projects which
in turn disrupt the pre-existing supply chains
◆ 5G a new iteration of cellular data was planned to be released into the
Indian market by tycoon Mukesh Ambani by the end of 2020 or early
2021, was disrupted and forced to release at a later age due to
disruptions in the building of 5G tower factories
➔ Forcing out of Migrant workers 
◆ Many people migrate from rural villages to cities in the hopes of
finding jobs and unemployment, slowing industrialization has meant
not only the lack of new jobs but also the destruction of existing ones

◆ Large numbers of migrant workers ended up walking back to their

villages and the Railways transported 48,00,000 migrants back to their
homes in the special trains allocated for them between 1 and 27 May
resulting in massive shortages of funds and thus food

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➔ Slowing economic growth 

◆ A lack of Industrialization has a direct correlation with the economic

growth of the country. A lack of useful policies by the government has
meant that the rate of economic growth had fallen to 5.3% as per
Moody’s estimates

◆ This lack of economic growth was further compounded by the onset

of the COVID 19 pandemic further cutting down economic growth to
an abysmal 2%

➔ Reduction in tax income 

◆ Inflation and salaries are normally two constants that often increase at
the same time. However, due to slowing levels of industrialization,
there will be reduced salaries as a result of higher inflation resulting in
not only lower income for the people but also lower taxable income
for the government

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Conclusion 

We can thus conclude by saying that industrialization lays the backbone for
any modern economy and its importance cannot be undermined. Although the rate
of Industrialization and economic growth in India has fallen in recent years which
have had a severe impact on the economy, there is no doubt that the economy will
rebound after the end of the pandemic and financial crisis which can be done
through smarter policies on part of the government

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