‫‪Ministry of Higher Education and‬‬

‫‪Scientific Research‬‬

‫‪University of Technology‬‬
‫‪Dep. of Production Engineering and Metallurgy‬‬

‫‪Solar energy‬‬

‫اســـم الطالب‪ :‬هدى فاضل علي‬

‫الفرع العلمي ‪:‬التصميم والتصنيع المعان بالحاسوب‬
‫المرحلة‪:‬الثانية‬
‫اسم الماده‪:‬الحراره والموائع‬

‫التوقيع‬ ‫درجة التقرير‬

‫اسم التدريسي‬
‫د‪.‬صالح كريم‬
‫كتابة‬ ‫رقما‬
Abstract: the Solar Energy is produced by the Sunlight is a non-
vanishing renewable source of energy which is free from eco-
friendly. Every hour enough sunlight energy reaches the earth to
meet the world’s energy demand for a whole year. In today’s
generation we needed Electricity every hour. This Solar Energy is
generated by as per applications like industrial, commercial, and
residential. It cans easily energy drawn from direct sunlight. So it is
very efficiency & free environment pollution for surrounding.

Introduction
Nowadays, due to the decreasing amount of renewable energy
resources, the last ten years become more important for per watt
cost
of solar energy device. It is definitely set to become economical in
the coming years and growing as better technology in terms of
both cost and applications. Everyday earth receives sunlight above
(1366W approx.) This is an unlimited source of energy which is
available at no cost. The major benefit of solar energy over other
conventional power generators is that the sunlight can be directly
converted into solar energy with the use of smallest photovoltaic
(PV) solar cells. There have been a large amount of research
activities to combine the Sun’s energy process by developing solar
cells/panels/module with high converting form. the most
advantages of solar energy is that it is free reachable to common
people and available in large quantities of supply compared to that
of the price of various fossil fuels and oils in the past ten years.
Moreover, solar energy requires considerably lower manpower
expenses over conventional energy production technology.

Solar Energy Resources and availability

Solar power is energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or
electrical energy. Solar energy is the cleanest and most abundant
renewable energy source available, Solar technologies can harness
this energy for a variety of uses, including generating electricity,
providing light or a comfortable interior environment, and heating
water for domestic, commercial, or industrial use.
Solar energy is spread out and is available in all places around the
world. Its intensity varies significantly according the place on the
earth's surface and for the same place according to the time of the
day, the time of the year and the existing meteorological conditions.
It is very spread out, in dilute concentration, as a very important
renewable energy source solar radiation parameters and solar-earth
angles are of importance for the estimation of the energy reaching
the earth's surface.

Economic aspects
The cost of using solar panels is very low. It includes the cost of
driving the circulating pumps and the cost of periodical
replacement (at intervals of several years) of the fluid used in the
thermal circuit of the system. The most beneficial is the installation
of photovoltaic cells, which are also characterized by the longest
service life. The most expensive are the systems using vacuum tube
collectors and flat-plate collectors. On the other hand, organic solar
cells entail lower operational costs. In Poland, the cost of a complete
solar set for a single-family house, where 4 people live, is PLN
16,000 (EUR 3500) depending on the type of the installed collectors,
their number and execution technology. Passive solar systems can
use some elements of the building (e.g. glazing) to accumulate heat.
No intermediate medium is used for heat transport and transfer.
Sun rays in the form of visible and infra-red waves which penetrate
into the rooms, being accumulated in walls, floors and ceilings. The
elements heat up and emit thermal radiation, producing the
greenhouse effect. Apart from passive solar systems, installation of
photovoltaic cells, solar collectors and use of other alternative
sources of energy, the construction of a low-energy house, which
constitutes a method for reducing the cost of using such building,
seems the most beneficial from the point of view of environmental
protection and potential return on investment
industrial aspects
solar energy conversion is widely used to generate heat and
produce electricity. A comparative study on the world energy
consumption released by International Energy Agency (IEA) shows
that in 2050, solar array installations will supply around 45% of
energy demand in the world. It was found that solar thermal is
getting remarkable popularity in industrial applications. Solar
thermal is an alternative to generate electricity, process chemicals
or even space heating. It can be used in food, non-metallic, textile,
building, chemical or even business, related industries. On the
other hand, solar electricity is wildly applied in telecommunication,
agricultural, water desalination and building industry to operate
lights, pumps, engines, fans, refrigerators and water heaters.
It is very important to apply solar energy for a wide variety of
applications and provide energy solutions by modifying the energy
proportion, improving energy stability, increasing energy
sustainability, conversion reduction and hence enhance the system
efficiency. The present work aimed to study the solar energy
systems utilization in industrial applications and looked into the
industrial applications which are more compatible to be integrated
with solar energy systems.

