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Hypothesis Its Types and Examples

The document provides examples of hypotheses used in clinical research studies. It defines the different types of hypotheses, including the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, directional alternative hypothesis, and non-directional alternative hypothesis. It then provides 5 examples of research topics, objectives, questions, and hypotheses to illustrate how hypotheses are formulated. The examples cover topics like psychological well-being, emotional regulation, perceived stress, mild brain injury, and depression.

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Akhwand Saulat
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210 views9 pages

Hypothesis Its Types and Examples

The document provides examples of hypotheses used in clinical research studies. It defines the different types of hypotheses, including the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, directional alternative hypothesis, and non-directional alternative hypothesis. It then provides 5 examples of research topics, objectives, questions, and hypotheses to illustrate how hypotheses are formulated. The examples cover topics like psychological well-being, emotional regulation, perceived stress, mild brain injury, and depression.

Uploaded by

Akhwand Saulat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hypothesis its Types and Examples

Subject: Advance Clinical Research

Submitted to: Dr. Umbreen Khizar

Dated: 7th May, 2020

Submitted by: Akhwand Abdur Raffi Saulat

Roll no: ADCP-021R20-6

Session: 2020-2021

Department of Psychology
Hypothesis

A hypothesis (plural: hypotheses) is a tentative explanation for a phenomenon.


Often a hypothesis is stated in the form of a prediction for some outcome, along with an
explanation for the prediction (Shaughnessy et al., 2012).

These predictions are not simply an “educated guess.” Rather, researchers base
them on results from past research and literature where investigators have found certain
results and can now offer predictions as to what other investigators will find when they
repeat the study with new people or at new sites (Creswell, 2013).

Types of Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis (H0) is the prediction that there is no difference between the
groups being compared. We would expect the null hypothesis to be correct if the
population from which the sample is taken is the same as the population with which it
is being compared (Schweigert, 2012). It can also be define as a prediction that there is
no relationship present between any of the variables under study.

Hypothesis testing actually involves testing the null hypothesis. If the difference
between the groups being compared is so large that the difference is unlikely to have
been caused by chance, then the groups being compared are unlikely to represent the
same population and the null hypothesis is rejected. If the null hypothesis is rejected,
the alternative hypothesis is supported. On the other hand, if the difference between the
groups is so small that the difference is not unlikely to have occurred simply by chance,
we fail to reject the null hypothesis. If the null hypothesis is not rejected, the alternative
hypothesis cannot be supported (Schweigert, 2012).
Alternative Hypothesis

The alternative hypothesis is the prediction the researcher makes about the results of the research.
It states that there is a difference between the scores of the groups being compared i.e. experimental
group and control group (Schweigert, 2012).

Directional Alternative Hypothesis


In the directional alternative hypothesis, the researcher predicts the direction of a change,
a difference, or a relationship for variables in the total population of people. A researcher selects a
sample of people from a population and predicts that the scores will be higher, better, or changed
in some way (Creswell, 2012). The directional hypothesis will predicts the directions of the effect
(Coolican, 2009).

Non-directional Alternative Hypothesis


In a non-directional alternative hypothesis the researcher predicts a change, a difference,
or a relationship for variables in a population but does not indicate whether the direction of this
prediction will be positive or negative, or greater or less. The non-directional alternative is not as
popular as the directional alternative because the researcher does not take a stand about the
direction of the relationship of the variables (Creswell, 2012).

The hypothesis would be known as non-directional ('two-sided' or 'two-tailed') where the


direction of effect is not predicted (Coolican, 2009).
Examples of Hypothesis
Example 1
Research Topic
Psychological Well-being as a predictor of Life Satisfaction among College Students: The Role of
Academic Performance
Research Objective
There are two objectives in this study. The first objective of this research is to examine the effect
of psychological well-being on life satisfaction among college students.
The second objective of this research is to examine the effect of Academic Performance on the
relationship between Psychological Well-being on Life Satisfaction among College Students.
Research Questions
1) How the psychological well-being of a college student is related to his life satisfaction?
2) How the academic performance plays a role in the relationship between psychological well-
being and life satisfaction?

Alternative Hypotheses
1) The psychological well-being will have positive effect on life satisfaction among college
students.
2) Good academic performance will strengthen the positive correlation between
psychological well-being and life satisfaction among college students.

