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    Allen Sia
    Physical quantities can be classified as either scalar or vector quantities. Scalar quantities have only magnitude, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. Forces are commonly represented as vectors using diagrams with arrows. The resultant vector is the sum of all concurrent vectors acting on a system. Equilibrium occurs when the net force on an object is zero, so the forces balance each other out. This experiment uses a force table setup to determine the resultant and equilibrant vectors of different force systems through both graphical and analytical vector resolution methods. The analytical method is found to be more precise than the graphical method.

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    Exer 1

    Uploaded by

    Allen Sia
    28 views7 pages
    Physical quantities can be classified as either scalar or vector quantities. Scalar quantities have only magnitude, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. Forces are commonly represented as vectors using diagrams with arrows. The resultant vector is the sum of all concurrent vectors acting on a system. Equilibrium occurs when the net force on an object is zero, so the forces balance each other out. This experiment uses a force table setup to determine the resultant and equilibrant vectors of different force systems through both graphical and analytical vector resolution methods. The analytical method is found to be more precise than the graphical method.

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    Physical quantities can be classified as either scalar or vector quantities. Scalar quantities have only magnitude, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. Forces are commonly represented as vectors using diagrams with arrows. The resultant vector is the sum of all concurrent vectors acting on a system. Equilibrium occurs when the net force on an object is zero, so the forces balance each other out. This experiment uses a force table setup to determine the resultant and equilibrant vectors of different force systems through both graphical and analytical vector resolution methods. The analytical method is found to be more precise than the graphical method.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    28 views7 pages

    Exer 1

    Uploaded by

    Allen Sia
    Physical quantities can be classified as either scalar or vector quantities. Scalar quantities have only magnitude, while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. Forces are commonly represented as vectors using diagrams with arrows. The resultant vector is the sum of all concurrent vectors acting on a system. Equilibrium occurs when the net force on an object is zero, so the forces balance each other out. This experiment uses a force table setup to determine the resultant and equilibrant vectors of different force systems through both graphical and analytical vector resolution methods. The analytical method is found to be more precise than the graphical method.

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    ANALYSIS

    Physical quantities can be classified into two categories: scalar quantities


    and vector quantities. Scalars are physical quantities described by a magnitude
    only. Examples of scalar quantities are time, volume, speed, temperature, mass,
    and electric current. Vectors on the other hand are physical quantities described by
    both a magnitude and a direction. Examples of vector quantities are displacement,
    weight, velocity, increase or decrease in temperature, and force. Force is the most
    common vector quantity. Since it has a direction, it is represented through
    diagrams wherein arrows symbolize the force itself. The size of the arrow
    represents the magnitude while the arrowhead represents the direction into which
    the force is acting upon. In adding all the vectors, a single vector is formed which
    is known as the resultant vector. A resultant vector is the sum of two or more
    concurrent vectors acting at the same time. The vector which balances two or more
    concurrent vectors is known as the equilibrant. The forces of an equilibrant are
    equal but opposite each other therefore bringing an object into a state of balance or
    equilibrium.

    Equilibrium is the condition of a system wherein its state of motion and its
    internal energy do not change in time. An object in the state of equilibrium is either
    at rest or staying at rest or in motion and continuing in motion with the same speed
    and direction. Static equilibrium is equilibrium staying at rest. The first condition
    of equilibrium states that the net force acting on a body must be equal to zero. This
    can be written as: ∑ F = F1 + F2+ F3 + F4 … = 0

    In this experiment, we were given a force table, four super pulleys with
    clamp, four mass hangers, a set of slotted mass, and a protractor to perform this
    experiment. With these materials, we should be able to analyze the components of
    force, determine the resultant and equilibrant of the system of forces by using the
    Graphical and Analytical methods. Before starting the experiment, we were told
    that the pulleys were allowed to have a maximum of 200 grams. We were also
    informed that there was already a mass of approximately 5 grams in each pulley.
    The objective of the experiment was to balance all the forces until the ring is at the
    center. We were given a set of procedures to follow and use as our guide to this
    experiment.

    This experiment requires the students to have two trials but with the same
    procedure. We were given the values of F 1, F2, F3, ϴ1, ϴ2, ϴ3 in both trials and we
    were asked to determine the values of F4, ϴ4 in trial 1 and trial 2. Using the force
    table, we attached a mass hanger at the end of each string that passes over a pulley.
    We adjusted the angle of the strings and added mass to each hanger until the ring is
    at the center by trial and error. Once it is located at the center, we pulled the ring
    slightly to make sure if it is correctly placed in the center. Since it is hard for us to
    place an exact amount of mass on the hanger, we added some objects so that we
    could position the circle at the center.

    The following are the given values for this experiment:

    TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

    F1 50 g ϴ1 20 º F1 100 g ϴ1 0º
    F2 35 g ϴ2 75 º F2 30 g ϴ2 60 º
    F3 60 g ϴ3 330 º F3 30 g ϴ3 300 º

    In trial 1, we adjusted each string onto the 20º, 75º, and 330º angles. Since
    the hangers already contain approximately 5 grams each, we only added 45 grams,
    30 grams, and 55 grams of slotted mass to their respective hangers. The next step
    was to adjust the fourth string to an angle where the circle will be at the center of
    the force table while adding mass to its hanger. We adjusted the string to the 193º
    angle, loaded the hanger with 105 grams of slotted mass, and added a ponytail
    which weighed 1.7 grams. The total mass of F4 was 111.7 grams with an angle of
    193º.