Production aspects

A Silfab polycrystalline solar panel

The process of creating power from sunlight starts with the biggest
part of a solar installation: the solar panels. A typical solar panel is
made from either monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon housed
in a metal panel frame with a glass casing.
When sunlight strikes the thin layer of silicon on the top of a solar
panel, it knocks electrons off the silicon atoms. Electrons are
negatively charged, which means they are attracted to one side of
the silicon cell. This creates an electric current that is captured by
the wiring in a solar panel.

Known as the “photovoltaic effect”, flowing electrons that have been

knocked free by sunlight are the basis of the electricity generated
from solar panels. The more sun that strikes your solar panels, the
more electrons will be knocked free, so it is important to consider
factors like shade and local cloud cover when designing a solar
energy system.

Different solar panels produce electricity at different rates

depending on their efficiency and quality. High quality solar
panels will often cost slightly more money up front, but in the long
term will save you money because they produce electricity more
efficiently.

Advantages of solar energy

1-Used in other energy sources.
2-Solar energy is a source of solar energy, and they are all
environmental, environmentally friendly, and environmentally
friendly energy for the environment in general.
3-They are considered to be a permanent source of energy, and they
perish only when the world ends.
4-No need to produce energy from stone.

5-It often does not require much kinetic energy to produce energy.

Disadvantages of solar energy

1-The efficiency of solar cells is estimated at about 20%, and
despite this, scientific studies and research and development
processes on cells are still in place to raise the rate of efficiency.
2-The high prices of batteries that are used to store solar energy,
and it is difficult to store this energy without losing large quantities
of it.
3-The cost of building a solar system is almost expensive, but for
long periods it is profitable to use this energy.
4- Solar energy is not available throughout the day, and its
presence or absence changes with the seasons of the year, which
makes this source unstable for many.
5-The high cost of equipment that converts thermal energy from the
sun into electrical energy or electromagnetic energy, making it
difficult for many to have such equipment.

Health and Safety Impacts of Solar Photovoltaics

The increasing presence of utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV)
systems (sometimes referred to as solar farms) is a rather new
development in North Carolina’s landscape. Due to the new and
unknown nature of this technology, it is natural for communities
near such developments to be concerned about health and safety
impacts. Unfortunately, the quick emergence of utility-scale solar
has cultivated fertile grounds for myths and half-truths about the
health impacts of this technology, which can lead to unnecessary
fear and conflict. Photovoltaic (PV) technologies and solar inverters
are not known to pose any significant health dangers to their
neighbors. The most important dangers posed are increased
highway traffic during the relative short construction period and
dangers posed to trespassers of contact with high voltage
equipment. This latter risk is mitigated by signage and the security
measures that industry uses to deter trespassing. As will be
discussed in more detail below, risks of site contamination are
much less than for most other industrial uses because PV
technologies employ few toxic chemicals and those used are used in
very small quantities. Due to the reduction in the pollution from
fossil-fuel-fired electric generators, the overall impact of solar
development on human health is overwhelmingly positive. This
pollution reduction results from a partial replacement of fossil-fuel
fired generation by emission-free PV-generated electricity, which
reduces harmful sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and
fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Analysis from the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory and the Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, both affiliates of the U.S. Department of Energy,
estimate the health-related air quality benefits to the southeast
region from solar PV generators to be worth 8.0 ¢ per kilowatt-hour
of solar generation.0 F 1 This is in addition to the value of the
electricity and suggests that the air quality benefits of solar are
worth more than the electricity itself. Even though we have only
recently seen large-scale installation of PV technologies, the
technology and its potential impacts have been studied since the
1950s. A combination of this solar-specific research and general
scientific research has led to the scientific community having a good
understanding of the science behind potential health and safety
impacts of solar energy. This paper utilizes the latest scientific
literature and knowledge of solar practices in N.C. to address the
health and safety risks associated with solar PV technology. These
risks are extremely small, far less than those associated with
common activities such as driving a car, and vastly outweighed by
health benefits of the generation of clean electricity

Calculation of one kilowatt of energy produced from

solar energy using solar panels

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
When the intensity of solar radiation = 1400
𝑚2

𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

Assume that the area of the solar cell = 25𝑚2

𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 1400 × 25 = 35000 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 1000 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝔶 = 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝔶= × 100%
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
1000
𝔶= × 100%
35000
𝔶 = 0.028%

∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 1000 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 25 𝑚2 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 1400
𝑚2

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