The above two hypotheses are directional alternative hypothesis


Null Hypothesis
1) The psychological well-being will have no effect on life satisfaction among college
students
2) Good academic performance will have no effect on the relationship between psychological
well-being and life satisfaction among college students

Identifying the Variables


The independent variable in the alternative hypothesis no. 1 is psychological well-being and the
dependent variable is life satisfaction.
In the second alternative hypothesis good academic performance is the moderating variable as it is
predicted to strengthen the relationship defined in in the first hypothesis.
Example 2
Research Topic
Role of Emotional Regulation in Academic Motivation and Academic Performance among
University Students.
Research Objective
There are two objectives in this study. The first objective of this research is to examine the effect
of emotional regulation on academic motivation among university students.
The second objective of this research is to examine the effect of emotional regulation on academic
performance among university students.
Research Questions
1) How the academic motivation of a university students affects in case of difficulties in
emotional regulation?
2) How the difficulties in emotional regulation will affect the academic performance of a
University Student?

Alternative Hypotheses
1) The difficulties in emotional regulation will have negative effect on academic motivation
among university students.
2) The difficulties in emotional regulation will have negative effect on academic performance
among university students.

The above two hypotheses are directional alternative hypothesis


Null Hypothesis
1) The difficulties in emotional regulation will have no effect on academic motivation among
university students
2) The difficulties in emotional regulation will have no effect on academic performance
among university students

Identifying the Variables


The independent variable in the alternative hypothesis no. 1 and 2 is difficulties in emotional
regulation and the dependent variables are academic motivation and academic performance
respectively, as the effect of difficulties in emotional regulation on academic motivation and
performance is being measured.
Example 3 Research Topic
The Role of Perceived Stress as a Predictor of Substance Use among College Students
Research Objective
The objective of this research is to check the effect of perceived stress on substance use among
college students.
Research Questions
1) How the perceived stress plays a role in substance use among the college students?
2) If perceived stress had an effects on the substance use then what is the magnitude of that
effect?

Alternative Hypothesis
1) Perceived Stress will have positive correlation with substance use among college students.

The above stated hypothesis is directional alternative hypothesis


Null Hypothesis
1) Perceived Stress will no effect on substance use among college students

Identifying the Variables


The independent variable in the alternative hypothesis is perceived stress and the dependent
variable is substance use.
Example 4 Research Topic
Mild Brain Injury (MBI) and Mood: The Role of Perceived Stress among Young Adults.
Research Objective
There are two objectives in this study. The first objective of this research is to examine the
relationship between mild brain injury (MBI) and perceived stress (PS) among young adults.
The second objective of this research is to examine the combine effect of Mild Brain Injury and
Perceived Stress on mood among young adults i.e. Mild Brain Injury + Perceived Stress
Mood.
Research Questions
1) What will the effect of mild brain injury on perceived stress?
2) What will be the combine effect of mild brain injury and perceived stress on an individual’s
mood?
3) What will be the intensity of combine effect of mild brain injury and perceived stress on
an individual’s mood?
Alternative Hypotheses
1) Mild brain injury will have positive effect on perceived stress.
2) The perceived stress will mediate the relationship between mild brain injury and Mood.
The above two hypotheses are directional alternative hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
1) There will be no relationship between mild brain injury and perceived stress.
2) Perceived Stress will not have any effect on the relationship between mild brain injury and
mood
Identifying the Variables
The independent variable in the alternative hypothesis no. 1 is mild brain injury and the dependent
variable is perceived stress, as the effect of mild brain injury on perceived stress is being measured.
The perceived stress is a mediating variable in the 2nd hypothesis as it is acting like a bridge
between mild brain injury (IV) and mood (DV)
Example 5
Research Topic
Depression as a Predictor of Substance Abuse and Suicide Ideation among College Students.

Research Objective
There two objectives in this study. The first objective of this research is to study the relationship
between depression and substance abuse among college students.

The second objective of this research is to examine the effect of emotional regulation on academic
performance among university students.

Research Questions
1) What role does depression plays in substance abuse among the college students?
2) How depression is related to suicidal ideation among college students?

Alternative Hypotheses
1) Depression will have positive effect on substance abuse among college students.
2) Depression will have positive effect on suicidal ideation among college students.

The above two hypotheses are directional alternative hypothesis


Null Hypothesis
1) Depression will have no effect on substance abuse among college students.
2) Depression will have no effect on suicidal ideation among college students.

Identifying the Variables


The independent variable in the alternative hypothesis no. 1 and 2 is depression and the dependent
variables are substance abuse and suicidal ideation respectively, as the effect of depression on
substance abuse and suicidal ideation is being measured.
References

Coolican, H. (2009). Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology (2nd ed.). London: Hodder
Education.

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Educational Research: Pearson New International Edition: Planning,


Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (4th ed.). Harlow, United
Kingdom: Pearson.

Schweigert, W. A. (2012). Research methods in psychology: a handbook (3rd ed.). Long Grove:
Waveland Press.

Shaughnessy, J. J., Zechmeister, E. B., & Zechmeister, J. S. (2012). Research Methods in Psychology
(9th ed.). New York, N.Y: McGraw-Hill.

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