GEC 14 Course:

Mathematics in the Modern World Name:

First Semester 2018 – 2019
Handout 01
Problem Solving
Date:
Instructor: Jayson A. Lucilo

c
This handout contains 6 pages (including this cover page). Check to see if any of the pages is
missing.

1.1
Sampling Techniques

(d) Cluster Sampling

2. Non-probability Sampling

(a) Convenience Sampling

(b) Quota Sampling
(c) Purposive Sampling

Probability Sampling
Problem Solving

Sampling Techniques Once you are done with computing the sample size, the next concern now
is how to select the samples from the population.
Types of Sampling Techniques

1. Probability Sampling

(a) Simple Random Sampling

(b) Systematic Sampling
(c) Stratified Sampling

Sampling Techniques Probability Sampling

Samples are chosen in such a way that each member of the population has a known though not
necessarily equal chance of being included in the samples.
Probability sampling has two distict advantages.

1. It avoids biases that might arise if samples were selected on the whims of the researcher.

2. It provides the basis for calculating the margin of error.

Simple Random Sampling

GEC 14 Handout 01 - Page 2 of 6 First Semester 2018 – 2019

Samples are chosen at random with members of the population having a known or sometimes equal
probability or chance of being included in the samples.

1. Lottery: This needs a complete listing of the members of the population. You write the
names or codes on the piece of papers or cards, place them in a large container, then randomly
draw the desired number of samples. The process is relatively easy for small populations but
relatively complicated and time-consuming for large populations.

2. Generation of Random Numbers or Digits: This a better and perhaps more efficient
method for selecting a simple random sample. Computers or even your calculators can be

c used to generate random digits. The randomly produced digits can be used to pick your
samples. However, a complete listing of the members of the population is needed in ths type
of random selection.

Systematic Random Sampling

Samples are randomly chosen following certian rules set by the researchers. This involves choosing
the k th member of the population, with k = N

Example
n . But there should be a random start.

Choose a sample size 10 from N = 500, using systematic random sampling.

1. Determine k (period); k = 500

10 = 50, so this means that you have to include every 50
member of N after choosing a random start.

2. Put the random start at 15.

th

3. Include in the samples the following: 15, 65, 115, 165, 215, 265, 315, 365, 415, 465.

Stratified Random Sampling

This method is used when the population is too big to handle, thus dividing N into subgroups,
called strata, is necessary. Samples per stratum are then randomly selected, but considerations
must be given to the sizes of the random samples to be selected from the subgroups.

A process that can be used is proportional allocation. This procedure chooses sample sizes propor-
tional to the sizes of the different subgroups or strata.

When equal number of samples per stratum is chosen, regardless of the sizes of strata, that method
is calles equal allocation.

Stratified Random Sampling

Example A survey to find out if families living in a certain municipality prefer Program A over
Program B, will be conducted. To ensure that all income groups are represented, respondents
will be divided into high-income (Class A), middle (Class B) and low-income (Class C).

Use 5% margin of error to determine the sample size.

Stratified Random Sampling

N
n = 1+N e2
5,000
= 1+5,000(0.05)2 = 370
GEC 14 Handout 01 - Page 3 of 6 First Semester 2018 – 2019

Number
Strata
of Families
Class A 1, 000
Class B 2, 500
Class C 1, 500
Total 5,000

Number Percent ni
Strata
of Families (0.00) (no. of sample)

c Class A
Class B
Class C
Total

Cluster Random Sampling

1, 000
2, 500
1, 500
5,000
1,000
5,000
2,500
5,000
1,500
5,000
= 0.20 or 20%
= 0.50 or 50%
= 0.30 or 30%
0.2(370) = 74
0.5(370) = 185
0.3(370) = 111

simple random sampling, you select members of the samples individually.

Instead personal judgement plays a very important role in the selection

n = 370

Cluster sampling is sometimes called area sampling because it is usually applied when the popula-
tion is large.

