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Lecture #6: Throughput, Noise, Time Division and Frequency Division Multiplexing

This document discusses multiplexing techniques including throughput, noise, time division multiplexing, and frequency division multiplexing. It defines throughput as the rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver. Time division multiplexing involves dividing the transmission path into time slots and assigning slots to different signals so they can be combined for transmission. Frequency division multiplexing involves modulating each signal to a different carrier frequency so the signals do not overlap when combined.

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63 views11 pages

Lecture #6: Throughput, Noise, Time Division and Frequency Division Multiplexing

This document discusses multiplexing techniques including throughput, noise, time division multiplexing, and frequency division multiplexing. It defines throughput as the rate at which bits are transferred between sender and receiver. Time division multiplexing involves dividing the transmission path into time slots and assigning slots to different signals so they can be combined for transmission. Frequency division multiplexing involves modulating each signal to a different carrier frequency so the signals do not overlap when combined.

Uploaded by

बृजभूषणशर्मा
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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T h r o u g h p u t ,

N o i s e , T i m e
d i v i s i o n a n d
F r e q u e n c y
d i v i s i o n
m u l t i p l e x i n g
LECTURE #6
Throughput
Throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between sender/receiver
Instantaneous: rate at given point in time
Average: rate over longer period

server, with link


pipe capacity
that can carry link that
pipe capacity
can carry
file of F bits Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rfluid
c bits/sec
at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
➢ Interference, usually from a human source (man made)
➢ Naturally occurring random noise
➢ Additional signals inserted between transmitter and receiver
➢ Thermal
• due to thermal agitation of electrons
• uniformly distributed
• white noise
➢ Intermodulation
• signals that are the sum and difference of original
frequencies sharing a medium

Noise •
➢ crosstalk
a signal from one line is picked up by another
➢Impulse
• irregular pulses or spikes eg. external electromagnetic interference
• short duration
• high amplitude
• a minor annoyance for analog signals
• but a major source of error in digital data
• a noise spike could corrupt many bits
Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
TDM System
TDM Link Control
• No headers and trailers
• Data link control protocols not needed
• Flow control
• Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed
• If one channel receiver can not receive data, the others must carry on
• The corresponding source must be quenched
• This leaves empty slots
• Error control
• Errors are detected and handled by individual channel systems
Data Link Control on TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
• FDM
• Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of
channel
• Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency
• Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap (guard
bands)
• e.g. broadcast radio
• Channel allocated even if no data
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Diagram
FDM System

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