    In trial 2, we adjusted each string onto the 0º, 60º, and 300º angles. There
    was already an approximate amount of 5 grams in each hanger so we just added 95
    grams, 25 grams, and another 25 grams to their respective hangers. The fourth
    string was adjusted to an angle of 181º. We loaded the hanger with 125 grams of
    slotted mass and added the base of a ball pen without the cover and the ink with a
    mass of 5.4 grams. All in all, the total mass of F4 was 130.4 grams with an angle of
    181º.

    Experimental Setup for Trial 2


    Vector resolution is the process wherein vectors are broken down into two or
    more components. It may be done through the graphical or analytical methods. In
    this experiment, the two trials were tested through the graphical method and
    analytical method. The graphical method is done by plotting and drawing vectors
    and directly measuring the resultant vector from the given vectors. It may either be
    the polygon method or the parallelogram method. The polygon method is also
    known and the “head-to-tail method” since the vectors are drawn from the head of
    one vector to the end point of the other vector. The resultant vector is drawn from
    the origin up to the last vector. The parallelogram method is drawing vectors from
    the same origin. It is called ‘parallelogram method’ because a parallelogram is
    projected by extending lines from the tip of the vectors thus forming a
    parallelogram. The analytical method on the other hand does not involve scale
    drawings. This method is said to be more accurate and precise than the graphical
    method. It involves computations through the use of geometry and trigonometry.
    There are two types of analytical method: sine and cosine laws and component
    method. The sine and cosine laws are only used if there are two given vectors. The
    component method may be used when there are several vectors given. The vectors
    are divided into two components, the x-component and the y-component. A right
    triangle is formed by a single vector thus the Pythagorean Theorem is being used
    to solve for the resultant vector. The angle of the resultant vector is computed by
    Ry Rx
    tan ϴ = | Rx | in the horizontal axis while tan ϴ = | Ry | in the vertical axis.

    Using the graphical method in trial 1, F 4 obtained a vector of 110 grams and
    ϴ4 of 191º. The percentage error of the mass was computed to be 1.52% while the
    percentage error of the angle was 1.04%.
    Using the analytical method in trial 1, F 4 got a vector of 110.01 grams and
    ϴ4 of 190.9562º. The percentage error of the mass was computed to be 1.51% and
    the percentage error of the angle was 1.06%.

    Based on the data gathered in trial 1, there was only a slight difference in the
    measurement of F4, ϴ4 in both methods but it still yielded closely to the actual
    values of F4, ϴ4. The percentage error of the two methods proves that the values are
    near to the actual value of 111.7 grams with an angle of 193º.

    Using the graphical method in trial 2, F 4 acquired a vector of 130 grams and
    ϴ4 of 180º. The percentage error of the mass was calculated to be 0.31% while the
    percentage error of the angle was 0.55%.

    Using the analytical method in trial 2, F4 got a vector of 130 grams and ϴ4 of
    180º. The percentage error of the mass was calculated to be 0.31% while the
    percentage error of the angle was 0.55%.

    Based on the data gathered in trial 2, both vectors obtained from the two
    methods have the exactly the same measurements. Compared to trial 1, the
    percentage error of both methods proves that is it is closer to the actual value
    which is 130.4 grams with an angle of 181º.

    From the given data, we can say that in both trials, the ring was not
    completely in the state of equilibrium based from the percentage errors. It was
    somehow on the center but not exactly at the center. The ring might be influenced
    by other factors in the surrounding that is why it was somehow seen to be at the
    center. An example of these factors is the uneven platform for the force table
    which is the table in the laboratory. Another factor might be the pulling of the
    strings that might cause the movement of the ring to a particular direction.
    The resultant vector or F4, ϴ4 is believed to be dependent on all the other
    vectors. To have a more accurate and precise answer, the other angles must be
    correctly placed and the loaded mass must also be estimated fittingly. Without the
    proper placement of F1, F2, F3, ϴ1, ϴ2, and ϴ3, the vector of F4 and ϴ4 will not be
    correctly positioned thus providing us with a vague answer.
    CONCLUSION

    Physical quantities may be scalar or vector quantities. The difference


    between the two quantities is that scalars are defined by a magnitude only while
    vectors are defined by both a magnitude and a direction. A resultant vector is the
    sum of all the vectors. Two vectors with the same force but opposite each other
    yielding to a state of balance is called the equilibrant vector. According to the first
    condition of equilibrium, if the sum of all forces acting upon a system is zero then
    it is in a state of equilibrium. The resultant force of concurrent forces may be
    determined though experimentation or vector resolution. Experimentation is done
    by using a force table, pulleys, hangers, and slotted mass. This process includes
    estimation of the angles and masses thus making it more time consuming and
    harder to do compared to vector resolution. Vector resolution may be done in the
    form of the graphical method or the analytical method. The graphical method
    involves drawing vectors while the analytical method is more on computations. In
    producing the resultant vector, the graphical method gives vague answers because
    plotting and drawing can somehow mislead the person doing it. However, the
    analytical method is more accurate and precise in giving the resultant force since it
    is a direct computation of the vectors. In this method, mathematics is being used to
    determine the force and angles of the resultant vector. It may be solved through the
    sine and cosine laws or the component method which involves the Pythagorean
    Theorem. In this experiment, I therefore conclude that the component method is
    more reliable compared to the other methods. It can give an exact measurement of
    the resultant vector and it is easier to use.

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