In this technique, groups or clusters instead of individuals are randomly chosen. Recall that in

In cluster sampling, you will draw the members of the sample by group or cluster and then you
select a sample from each group or clusters individually.

Non-probability Sampling

Each member of the population does not have a known chance of being included in the sample.

Non-probability sampling is one of the major sources of errors in research.

Convenience Sampling
This type is used because of the convenience if offers to the researchers.
Example: Gathering of data through the telephone.

Quota Sampling
This is very similar to stratified random sampling. The only difference is that the selection of the
members or samples in stratified sampling is done randomly.

Example: To get the most popular noontime show, each field researcher is given a quota of say 200
viewers per area.

Purposive Sampling
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Choosing the respondents on the basis of pre-determined crietria set by the researchers.
Example: Suppose the research is all about the level of maturity of teenage parents in a particular
school. Of course only teenage parents in that school will be the respondents.

Data-Gathering Techniques
Now that you already know how to get the acceptable number of samples from the target popula-
tion, your next step is to focus on how to gather the information of data which you need from your
samples or from your subject of research.

Data-Gathering Techniques

c • Direct or Interview Method

• Indirect or Questionnaire Method

• Registration Method

• Experimental Method

The Direct or Interview Method

In this method, the researcher has direct contact with the respondents.

Example: A researcher interviews respondents regarding their stand or view on a particular issue.

Warning! This method is costly and time-consuming.

The Indirect or Questionnaire Method

The researcher gives or distributes the questionnaire to the respondents either by personal delivery
or by mail.

Example: A researcher makes survey regarding the opinion of BU students on their readiness to
the tertiary changes of the implementation of the Kto12 next school year.

Warning! The researcher cannot expect that all distributed questionnaires can be retrieved because
some respondents will simply ignore them.

The Questionnaire

In some instances, the authenticity of the data gathered through the indirect or questionnaire
method depends on the questionnaire. Therefore, questions must be carefully worded, free from
ambiguity, and designed to achieve the objectives.

These are some of the characteristics/features of a good questionnaire:

1. It should contain a short letter to the respondents which includes

• the purpose of the survey

• an assurance of the confidentiality
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• the name of the researcher or writer of the questionnaire

2. There is a descriptive title/name for the questionnaire.

Example: "Time Management Practices Survey"

3. It is designed to achieve the objectives.

Questions should be asked to answer the objectives (statement of the problem)
of the research. Thus, questions which are irrelevant to the purpose of the study
should be discarded.

4. The directions are clear.

c Example: Please indicate in peso value how you spend your regular school day
allowance.
food expenses
transportation/gas expenses
others; please specify

5. It is designed for easy tabulation.

6. It avoids the use of double negatives.

Example: Don’t you think it is not proper to enforce the dress code?

7. It also avoids double-barreled questions.

Example: Online enlistment is practical and beneficial for the students.

8. It phrases questions well for all respondents.

Types of Questionnaire

1. Open - this type has an unlimited responses

2. Closed - this type limits the scope of responses

3. Combination - this type is combination of open and closed type of questionnaire

Types of Questions

1. Multiple Choice - allows respondent to select answer/s from the list

2. Ranking - asks respondent to rank the given items

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3. Scales - asks respondent to give his/her degree of agreement to a statement

Example: Likert-scale

4. Open-ended - essay type

The Registration Method

This method of gathering data is governed by laws.
Example: If a researcher wants to know the the number of registered cars, he has just go to the Land

c
Transportation Office. The list of registered voters in the Philippines is found at the COMELEC.
Warning! This method is the most reliable since it is governed by laws. However, data are limited
to what are listed in the documents.

The Experimental Method

This method of gathering data is ised to find out cause and effect relationships.

Example: The researcher wants to know if having the exams ONLINE, will increase academic
performance of the students.
Warning! This method can go beyond plain description of a set of data. But this has many threats
to internal/external validity.