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Lecture #3-4 PDF

This lecture discusses transmission media and signals. It covers three main transmission media: twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. It describes the characteristics of each medium such as bandwidth, attenuation, and applications. It also discusses analog versus digital signals. Analog signals are continuous waveforms while digital signals are discrete. Noise affects analog signals more than digital signals. The lecture provides an overview of electromagnetic spectrum utilization for different fiber applications.

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71 views

Lecture #3-4 PDF

This lecture discusses transmission media and signals. It covers three main transmission media: twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. It describes the characteristics of each medium such as bandwidth, attenuation, and applications. It also discusses analog versus digital signals. Analog signals are continuous waveforms while digital signals are discrete. Noise affects analog signals more than digital signals. The lecture provides an overview of electromagnetic spectrum utilization for different fiber applications.

Uploaded by

बृजभूषणशर्मा
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE #3

TRANSMISSION
MEDIA &
SIGNALS
Interaction
between the
OSI Layers
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Overview

Characteristics and
quality determined
Guided – wire Unguided – wireless
by medium and
signal

For unguided, the


For guided, the bandwidth Key concerns are
medium is more produced by the data rate and
important antenna is more distance
important
D E S I G N FAC TO R S

Transmission Number of
Bandwidth Interference
impairments receivers

Higher
bandwidth In guided
Attenuation
gives higher media
data rate

More receivers
(multi-point)
introduce more
attenuation
E L E C T R O M A G N E T I C
S P E C T R U M
Twisted Pair

Guided
Tr a n s m i s s i o n
Coaxial cable
Media

Optical fiber
Tw i s t e d p a i r

Frequency Typical Typical Repeater


Range Attenuation Delay Spacing

Twisted pair 0 to 3.5 kHz 0.2 dB/km 50 μs/km 2 km


(with @
loading) 1 kHz

Twisted 0 to 1 MHz 0.7 dB/km 5 μs/km 2 km


pairs @
(multi-pair 1 kHz
cables)
TWISTED
PA I R
Tw i s t e d P a i r - A p p l i c a t i o n s

Most common
medium

Telephone For local area


Within buildings
network networks (LAN)

— Between house
— To private — strong
and local — 10Mbps or
branch exchange dependence on
exchange 10Gbps
(PBX) cable (quality)
(subscriber loop)
Tw i s t e d P a i r - P r o s a n d C o n s

CHEAP EASY TO WORK LOW DATA SHORT RANGE


WITH RATE
Analog — Amplifiers every 5km to 6km

— Use either analog or digital signals


Digital — repeater every 2km or 3km

• Limited distance

Tw i s t e d P a i r -
Tr a n s m i s s i o n
• Limited bandwidth (1MHz)
Characteristics

• Limited data rate (100MHz)

• Susceptible to interference and noise


COAXIAL
CABLE

The Ins and outs of Coaxial Cable


Guided Media – Coaxial Cable

BNC Connectors
• Most versatile medium
• Television distribution
— Ariel to TV
Coaxial Cable Applications
— Cable TV
• Long distance telephone transmission
— Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
— Being replaced by fiber optic
• Short distance computer systems links
• Local area networks
• Analog
•— Amplifiers every few km
•— Closer if higher frequency
Coaxial Cable - •— Up to 500MHz
Tr a n s m i s s i o n

• Digital
Characteristics

•— Repeater every 1km


•— Closer for higher data rates
OPTICAL
FIBER
Guided Media – Fiber-Optic Cable

Fiber-optic Cable Connectors


Optical Fiber - Benefits

1 2 3 4 5
Greater capacity Smaller size & Lower Electromagnetic Greater repeater
• — Data rates of weight attenuation isolation spacing
hundreds of Gbps • — tens of km
Optical Fiber - Applications

LONG-HAUL METROPOLITAN RURAL SUBSCRIBER LANS


TRUNKS TRUNKS EXCHANGE LOOPS
TRUNKS
O p t i c a l F i b e r - Tr a n s m i s s i o n
Characteristics

• Act as wave guide for 1014 • Light Emitting Diode (LED) • Injection Laser Diode (ILD) • Wavelength Division
to 1015 Hz Multiplexing
— Portions of infrared and visible — Cheaper — More efficient
spectrum — Wider operating temp range — Greater data rate
— Last longer
Frequency Utilization for Fiber
Applications
Comparison of physical media
UNGUIDED
MEDIA

Wireless transmission waves


Signals are the electric or
electromagnetic impulses
used to encode and
transmit data

SIGNALS
Analog Vs
Digital
• Signals can be either Analog or Digital
• Analog is a continuous waveform, such as
voice and music
• It is harder to separate noise from an analog
signal than it is to separate noise from a
digital signal
Analog vs Digital

Example of Analog Waveform


Analog vs Digital

• Digital is Discrete or Non-Continuous waveform

• Can appear in a fixed number of form

• Noise in digital signal


• You can still discern a high voltage from a low
voltage
• Noise is too high
Analog Signals Digital Signals
An analog signal is a continuous Digital signals are time separated
signal that represents physical signals which are generated using
measurements. digital modulation.
It is denoted by sine waves It is denoted by square waves
It uses a continuous range of values Digital signal uses discrete 0 and 1 to
that help you to represent represent information.
information.
Temperature sensors, FM radio Computers, CDs, DVDs are some
signals, Photocells, Light sensor, examples of Digital signal.
Resistive touch screen are examples
of Analog signals.
The analog signal bandwidth is low The digital signal bandwidth is high.
Analog signals are deteriorated by Relatively a noise-immune system
noise throughout transmission as well without deterioration during the
as write/read cycle. transmission process and write/read
cycle.
Analog Signals Digital Signals
Analog hardware never offers flexible Digital hardware offers flexibility in
implementation. implementation.
It is suited for audio and video It is suited for Computing and digital
transmission. electronics.
Processing can be done in real-time It never gives a guarantee that digital
and consumes lesser bandwidth signal processing can be performed
compared to a digital signal. in real time.
Analog instruments usually have s Digital instruments never cause any
scale which is cramped at lower end kind of observational errors.
and gives considerable observational
errors.
Analog signal doesn't offer any fixed Digital signal has a finite number, i.e.,
range 0 and 1.

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